摄食海参皂苷对小鼠高尿酸血症的影响

目的研究海参皂苷对酵母浸粉诱导的高尿酸血症小鼠的尿酸代谢及相关酶活性的影响。方法将24只♂昆明种小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、皂苷低、高剂量组。采用口服酵母浸粉进行造模,连续喂饲14 d,分别测定小鼠血清尿酸(uric acid,UA)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、尿素氮(blood ureanitrogen,BUN)水平,以及肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxi-dase,XOD)、腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase,ADA)活性。结果喂养14 d后,海参皂苷高、低剂量组血清尿酸水平分别较对照组降低53.1%与55.6%(均P<0.01),肝脏XOD及ADA的活性明显受到抑制,XOD活性分别降低26.3%与28.6%(均P<0.01),ADA活性分别降低24.4%(P<0.05)与34.0%(P<0.01),血清肌酐与尿素氮无变化。结论海参皂苷对酵母浸粉诱导的高尿酸血症有明显的改善作用,其机制与抑制了肝脏XOD和ADA活性有关。     

土茯苓水提物对高尿酸血症模型小鼠血清尿酸和甘油三酯、胆固醇的影响

目的:研究土茯苓水提物对高尿酸血症模型小鼠血清尿酸(UA)和甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇的影响。方法:实验分为空白(等容蒸馏水)、模型(等容蒸馏水)、土茯苓水提物(10g(生药)·kg-1)、别嘌呤醇(40mg·kg-1)组。ig酵母30g·kg-11周复制模型,复制模型成功后分别ig相应药物,7d后检测各组大鼠血中胆固醇、TG、UA含量和黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性。结果:与模型组比较,土茯苓组小鼠血清UA、TG、胆固醇含量和XOD显著降低(P>0.05或P<0.01)。结论:土茯苓对高尿酸血症模型小鼠肾功能有保护作用,对UA升高有明显的抑制作用。     

丹参降尿酸作用初步实验研究

目的研究丹参醇提物对高尿酸血症小鼠尿酸水平的影响,并初步探讨其作用途径。方法腹腔注射黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾,诱导小鼠致高尿酸血症,分别给予不同剂量的丹参醇提物,检测小鼠血清尿酸(SUA),尿液尿酸(UUA)及肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性(XOD)。结果丹参中剂量组(DM)和低剂量组(DL)均能显著降低小鼠SUA水平,促进UUA排泄。结论丹参醇提物可通过促进尿酸排泄显著降低小鼠血尿酸水平。     

栀子苷对氧嗪酸钾盐致小鼠高尿酸血症的作用及其机制研究

目的探讨栀子苷对氧嗪酸钾盐致小鼠高尿酸血症的作用及其机制。方法连续7d灌胃给予氧嗪酸钾盐诱导小鼠高尿酸血症,对比各组血清尿酸水平和24h尿酸排泄量,检测肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）的活性和肾脏尿酸转运体（mURAT1、mGLUT9、mOAT1）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果栀子苷可显著降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平并升高24h尿酸排泄量,同时可抑制肝脏XOD活性,调节肾脏尿酸转运体的表达。结论栀子苷对氧嗪酸钾盐致小鼠高尿酸血症具有明显的改善作用,其作用机制可能是通过抑制XOD活性和调节尿酸转运体的表达水平实现。     

染料木素、芹菜素、槲皮素、芦丁和落新妇苷对高尿酸血症小鼠黄嘌呤氧化酶活性及血清尿酸水平的影响

目的探讨黄酮类化合物染料木素、芹菜素、槲皮素、芦丁和落新妇苷体外对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响,对高尿酸血症小鼠血清和肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响,同时评价对小鼠血清尿酸水平的作用。方法采用改良的紫外分光光度法测定染料木素、芹菜素、槲皮素、芦丁和落新妇苷体外对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用;采用尿酸酶抑制剂氧嗪酸钾诱导小鼠高尿酸血症模型,以分光光度法研究对小鼠血清和肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响,以磷钨酸法测定对小鼠血清尿酸水平的作用。结果体外实验表明这些黄酮类化合物对黄嘌呤氧化酶活性无明显影响。然而,体内实验观察到能够明显升高或降低黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性,而且,血清尿酸水平与血清黄嘌呤氧化酶活性密切相关,与肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性无明显关联。该研究表明用这些黄酮类化合物给药的小鼠血清尿酸水平都高于正常对照组。结论这5种黄酮类化合物不能够作为替代别嘌醇的药物用来降低血清尿酸水平。     

金苓痛风舒微丸对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮及黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响

目的研究金苓痛风舒微丸对高尿酸血症小鼠的血尿酸(blood uric acid,BUA)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase,XOD)活性的影响,探讨其治疗痛风的机制。方法采用化学诱导剂氧嗪酸钾盐腹腔注射建立高尿酸血症小鼠模型,药物组分别灌服不同剂量金苓痛风舒微丸,1日1次,连续7d。末次给药1h后,取血,分离血清,采用ELISA法测定小鼠血清BUA、Cr和BUN;取肝脏组织检测XOD的活性。结果金苓痛风舒微丸高、中剂量能显著地降低高尿酸血症小鼠BUA、Cr和BUN的水平(P<0.01),高剂量显著抑制肝脏XOD的活性(P<0.01),中剂量也可明显降低XOD活性(P<0.05)。结论金苓痛风舒微丸的作用机制可能是通过增强肾血流量以及抑制尿酸的分解协同完成的。     

