脑卒中患者专科康复后离院时日常生活活动能力依赖程度分析

目的:观察脑卒中患者专科康复后离院时日常生活活动(ADL)能力各项依赖程度。方法:收集南通大学附属医院康复医学科脑卒中发病后12个月内离院回归家庭患者108例,于出院时使用改良Barthel指数(modified Barthel index,MBI)评估患者的ADL能力。结果:出院时108例患者脑卒中专科康复疗程平均为(3.45±2.72)个月,MBI得分平均为49.65±19.50;MBI得分在性别和瘫痪侧别组间差异均无显著性意义(P0.05),MBI得分在卒中类型和专科康复疗程组间差异具有显著性意义(P0.05);MBI各项依赖程度由重至轻分别为:(洗澡、上下楼梯)(步行、如厕、穿衣、转移)(个人卫生、进食)(小便控制、大便控制)。结论:脑卒中专科康复出院时脑缺血患者的ADL能力优于脑出血患者,同时专科康复疗程的增加有助于患者ADL能力的改善,患者主要的日常生活自理活动障碍主要有步行、如厕、穿衣和转移,其中上下楼梯和洗澡最为严重。     

疾病不确定感对乳腺癌术后患者治疗依从性、肩关节活动度及日常生活活动能力的影响

目的观察疾病不确定感对乳腺癌术后患者治疗依从性、肩关节活动度及日常生活活动能力的影响。方法67例乳腺癌患者接受Missals疾病不确定感量表评定和日本抗癌协会乳腺癌术后康复训练方案治疗，治疗前、后测试全部患者的治疗依从性、肩关节活动度及日常生活活动能力。结果疾病不确定感得分偏低组（〈102．94分，36例）的康复训练依从性、综合治疗依从性、改变生活方式依从性等分项评分和平均依从性总分均明显高于得分偏高组（≥102．94，31例），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。2组患者治疗前患侧肩关节各个方向活动度接近，治疗后2组患者患侧肩关节各个方向活动度明显高于治疗前，得分偏低组的肩关节屈曲、伸展、外展、外旋和内旋活动度明显高于得分偏高组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。2组患者治疗前改良的Barthel指数（MBI）的分项评分和总分分布接近，治疗后2组患者多数MB1分项评分和总分明显高于治疗前，得分偏低组的排便、修饰、如厕、进食、转移、活动（步行）、穿衣、洗澡等项目评分和总分也均明显高于得分偏高组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论乳癌术后患者的疾病不确定感是影响其治疗依从性和康复疗效的重要因素之一。     

体外冲击波联合镜像疗法对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响

目的观察体外冲击波联合镜像疗法对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响。方法将120例脑卒中患者采用随机数字表分为对照组(60例)和观察组(60例)。住院期间对照组患者,在原有康复治疗基础上给予体外冲击波治疗;观察组在对照组基础上增加镜像疗法,持续6个月。采用Brunnstrom分期、偏瘫侧腕背伸时主动关节活动范围、上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表、改良Barthel指数比较两组患者偏瘫侧上肢和手的功能恢复情况。结果干预后观察组偏瘫侧上肢和手的Brunnstrom分期、偏瘫侧腕背伸时主动关节活动范围、上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表、改良Barthel指数均优于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论体外冲击波联合镜像疗法能改善脑卒中后患者上肢运动功能,有利于脑卒中患者康复。     

舒筋活络洗剂冷热交替疗法对脑卒中恢复期手精细动作的影响

目的:观察舒筋活络洗剂冷热交替疗法对脑卒中恢复期手精细动作的影响。方法:将42例脑卒中恢复期手精细动作障碍患者随机分为对照组和观察组各21例。两组均给予常规内科治疗和康复训练;观察组另接受舒筋活络洗剂冷热交替治疗。治疗前后评估患者的改良Lindmark评分、手总主动活动度、Barthel指数评分。结果:经4周治疗后,两组患者的改良Lindmark评分、手总主动活动度、Barthel指数评分与治疗前均有明显提高(均P0.05),且观察组优于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:舒筋活络洗剂冷热交替疗法能改善脑卒中恢复期手的感觉运动协调功能和手、腕关节的总主动活动度,提高了患者的手精细动作和生活自理能力,其效果优于单纯的康复训练。     

早期康复治疗对手外伤患者Barthel指数影响探讨

目的 :探讨早期康复治疗对手外伤患者Barthel指数的影响。方法 :随机抽取手外伤患者60例 ,分为康复组 (A组 )30例和对照组 (B组 )30例 ,A组病人采取早期康复治疗 ,B组病人按常规治疗 ,治疗前后进行Barthel指数评定。结果 :治疗后A组Barthel指数评定分数明显高于B组病人 (P<0.1)。结论:早期康复治疗有助于手外伤患者日常生活能力提高。     

