肿瘤患者“营养认知-食欲-功能”量表的编制及信效度分析

目的开发综合营养认知、食欲及机体功能等评价进行营养风险筛查的量表,并进行信效度验证。 方法 在文献回顾、患者访谈及项目组讨论的基础上确定量表维度、形成条目池,经过德尔斐专家咨询形成原始量表。选取首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院104例肿瘤患者进行调查,检验量表的信效度。 结果 最终形成的肿瘤患者营养认知-食欲-功能（nutrition belief-appetite-function, BAF）评估量表包括营养认知、食欲和功能指标3个维度,共13个条目。项目分析时发现各条目和总分的相关系数均＞0.3,各条目的决断值均达到预设标准,故不考虑删除条目。本量表的分半信度为0.750,各维度的分半信度为0.590～0.847;量表的Cronbachs α系数为0.806,各维度的Cronbachs α系数为0.631～0.866,营养认知和功能维度的系数未达到理想状态;量表的重测信度为0.784,各维度的重测信度为0.588～0.721。量表效度分析方面,各维度与总量表间得分的相关系数为0.539～0.890,均有显著性;结构性因子分析提取2个公因子,累计方差贡献率为56.36%,删除2个条目后得到营养认知和食欲及功能相关的两个维度;量表总分及各维度得分均与NRS 2002的显著正相关。 结论 编制的肿瘤患者BAF评估量表具有较好的信效度,可有效评估肿瘤患者的营养风险。     

营养与肌肉减少症

肌肉减少症是一组与年龄相关的骨骼肌质量和力量的进行性和普遍性减少和丧失的综合征。肌肉减少症在老年人 群中非常普遍,约有10% 的60 岁以上老年人患有该综合征。患肌肉减少症的老年人发生失能、生活质量降低和死亡等临床 不良事件的风险大大增加。营养不良也是老年人群常见问题。虽然营养状态正常的老年人也会罹患肌肉减少症,但研究发现 营养不良的老年人其患病风险会进一步增高。此外,缺乏某些特殊的微量营养元素也被发现与肌肉减少症的患病有关。鉴于 肌肉减少症给老年人结局带来的不良影响,越来越多的研究开始探索肌肉减少症的有效干预手段。目前,针对肌肉减少症的 干预措施主要从病因方面入手,包括运动干预、营养干预、激素补充以及药物干预等,其中营养干预成为了近年来研究的热点。 肌肉减少症的营养干预的方案多种多样,包括蛋白质、氨基酸、肌酸、维生素D、矿物质元素、不饱和脂肪酸等。本文将 就不同营养元素对肌肉减少症干预的有效性进行介绍,并基于目前证据提出肌肉减少症营养干预的相关建议。     

肌肉减少症与肿瘤化疗

肌肉减少症是以肌肉体积减少、肌力下降和肌肉功能减退为主要特征的临床综合征。肌肉减少症作为一个独立 的疾病体已成为近几年研究的热点,其在肿瘤患者中的地位越来越受到临床医生的重视。肌肉减少症是肿瘤恶病质的一个 重要特征,严重影响患者的生活质量和降低患者的生存期。在肿瘤患者中,发生肌肉减少症的几个主要因素包括：①高耗能; ②厌食;③炎症;④代谢不平衡。为了解肌肉减少症与肿瘤化疗之间的关系,我们从以下几个方面进行综述：肌肉减少症 在肿瘤患者中如何诊断;肌肉减少症在肿瘤患者中的发病率如何;在肿瘤患者治疗中,肌肉减少症与化疗药物之间的关系 如何;肌肉减少症对肿瘤患者预后的影响如何;肌肉减少症的干预措施及其对肿瘤患者治疗结局的影响。随着对肌肉减少 症在肿瘤患者中研究的深入,肿瘤学专家可以借鉴目前研究取得的结果应用于临床,根据每个患者的具体情况制定出个体 化的用药方案、营养治疗或物理辅助治疗策略等,最终为改善患者的预后和提高其生活质量服务。     

Awareness and Attitude Relating to the Human Papilloma Virus and its Vaccines Among Pediatrics,Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialists in Turkey

