基底前脑NOS神经元移植至成年鼠海马内的发育

目的 研究基底胶脑ＮＯＳ神经元移植成年鼠海马内后,ＮＯＳ的发育变化规律,同时观察移植的与宿主海马间发生联系的情况。方法 将大鼠１４－１６ｄ胚胎的基底前脑移植到单侧穹隆海马伞切断的成的大鼠海马内,动物在移植后存活５,７,１４,３０,６０,９０,１５０和１８０ｄ分别取脑,经ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ法和尼氏染色观察。结果 在移植后第７ｄ时ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ阳性染色才出现在ＮＯＳ阳性神经元内,随着移植物成活时间的延长,     

大鼠室旁核和视上核NMDAR_1及NADPH-d阳性神经元分布的性别差异

为了研究ＮＭＤＡＲ１ 及ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 阳性神经元在室旁核及视上核分布的性别差异,本研究采用雌雄Ｗ ｉｓｔａｒ 大鼠,恒冷箱切片,分别进行ＮＭＤＡＲ１ 免疫细胞化学和ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 组织化学反应,并进行ＮＭ ＤＡＲ１ 免疫细胞化学和ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 组织化学双重反应,光镜下观察室旁核及视上核的阳性细胞分布状况。观察结果发现,雄性组室旁核中的ＮＭＤＡＲ１ 和ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 双重反应阳性细胞明显多于雌性组。ＮＭ ＤＡＲ１ 免疫反应组可见免疫阳性神经元,但雌雄两组之间未见明显差异。ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 组化反应组可见高尔基样的阳性细胞,雌雄两组之间也未见明显差异。ＮＭ ＤＡＲ１、ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 及ＮＭＤＡＲ１ 和ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 双重反应各组在视上核未见性别差异。室旁核ＮＭＤＡＲ１ 和ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 双重反应的分布有明显性别差异的研究结果表明,雄性大鼠室旁核可能通过ＮＭ ＤＡＲ－ＮＯ 途径介导雄性大鼠的某些性行为。     

听源性惊厥点燃后听党内核团和前脑结构内一氧化氮合酶阳性神 …

为探讨一氧化氮在听源性惊厥点燃中的作用，用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学方法和体视学分析，了Ｗｉｓｔａｒ种系的听源性惊厥易感大鼠惊厥和点燃听觉核团内ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的分布及差异。     

单眼缝合、双眼缝合对猫视觉中枢中一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元数量与形态的影响

用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 组织化学方法观察了在生后一周内即施行单眼缝合和双眼缝合成活至１ 年的猫视觉中枢（上丘表层,外膝体和视皮层１７ 区）中的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元数量及形态。结果显示：（１）单眼缝合或双眼缝合并不改变上丘表层中一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞的分布模式,也不影响该神经元的数量,但单眼缝合使对侧上丘表层一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的树突野最大半径减小,树突总长度减少;而双眼缝合可使双侧上丘中一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞胞体减少,树突野最大半径以及树突总长度均明显减少。（２）单眼缝合导致外膝体非剥夺层中出现较多一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞,剥夺层少量出现,而双眼缝合却没有以上效应。（３）单眼缝合不影响视皮层１７ 区中一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞的空间分布模式以及该神经元在皮层各层中的分布密度;双眼缝合也不影响该神经元的分布模式,但可使ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 黄递酶活性明显降低。提示视觉神经中枢中的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的活动受视网膜活动依赖性的调节,且受视觉经验的影响。     

大鼠视觉中枢生后发育过程中的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的形态及 …

本文用ＮＡＤＰＨ－黄递酶组织化学技术研究了生后不同年龄段（０、７、１４、２１、２８、３５、６０、１２０ｄ）Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠视皮层（１７区）和上丘表层中一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的形态及分布的变化。结果表明：视皮层１７区中的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在生后７ｄ时开始出现，但胞体小，树突分枝少而短，以双极细胞为主，占６８．０％；１４ｄ时数量达到高峰；且１４￣２１ｄ中，该神经元胞体截面积明显增大，树突分枝复杂化     

脑创伤与缺血后大鼠脑内NOS阳性细胞变化和神经元损害的形态学观察

脑创伤与缺血后大鼠脑内ＮＯＳ阳性细胞变化和神经元损害的形态学观察李红丽蔡文琴（第三军医大学组胚教研室）本实验应用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学技术结合尼氏染色观察了大鼠皮层针刺损伤及全脑缺血／再灌注术后皮层、海马及下丘脑室旁核等敏感区域神经元受损与ＮＯＳ阳性...     