健肢功能活动对脑卒中偏瘫康复疗效的影响

目的探讨健肢功能活动对脑卒中所致偏瘫患者康复治疗效果的影响。方法将160位患者分为观察组和对照组,两组均按常规康复训练,观察组还进行健肢针对性的运动。比较训练前后患者的Brunnstrom分级、Barthel指数、汉密尔顿抑郁量表、健手的功能变化。结果治疗5个月后,观察组Brunntrom分级明显优于对照组（P〈0.01）;健侧上肢能力评价观察组均评为实用手A,对照组实用手A41例,实用手B39例;观察组Barthel指数分级明显优于对照组（P〈0.01）;观察组汉密尔顿抑郁量表评分明显优于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论健肢功能活动与患肢功能恢复、日常生活能力、抑郁发生密切相关。健肢功能训练能提高患者生存质量。     

基于赋能理论的延续性护理对高血压性脑出血患者日常生活活动能力的影响

目的探讨应用基于赋能理论的延续性护理对高血压性脑出血患者颅内血肿行微创清除术患者日常生活活动能力的影响。方法选取2015年5月—2017年5月某二甲医院收治的高血压性脑出血颅内血肿行微创清除术患者68例作为研究对象,按随机表法随机将其分为干预组和对照组,每组各34例。干预组实施以赋能理论为基础的延续护理,对照组仅进行常规出院指导及出院后的电话随访;比较两组患者出院时、出院后1个月、3个月、6个月患者一般自我效能感(GSES)得分、日常生活活动能力(Barthel指数)得分。结果与出院时比较,出院后1个月、3个月、6个月两组患者的GSES得分和Barthel指数得分均升高,且干预组患者的GSES得分和Barthel指数得分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论基于赋能理论的延续性护理能够改善高血压性脑出血患者一般自我效能和日常生活活动能力,值得临床借鉴。     

两种生活活动指数用于偏瘫病人功能评价的初步体会

用Katz和Barthel两种每日生活活动指数为112例偏瘫病人进行功能评价;把Katz指数分成A、B-C、D-E和F-G四类,用Wilcoxon法检验结果表明四类之间差别极为显著。A类功能受损最轻,Barthel指数记分最高,F-G类功能受损最重,Barthel指数记分最低,而B-C和D-E类功能受损属中等程度,Barthel指数记分亦属中等水平,说明Katz指数和Barthel指数之间有着高度的一致性。它们都比较符合客观、全面和切实可行的要求。Barthel指数项目较全,在国际上用得更广。但两者都未能对瘫侧肢体功能作直接的评价,在临床实践中,最好加用臂功能试验、步态和社交联系功能的评价。     

强制性运动治疗脑损伤后上肢运动功能障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨强制性运动疗法（CIMT）对亚急性偏瘫患者上肢运动功能障碍的治疗效果，并对比该疗法与传统康复治疗间的疗效差异。方法将36例偏瘫患者随机分成治疗组及对照组。治疗组患者每天强化训练患侧上肢5h，每周训练5d，连续训练3周，同时采用休息位手夹板和吊带限制健侧手的使用，每天8h。对照组采用传统物理治疗和作业治疗等方法，每天训练患肢5h，每周训练5d，治疗期间不限制健侧手的使用。采用运动活动记录表（MAL）、Wolf运动功能实验（WMFT）和Barthel指数作为疗效评测工具，分别于治疗前、治疗后即刻、治疗后1个月和3个月时进行疗效评估。结果治疗组患者治疗前、后存在明显的组内效应（P〈0．01），其疗效持续至随访期；在提高患侧上肢灵活性及上肢使用方面，治疗组与对照组间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；治疗组患者在治疗2周时和3周时其疗效差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；2组患者在Barthel指数及WMFT时间得分方面，组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0，05）。结论CIMT能显著提高亚急性偏瘫患者的上肢运动功能，加强患侧上肢在日常生活中的使用频率，其疗效明显优于传统康复治疗。     

BI、FIM及ICF的应用

1常用ADL评定工具概述 1.1 Barthel指数Barthel指数（barthel index,BI）是从1955年开始就在美国Maryland州的部分医院中使用,Mahoney和Barthel于1965年报道,当时称为马利兰残疾指数（marylanddisability index,MDI）,包括进食、洗涤、修饰、穿衣、大小便控制、用厕、床椅转移、平地行走、上下楼梯10项内容,根据是否需要帮助及帮助程度的多少将其分为15、10、     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.