Background: To determine the level of knowledge on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and vaccination,and the attitude towards HPV vaccination in pediatricians, obstetricians and gynecologists (OBG). Materialsand Methods: Participants were administered a 40-question survey, investigating the demographic properties,the knowledge on the HPV infection-vaccination and attitudes towards vaccination. Results: The study enrolleda total of 228 participants (131 pediatricians and 97 OBGs). At a rate of 99.6%, the participants agreed with thefact that the HPV infection was the most common sexually transmitted disease and 33.8% of the participants hadthe opinion that the HPV vaccination should be administered only in women. The lowest level of HPV vaccinerecommendation was among the pediatrics specialists (59.4%, p=0.012). When asked whether they would havetheir daughters receive HPV vaccination, 79.5% of the participants answered favorably; this rate was 36.7%for the sons. At a rate of 59.5% of the participants thought that the HPV vaccine needed to be included in thenational vaccine schedule. Most of the participants (91.6%) had the idea that reduction of the vaccine costswould increase the vaccination frequency. Conclusions: We observed that the consideration of the costs and theprejudices relating to the inefficacy of vaccination as well as the inadequate level of knowledge were involved inthe physicians’ resistance to HPV vaccination. We believe that the healthcare professionals should be informedadequately to overcome false beliefs, thereby ensuring success of the HPV vaccine upon inclusion in the nationalvaccine schedule in the future.     

Processed meat and the risk of selected digestive tract and laryngeal neoplasms in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Processed meat has been related to the risk of digestive tract neoplasms but the evidence remains inconclusive. We examined data from a network of case-control studies conducted between 1992 and 2002 in the Swiss Canton of Vaud. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 316 patients with incident, histologically confirmed oral and pharyngeal cancer, 138 patients with oesophageal cancer, 91 patients with laryngeal cancer and 323 patients with colorectal cancer. Controls were 1271 subjects admitted to the same hospital for a wide spectrum of acute non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to long-term modification of diet. RESULTS: There were strong direct trends in risk between consumption of processed meat and the various neoplasms considered: the multivariate odds ratios for the highest quartile of intake compared to the lowest were 4.7 for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 4.5 for oesophageal cancer, 3.4 for laryngeal cancer and 2.5 for colorectal cancer. The association was stronger in younger subjects, in moderate drinkers and in non-smokers. CONCLUSION: Processed meat represents a strong indicator of unfavourable diet for digestive tract and laryngeal cancer risk in this population.     

Vascularity,angiogenesis and angiogenic factors in leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes

Bone marrow microenvironment plays a crucial role in the leukemogenic process. New studies suggest that the bone marrow vascularity changes significantly in the leukemic process and that angiogenic factors play a major role in leukemia and myelodysplasia. However, hematologic malignancies appear to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of angiogenic factors because most of these factors appear to be secreted by hematopoietic cells, and they may have autocrine and paracrine regulatory effects on the hematopoietic system. The use of angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of hematologic malignancies is particularly attractive because it may target not only the environment but also the malignant cells.     

DNA repair gene polymorphisms and risk of adult meningioma,glioma, and acoustic neuroma

Although the etiology of primary brain tumors is largely unknown, prior studies suggest that DNA repair polymorphisms may influence risk of glioma. Altered DNA repair is also likely to affect the risk of meningioma and acoustic neuroma, but these tumors have not been well studied. We estimated the risk of glioma (n = 362), meningioma (n = 134), and acoustic neuroma (n = 69) in non-Hispanic whites with respect to 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 26 genes involved in DNA repair in a hospital-based, case–control study conducted by the National Cancer Institute. We observed significantly increased risk of meningioma with the T variant of GLTSCR1 rs1035938 (OR_CT/TT = 3.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.8–6.9; P_trend .0006), which persisted after controlling for multiple comparisons (P = .019). Significantly increased meningioma risk was also observed for the minor allele variants of ERCC4 rs1800067 (P_trend .01); MUTYH rs3219466 (P_trend .02), and PCNA rs25406 (P_trend .03). The NBN rs1805794 minor allele variant was associated with decreased meningioma risk (P_trend .006). Risk of acoustic neuroma was increased for the ERCC2 rs1799793 (P_trend .03) and ERCC5 rs17655 (P_trend .05) variants and decreased for the PARP1 rs1136410 (P_trend .03). Decreased glioma risk was observed with the XRCC1 rs1799782 variant (P_trend .04). Our results suggest that common DNA repair variants may affect the risk of adult brain tumors, especially meningioma.     