大鼠第三脑室视前区NADPH-d阳性和NMDAR_1免疫阳性脑脊液接触神经元的形态(英文)

为探讨第三脑室接触脑脊液神经元在脑脊液与下丘脑之间信息传递过程中的作用以及脑脊液中谷氨酸对其影响的机制，本研究应用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ ｄ 组织化学方法、免疫组化方法以及组化双重反应方法研究了一氧化氮合酶和ＮＭ ＤＡＲ１ 在大鼠第三脑室视前区接触脑脊液神经元的表达。结果表明：一氧化氮合酶和ＮＭ ＤＡＲ１ 均在第三脑室接触脑脊液神经元表达，并且发现共存现象，在雌、雄大鼠间不存在明显的性别差异。尽管接触脑脊液神经元的生理功能尚不十分清楚，但本研究为接触脑脊液神经元作为脑－脑脊液环路的一部分、介导下丘脑对脑脊液中化学变化的感受提供了形态学依据，并提示谷氨酸－ＮＭ ＤＡＲ－Ｃａ２＋ －ＮＯ通路可能参与了这一过程。     

听源性惊厥易感性大鼠上丘一氧化氮合酶阳性神经成分的分布

用还原性烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸黄递酶，简称黄递酶（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）组织化学的方法，在光镜下对ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ反应阳性细胞进行计数和计算机图像分析测定反应产物的光密度（ＯＤ）值，观察一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元及纤维在惊厥鼠上丘分布的情况。实验动物为听源性惊厥易感性大鼠，简称惊厥鼠（Ｐ７７ＰＭＣ）和正常Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，简称正常鼠。实验结果如下：（１）在大鼠上丘第Ⅱ层ＮＯＳ阳性神经元呈密集均匀分     

大鼠第三脑视前区NADPH—d阳性和NMDAR1免疫阳性脑脊液接触神经？…

为探讨第三脑室接触脑脊液神经元在脑脊液与下丘脑之间信息传递过程中的作用以及脑脊液中谷氨酸对其影响的机制，本研究应用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学方法、免疫组化方法以及组化双重反应方法研究了一氧化氮合酶和ＮＭＤＡＲ１在大鼠脑室视前区接触脑脊液神经元的表达。结果表明：一氧化氮合酶和ＮＭＤＡＲ１均在第三脑室接触脑脊液神经无表达，并且发现共存现象，在雌、雄大鼠间不存在明显的性别差异。尽管接触脑脊液神经元的生理功能     

单眼缝合,双眼缝合对猫视觉中枢中一气体氮合酶阳怀神经元数？…

用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学方法观察了在生后一周内即施行单眼缝合和双眼缝合成活至１年的猫视觉中枢（上丘表层，外膝体和视皮层１７区）中的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元数量及形态。结果显示：（１）单眼缝合或双眼缝合并不改变上丘表层中一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞的分布模式，也不影响该神经元的数量，但单眼缝合使对侧上丘表层一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的树突野最大半径减少，树突总长度减少；而双眼缝合可使双侧上丘中一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞     

Nitrergic and VIPergic neurons in the choroid and ciliary ganglion of the duck Anis carina

Immunohistochemistry for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, were applied to investigate neurons in the choroid and the ciliary ganglion of the muscovy duck Anis carina. Up to 1000 neurons in the choroid stained for NADPH diaphorase and showed virtually complete colocalization for nNOS immunoreactivity. Almost all of them co-stained for VIP, while about 90% of VIP immunoreactive cell bodies showed colocalization for nNOS. Two-thirds of the neurons were located, mostly singly, at nodes of a widemeshed nerve plexus in the suprachoroid and were only rarely grouped in ganglia of up to 3 neurons. Numerous varicose nNOS/NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were seen around large arterial blood vessels. These fibers derived mainly from paravascular cell bodies that represented about one-third of all choroidal neurons and also displayed costaining for nitrergic markers and VIP. Colocalization of nNOS/NADPH-d and VIP could be demonstrated in most of the perivascular fibers, while slightly more VIP-positive axons in the suprachoroid plexus did not costain for nNOS/NADPH-d. Small-caliber blood vessels and those localized in the choriocapillaris were not endowed with VIP/nNOS/NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers. A few reactive neuronal cell bodies were also found in ciliary nerves, while most ciliary axons were unstained. In the ciliary ganglion a small subpopulation of neurons showed VIP/nNOS/NADPH-diaphorase colocalization. There were also nNOS/ NADPH-d-positive cap-like terminals on ciliary ganglion cells. The presence of VIP/nNOS/NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons and nerve fibers in both the choroid and ciliary ganglion, and in the choroidal perivascular plexus, indicates peripheral nitrergic and VIPergic control of blood flow in the choroid of the duck.     