车前子醇提物与毛蕊花糖苷对实验性高尿酸血症小鼠的比较研究

目的比较毛蕊花糖苷及含相同量毛蕊花糖苷的车前子醇提物对小鼠急性高尿酸血症血尿酸水平的影响,探讨车前子降尿酸主要物质基础。方法将90只小鼠随机分为空白组、高尿酸血症模型组、别嘌醇(10 mg·kg~(-1))组,车前子低、中、高剂量组,毛蕊花糖苷低、中、高剂量组,每组10只,以不同剂量车前子醇提物(4.2、8.4、16.8 g·kg~(-1))及毛蕊花糖苷(0.05、0.10、0.20 g·kg~(-1))连续灌胃7 d,于最后1次给药前1 h采用氧嗪酸钾盐诱导高尿酸血症模型。检测血清尿酸、肌酐(CRE)和尿素氮(BUN)含量及肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性,RT-PCR法测定肾脏尿酸转运体mURAT1、m GLUT9、mOAT1mRNA表达。结果与车前子醇提物相比,相同生药量毛蕊花糖苷降尿酸率达到车前子醇提物的67.8%~85.2%;两者均可抑制肝脏XOD活性(P<0.01或P<0.05),相同生药量毛蕊花糖苷对XOD的抑制等效率达车前子醇提物的66.1%~82.2%;两者均可下调肾脏尿酸mURAT1及m GLUT9 mRNA的表达(P<0.05或P<0.01),相同生药量毛蕊花糖苷对肾mURAT1及m GLUT9 mRNA表达下调等效率分别达车前子醇提物的57.7%~83.2%与56.0%~76.2%;且车前子醇提物可上调肾脏mOAT1 mRNA的表达(P<0.05或P<0.01),但毛蕊花糖苷则对肾脏mOAT1 mRNA不具备上调功能(P>0.05);另外,两者均可降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清CRE及BUN水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),相同生药量毛蕊花糖苷对高尿酸血症小鼠血清CRE及BUN清除等效率分别达车前子醇提物的80.0%~87.5%和59.9%~70.9%。结论毛蕊花糖苷为车前子降尿酸主要物质基础,具有与车前子醇提物相似但不完全相同的降尿酸机制,可做为车前子降尿酸药物开发及质量控制的主要依据。     

姜黄降尿酸作用的实验研究

采用次黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导的小鼠高尿酸模型,分别给予不同剂量姜黄醇提物,以小鼠血清尿酸(SUA),肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性(XOD),尿液尿酸(UUA)排泄量等为指标。结果,姜黄高剂量醇提物具有显著的降低SUA、抑制XOD活性、促进UUA排泄量的作用。表明姜黄可通过抑制尿酸生成与促进尿酸排泄的双重途径而达到降低血清尿酸。     

东革阿里不同提取物抗高尿酸血症的实验研究

摘 要 目的：考察东革阿里不同提取物对高尿酸血症大鼠尿酸排泄以及肾脏功能的影响。方法: 将60只雄性Wistar大鼠均分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、氯仿组、乙酸乙酯组和正丁醇组,灌胃大鼠酵母膏、腺嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾制作大鼠高尿酸血症模型。造模成功后,除空白组以外的其他组继续给予造模剂,除模型组外的其他组在给予造模剂1h后分别给予相应的药液,给药14 d,检测大鼠血清和尿液中的尿酸（UA）、尿素氮（UN）及肌酐（Cr）水平、肝脏及血清中的黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）活性等指标。结果:与模型组相比,氯仿组和正丁醇组血清尿酸、肌酐水平显著降低（P<0.05）,尿液尿酸、肌酐水平显著升高（P<0.05）,XOD活性显著降低（P<0.01）。与阳性对照组相比,氯仿组、乙酸乙酯组、正丁醇组血清和尿UA、Cr、UN水平以及血清和肝脏XOD活性等指标均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。氯仿组、乙酸乙酯组、正丁醇组血清和尿UA、Cr、UN水平以及血清和肝脏XOD活性等指标均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。结论:东革阿里氯仿萃取物、正丁醇萃取物能降低腺嘌呤、酵母膏和氧嗪酸钾引起的高尿酸血症大鼠血尿酸水平,可能是通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性来发挥降尿酸作用。     

黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂筛选体系的建立

目的建立黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase, XOD)抑制剂筛选体系。方法应用理化法,测定体外XOD活性、血尿酸、血清XOD活性、组织XOD活性及肝肾功能有关血液指标;病理分析肝脏肾脏的损伤情况。结果选择牛奶来源XOD 3 U·L~(-1),黄嘌呤(Xanthine, XA) 50μmol·L~(-1),37℃,pH 7.4, 20 min为XOD抑制剂体外高通量筛选的最适条件。单次灌胃次黄嘌呤联合皮下注射氧嗪酸钾诱导ICR小鼠,血尿酸水平一过性升高;以血尿酸变化曲线和血尿酸-时间曲线下面积评价急性高尿酸血症小鼠模型。ICR小鼠连续皮下注射氧嗪酸钾血尿酸平稳升高,成模率约70%;以血尿酸水平评价慢性高尿酸血症小鼠模型。上述2种模型动物的血清和组织XOD活性均未见明显变化,肝脏肾脏均未见明显损伤。结论 XOD抑制剂体外筛选方法与急性高尿酸血症小鼠模型、慢性高尿酸血症小鼠模型等体内实验方法相互验证,形成基于分子靶点XOD的抗高尿酸血症药物研发的实验体系。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.