放化疗联合脑转移瘤放疗治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转移的临床疗效分析

目的 分析化疗同期胸部三维放疗联合脑转移瘤放疗治疗非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）单纯脑转移的疗效及影响预后的因素。方法 回顾性分析52例单纯脑转移且脑转移瘤及原发肿瘤均接受放疗的NSCLC患者的临床资料,Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率并行log-rank 检验,Cox回归模型行多因素预后分析。结果 全组患者中位随访时间为13.5个月（4～49个月）,中位生存期为13.0个月（95% CI：11.2～14.8）,1年、2年、3年生存率分别为53.8%、13.5%和3.8%。胸部原发肿瘤体积＜118 cm³组和≥118 cm³组的中位生存期分别为14.0个月（95% CI：11.6～16.4）和12.0个月（95%  CI：10.7～13.3）,1年生存率分别为66.7%和42.9%,2年生存率分别为20.8%和0,3年生存率分别为8.3%和0,两组总生存率比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=5.648,P=0.017）。胸部原发肿瘤放疗剂量（dose to PTV,DTPTV）≥66 Gy组和DTPTV＜66 Gy组的中位生存期分别为13.0个月（95%  CI：10.8～15.2）和14.0个月（95%  CI：10.8～17.2）,两组比较差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.064,P=0.80）。多因素预后分析显示,原发肿瘤体积是影响总生存率的独立预后因素。结论 化疗同期胸部三维放疗联合脑转移瘤放疗治疗NSCLC单纯脑转移取得较好疗效,原发肿瘤体积较小的患者生存获益更大。     

2016年上海市恶性肿瘤发病和死亡情况与2002—2016年的变化趋势分析

背景与目的：上海市疾病预防控制中心每年更新上海市恶性肿瘤发病和死亡及其趋势的统计资料。分析2016年上海市恶性肿瘤发病和死亡的基本情况及其2002—2016年的变化趋势。方法：采用上海市疾病预防控制中心建立的人群基础肿瘤登记管理系统和死因登记系统收集的2002—2016年恶性肿瘤发病和死亡资料,按诊断或死亡年份、性别和年龄组分层分析,计算数量、构成比、粗率、年龄别率、年龄标准化率（标化率）等指标,同时计算不同分组的主要癌症类型的数量、构成比和率值。按性别划分的所有恶性肿瘤和各主要癌症类型的发病和死亡标化率采用Joinpoint回归模型计算年度变化百分比（annual percent change,APC）分析变化趋势。应用Segi’s 1960年世界标准人口计算发病和死亡的标化率。结果：2016年上海市恶性肿瘤新发病例和死亡人数分别为74 422例和37 010人,粗发病率为513.94/10万,标化发病率为231.58/10万,女性的标化发病率高于男性。粗死亡率为255.58/10万,标化死亡率为90.01/10万,男性的标化死亡率高于女性。年龄别发病和死亡的数量和率值随着年龄的增长而增加,年龄别发病的数量和率值分别在60~64岁组和80~84岁组达到高峰,年龄别死亡的数量和率值分别在80~84岁组和85岁及以上组达到高峰。按发病例数排序,前10位常见癌症类型的部位依次为肺、结直肠、甲状腺、胃、乳腺、肝脏、前列腺、胰腺、脑和中枢神经系统、膀胱。按死亡人数排序,前10位依次为肺、结直肠、胃、肝、胰腺、乳腺、胆囊、食管、前列腺和淋巴系统。按性别划分的发病和死亡的前10位常见癌症类型与按常见组合年龄段划分的前5位常见癌症类型差异较大。总体上,男性的标化发病率在2002—2009年维持稳定状态,在2009—2016年以年均1.16%的增速上升,女性的标化发病率在2002—2009年维持稳定状态,在2009—2016年以年均4.48%的增速上升。2002—2016年,男性的标化死亡率以年均1.35%的减速下降,女性的标化死亡率以年均1.31%的减速下降。不同性别和癌症类型的变化趋势各不相同。结论：尽管男性和女性的标化发病率略有上升,但是对应的标化死亡率正在下降。按性别或年龄分层的总体和常见癌症类型的现况和趋势反映了上海户籍人口在癌症危险因素、筛查技术应用和诊疗水平等方面的变化。以人群为基础的癌症发病和死亡资料可用于减少癌症负担。     