Nitrergic and VIPergic neurons in the choroid and ciliary ganglion of the duck Anis carina

Immunohistochemistry for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, were applied to investigate neurons in the choroid and the ciliary ganglion of the muscovy duck Anis carina. Up to 1000 neurons in the choroid stained for NADPH diaphorase and showed virtually complete colocalization for nNOS immunoreactivity. Almost all of them co-stained for VIP, while about 90% of VIP immunoreactive cell bodies showed colocalization for nNOS. Two-thirds of the neurons were located, mostly singly, at nodes of a widemeshed nerve plexus in the suprachoroid and were only rarely grouped in ganglia of up to 3 neurons. Numerous varicose nNOS/NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were seen around large arterial blood vessels. These fibers derived mainly from paravascular cell bodies that represented about one-third of all choroidal neurons and also displayed costaining for nitrergic markers and VIP. Colocalization of nNOS/NADPH-d and VIP could be demonstrated in most of the perivascular fibers, while slightly more VIP-positive axons in the suprachoroid plexus did not costain for nNOS/NADPH-d. Small-caliber blood vessels and those localized in the choriocapillaris were not endowed with VIP/nNOS/NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers. A few reactive neuronal cell bodies were also found in ciliary nerves, while most ciliary axons were unstained. In the ciliary ganglion a small subpopulation of neurons showed VIP/nNOS/NADPH-diaphorase colocalization. There were also nNOS/ NADPH-d-positive cap-like terminals on ciliary ganglion cells. The presence of VIP/nNOS/NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons and nerve fibers in both the choroid and ciliary ganglion, and in the choroidal perivascular plexus, indicates peripheral nitrergic and VIPergic control of blood flow in the choroid of the duck.     

大鼠脑室触液神经元的分布及其在中缝核团与NADPH-d的共存

目的系统研究脑内接触脑脊液神经元的分布,并对远位触液神经元与一氧化氮合酶的共存进行研究。方法将霍乱毒素B(CTB)注入侧脑室,5d后将动物进行灌注,留取全脑切片,进行CTB免疫组化染色和NADPH鄄d组化染色,镜下观察免疫阳性细胞和纤维的分布。结果CTB标记的触液神经元的分布分为3个区:脑室壁周围、蛛网膜下及大脑皮质表层以及脑实质内。在中缝背核、中缝正中核和线形核等部位还可见NADPH鄄d阳性细胞以及CTB/NADPH鄄d双标细胞。结论侧脑室内触液神经元分布广泛;在中缝系统部分NADPH鄄d阳性细胞与远位触液神经元的共存,提示一氧化氮在脑鄄脑脊液之间的信息传递中有一定作用。     

Innervation of NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons correlated with acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptides in the pigeon cloaca

The motility of the avian cloaca is under neural control, but little is known about the neural network that accomplishes this function. This present study was designed to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesising neurons in the pigeon cloaca by enzyme histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). NADPH-d-positive staining was seen in the neurons and fibres in the cloaca. The highest density of nerve fibres was noted in the coprodeum and the lowest in the proctodeum. In the coprodeum, NADPH-d neurons were found singly, formed small groups of 2–10 neurons, or were seen in plexuses in the muscle layer, lamina propria, or around the arterioles. Several NADPH-d-positive neurons were also observed in the ganglia of the cloaca. NADPH-d fibres ran in the muscle layer, lamina muscularis mucosae and lamina propria, or surrounded blood vessels. The distribution pattern of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-stained neurons and fibres in the cloaca was similar to that of NADPH-d. Double staining for NADPH-d and AChE showed colocalisation of the 2 enzymes in many neurons of the cloaca. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive nerve fibres originating outside the cloaca were also noted. In the urodeum and proctodeum, neurons or fibres positive for NADPH-d, AChE or TH were scattered in the lamina propria. Nerve fibres immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene related peptide, galanin, methionine-enkephalin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were found sparsely in the cloaca. Our results demonstrate that nitrergic neurons constitute a subpopulation which is closely associated with the cholinergic system in the pigeon cloaca.     