Autophagy in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and treatment

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cancer to cause death due to advanced stage at diagnosis and poor response to current treatment. Autophagy is the lysosome-mediated degradation pathway which plays a critical role in cellular defense, quality control, and energy metabolism. Targeting autophagy is now an exciting field for translational cancer research, as autophagy dysfunction is among the hallmarks of cancer. Pancreatic tumors have elevated autophagy under basal conditions when compared with other epithelial cancers. This review describes our current understanding of the interaction between autophagy and pancreatic cancer development, including risk factors (e.g., pancreatitis, smoking, and alcohol use), tumor microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia and stromal cells), and molecular biology (e.g., K-Ras and p53) of pancreatic cancer. The importance of the HMGB1-RAGE pathway in regulation of autophagy and pancreatic cancer is also presented. Finally, we describe current studies involving autophagy inhibition using either pharmacological inhibitors (e.g., chloroquine) or RNA interference of essential autophagy genes that regulate chemotherapy sensitivity in pancreatic cancer. Summarily, autophagy plays multiple roles in the regulation of pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and treatment, although the exact mechanisms remain unknown.     

干细胞标志物SOX-2、β-catenin表达与胃癌术后复发转移关系

背景与目的：胃癌术后复发转移严重影响患者生存情况,SOX基因是经典Wnt信号通路的调控因子,其在胃癌术后复发及转移过程中可能发挥重要作用。本研究旨在探讨胃癌术后复发、远处转移患者肿瘤组织中SOX-2、β-catenin表达情况,探讨两者在胃癌术后复发及转移的作用。方法：采用免疫组化方法检测71例经手术切除胃癌患者的肿瘤组织中SOX-2和β-catenin蛋白表达情况,并分析其与临床病理特征和无病生存时间(disease free survival,DFS)的关系。结果：SOX-2在胃癌中的表达与胃癌复发转移、淋巴结浸润及分化程度有关(P=0.011,P=0.036,P=0.034),与患者性别、年龄及T分期无关。β-catenin在胃癌中的表达与胃癌复发转移、淋巴结浸润及T分期有关(P=0.025,P=0.014,P=0.026),与分化程度、患者性别及年龄无关。且二者均呈阳性表达者其术后复发转移率高于任意单阳性者,复发转移率分别为84%(21/25)和66.7%(24/36),二者均阴性表达者其复发转移率为30%(3/10)。生存分析显示SOX-2和β-catenin的表达与患者DFS相关。结论：SOX-2、β-catenin表达可能是胃癌术后复发转移有效的预测因子,两者联合检测有利于预测胃癌患者术后复发转移。     

The Risk of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Atrophic Gastritis from Food and Drink Intake: a Cross-sectional Study in Hokkaido

One-hundred and fifteen subjects were diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and 93 subjects with ‍atrophic gastritis (AG) from tests of HP antibodies or serum levels of pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II involving 210 ‍inhabitants, who participated in the health check-up program. Logistic regression analysis found that refreshing ‍(isotonic) beverages significantly reduced the risk of HP infection (odds ratio: 0.767, 95%C.I.: 0.616-0.956). A higher ‍frequency of intake for margarine (odds ratio: 1.413, 95%C.I.: 1.080-1.848), cheese (odds ratio: 1.416, 95%C.I.: ‍1.044-1.920), Tsukemono (odds ratio: 1.277, 95%C.I.: 1.000-1.631) or Cola-beverages (odds ratio: 1.471, 95%C.I.: ‍1.051-1.239) showed a significantly increased risk of AG. In addition, high serum values of â-carotene (odds ratio: ‍0.691, 95%C.I.: 0.498-0.958), linoleic acid (odds ratio: 0.594, 95%C.I.: 0.382-0.924), and ã-linolenic acid (odds: 0.987, ‍95%C.I.: 0.976-0.998) were found to reduce the risk of AG, but not HP infection. Furthermore, these results suggest ‍that a more frequent intake of margarine, Tsukemono (pickled vegetables), or Cola-beverages may be a risk factor ‍for AG, while foods rich in carotenes, such as, â-carotene and n-6PUFAs, such as ã-linolenic acid, may reduce the ‍risk of AG.     

ALA and ALA hexyl ester in free and liposomal formulations for the photosensitisation of tumour organ cultures

In spite of the wide range of tumours successfully treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid mediated photodynamic therapy, the fact that 5-aminolevulinic acid has low lipid solubility, limits its clinical application. More lipophilic 5-aminolevulinic acid prodrugs and the use of liposomal carriers are two approaches aimed at improving 5-aminolevulinic acid transmembrane access. In this study we used both 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexyl ester in their free and encapsulated formulations to compare their corresponding endogenous synthesis of porphyrins. Employing murine tumour cultures, we found that neither the use of hexyl ester nor the entrapment of either 5-aminolevulinic acid or hexyl ester into liposomes increase the rate of tumour porphyrin synthesis. By light and electronic microscopy it was demonstrated that exposure of tumour explants to either free or liposomal 5-aminolevulinic acid and subsequent illumination induces the same type of subcellular damage. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane are the structures mostly injured in the early steps of photodynamic treatment. In a later stage, cytoplasmic and nuclear disintegration are observed. By electronic microscopy the involvement of the endocytic pathway in the incorporation of liposomal 5-aminolevulinic acid into the cells was shown.     

“凤凰涅槃”通路与肿瘤的复发和转移

肿瘤放化疗导致肿瘤凋亡或死亡的同时,启动了凋亡或死亡通路中某些执行蛋白,使得濒死的肿瘤细胞释放大量的炎症介质至肿瘤微环境,从而促进临近的、残余的或静止期的肿瘤细胞再增殖,这种“凤凰涅槃”现象提示现行以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡或死亡为主要目的治疗方案存在不足。因此,探索“凤凰涅槃”现象的根源,阐明肿瘤复发和转移的新机制将为肿瘤的防治提供新策略和新思路。     

Leptin基因沉默对胆囊癌GBC-SD和OCUG细胞系侵袭和迁移能力的影响

背景与目的：研究表明,与肥胖症密切相关的源自脂肪细胞的细胞因子瘦素（leptin）在癌变和肿瘤发生中起着重要作用。通过体外实验观察leptin对人胆囊癌细胞系GBC-SD和OCUG侵袭和迁移能力的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法：将胆囊癌GBC-SD和OCUG细胞分为对照组和实验组。实验组利用小干扰RNA（small interfering RNA,siRNA）技术靶向沉默胆囊癌GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的leptin表达,应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RTFQ-PCR）检测转染效率,通过细胞划痕实验和transwell小室法检测胆囊癌GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,采用免疫荧光和免疫细胞化学实验检测siRNA干扰后胆囊癌GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的leptin蛋白水平,利用蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）检测干扰后GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的leptin和p-AKT蛋白表达。结果：细胞划痕实验结果显示,利用siRNA靶向沉默leptin后GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的迁移能力下降（t=26.614,P ＜ 0.01;t=19.338,P ＜ 0.01）。Transwell迁移实验结果显示,利用siRNA靶向沉默leptin后GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的迁移能力也下降（t=7.185,P=0.002;t=8.889,P=0.003）。Transwell侵袭实验结果显示,干扰后GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的侵袭能力下降（t=10.183,P=0.001;t=9.697,P=0.001）。免疫荧光和免疫细胞化学实验结果显示,干扰后GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的leptin蛋白表达下降,Westernblot检测结果表明,靶向沉默GBC-SD细胞后leptin和p-AKT蛋白表达下调（t=26.463,P ＜ 0.01;t=13.904,P ＜ 0.01）,靶向沉默OCUG细胞后leptin和p-AKT蛋白表达也下调（t=21.335,P ＜ 0.01;t=17.914,P ＜ 0.01）。结论：下调GBC-SD和OCUG细胞的leptin表达可抑制细胞侵袭和转移能力,并可能通过AKT信号通路调控胆囊癌细胞的侵袭和迁移。Leptin有望成为胆囊癌治疗的一个重要靶点。     

Discussing options between patients and health care professionals in genetic diagnosis: ethical and legal criteria

The specific characteristics of genetic data lead to ethical-legal conflicts in the framework of genetic diagnosis. Several international organisations, including UNESCO and the Council of Europe, have enacted rules referring to the use of genetic information. This paper discusses possible legal and ethical criteria that could be used in genetic testing.     

A case-control study of endogenous hormones and cervical cancer

Both parity and oral contraceptive use are associated with elevated circulating levels of sex hormones, at least transiently, and with increased risk of cervical cancer in human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected women. We directly evaluated whether elevations in the physiologic levels of these hormones predispose to the development of cervical neoplasia. We identified 67 premenopausal and 43 postmenopausal women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2, 3, or cervical cancer (>/=CIN2) diagnosed during enrollment of a population-based cohort of 10 077 women. Four controls, two chosen randomly and two chosen from women testing positive for cancer-associated HPV, were matched to each case on menopausal status, age, days since last menses (pre), or years since menopause (post). Sex hormone-binding globulin, oestradiol, oestrone, oestrone-sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, and progesterone were measured in enrollment plasma. There was no consistent association between the sex hormones and risk of >/=CIN2. Excluding cases with invasive disease had a minimal impact on results. Though this case-control study was based on a well-defined population, it was limited by reliance on a single measure of hormone levels taken at the time of diagnosis. Nonetheless, our results do not support the hypothesis that plasma levels of sex hormones have an important bearing on the risk of cervical neoplasia in HPV-infected women.     

Leptin、NF-κBp65在子宫颈上皮内病变组织中的表达及意义

目的 探讨瘦素（leptin）、核转录因子-κBp65（nuclear factor κBp65,NF-κBp65）与子宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical inraepithelial neoplasia,CIN）发生、发展的关系。方法 采用免疫组化染色MaxVisionTM法检测63例慢性子宫颈炎（炎症组）、125例CIN组织（CIN组）中Leptin 和NF-κBp65的表达。结果 Leptin在炎症组中100%表达,且呈强阳性表达,在CIN组中随着CIN级别的升高其表达逐渐减弱;NF-κBp65在炎症组和CIN组织中阳性表达率均为100%,CIN组为强阳性表达,其表达强度随CIN 级别升高而增强,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。Leptin和NF-κBp65的表达强度呈负相关（r =-0.234 ,P＜0.05）。结论 NF-κBp65的高表达对CIN的发生、发展起促进作用。在CIN发生、发展过程中,可能由于细胞异常增生影响Leptin合成与分泌而致其表达下降或异常。     

营养及化疗对肿瘤患者血清微量元素和免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨肿瘤患者化疗后血清微量元素及免疫功能的变化，以及肠内营养支持对上述测定指标的影响。方法 　 选择 2018 年 3 月至 5 月进入武汉市中心医院化疗的肿瘤患者 19 例，年龄为 18~70 岁；KPS 评分≥ 60。随机分为两组： 9 例患者化疗期间行肠内营养干预，10 例患者未进行营养干预。在化疗前后分别测定血清微量元素和外周血淋巴细胞亚 群，并进行统计学分析。结果 未经营养干预的患者化疗后血清锰含量比化疗前显著减低（P=0.004），化疗后血清铅呈 现临界水平降低（P=0.057）；行营养干预的患者血清锌含量显著降低（P=0.013），外周血中NK 细胞比例在化疗后呈 临界水平降低（P=0.059），而 CD4+/CD8+ 之比在化疗后呈临界水平升高（P=0.057）。结论 化疗及营养干预对血清微 量元素浓度有一定的作用；营养干预对外周血T 细胞的分布有一定的影响，表现为NK 细胞比例在化疗后有降低趋势， CD4+/CD8+ 比值有升高趋势。由于病例数较少以及营养干预时间较短，因此有必要增加病例数以及延长营养干预时间并 做进一步深入研究。     

头颈区黏膜淋巴瘤的WHO分类更新及诊断方法

2017年1月与9月，《WHO头颈肿瘤分类》（第4版）与《WHO造血淋巴组织肿瘤分类》（修订第4版）两本蓝皮书相继面世，笔者也有幸受邀参与了《WHO头颈肿瘤分类》（第4版）一书中淋巴造血组织肿瘤有关章节的编写工作，分别对这两个新分类中关于头颈区黏膜淋巴组织增生性疾病的内容更新、头颈区黏膜淋巴瘤的诊断方法以及该区域常见淋巴瘤类型的诊断与鉴别诊断要点作一简介。