Nitrergic and peptidergic innervation in the developing rat heart

The phenotypic expression and anatomic distribution of nitrergic and peptidergic innervation in the developing rat heart was localized by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP). NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers showed the earliest expression by 16 days of gestation, with preferential innervation of the nodal and perinodal areas, followed by the innervation of the valves and ventricles by postnatal day 7. NPY immunoreactivity was also localized to a large proportion of the intrinsic cardiac ganglia from 16 days of gestation onwards with a progressive increase in the number of neuronal cell bodies per ganglia with age. CGRP-positive nerve fibers appeared by 19 days of gestation and were less dense during the gestational and early postnatal periods, and showed a quantitative increase in density by 7 days, followed by a decrease by 3 weeks postnatal. None of the intrinsic ganglia were stained positive for CGRP, indicating the extrinsic sensory origin of these stained fibers. Nitrergic innervation paralleled the sensory innervation, with the cardiac ganglia and nerve fibers showing a positive labeling from 19 days of gestation onwards. NADPH-d and nNOS were partially co-localized. Double-label immunohistochemistry showed that a considerable proportion of sensory CGRP-immunopositive fibers were also immunoreactive for NOS. The results of the present study show that neuropeptides and nitric oxide are expressed by the late gestational period and that autonomic efferent innervation precedes sensory and nitrergic innervation in the developing heart. Accepted: 4 January 2000     

口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)神经系统一氧化氮合酶的NADPH-d组织化学定位研究

运用NADPH-d组织化学整体染色的方法研究了甲壳纲动物—口虾蛄神经系统一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的分布。脑神经节中有少量来自腹神经链的纤维呈阳性;每侧联合神经节中各有一个阳性细胞(直径约75μm);食道下神经节的阳性细胞可分为两类,即小型强阳性细胞(直径约40μm)和大型弱阳性细胞(直径约90μm),前者的阳性突起构成节间联系;胸神经节的阳性细胞也可分为两种类型,每节有4个小型强阳性反应细胞(直径约60μm)和6~10个大型弱反应细胞(直径约80μm),小细胞发出的突起进入中央纤维网尔后构成不同体节的神经节间联系;腹部前五个体节的神经节中各有5对阳性细胞(直径约80μm),腹部最后一个神经节阳性细胞数量较多,其末端有一对阳性细胞(直径约55μm)其突起经中线处交叉后前行进入腹神经索。结果说明:NOS广泛存在于口虾蛄神经系统中,NO作为信息分子参与其信息传递过程。     

Presence of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in autonomic and sensory ganglion neurons innervating the lacrimal glands of the cat: an immunofluorescent and retrograde tracer double-labeling study

It is generally considered that parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers innervating the lacrimal gland (LG) arise from the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG), while sympathetic and sensory innervations arise from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and trigeminal ganglion (TG), respectively. Recently, we reported for the first time that the parasympathetic innervation of the cat LG was also provided by the otic ganglion (OG) and ciliary ganglion (CG), and that the sensory innervation was also provided by the superior vagal ganglion (SVG) and superior glossopharyngeal ganglion (SGG). To determine if nitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter of the autonomic and sensory neurons innervating the LG, we injected the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as a retrograde tracer into the cat LG, and used double-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry for CTB and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We found that NOS-/CTB-immunofluorescent double-labeled perikarya were localized in the PPG, OG, TG, SVG and SGG, but not in the CG and SCG. The highest numbers of NOS-/CTB-immunofluorescent double-labeled neurons were found in the PPG and TG. In addition, we examined the presence of nitrergic nerve fibers in the LG using NADPH-d histochemistry and found that a large amount of NADPH-d-stained nerve fibers were distributed around the glandular acini and in the walls of glandular ducts and blood vessels. This study provides the first direct evidence showing that NO may act as a neurotransmitter or modulator involved in the parasympathetic and sensory regulation of lacrimal secretion and blood circulation, but may not be implicated in the sympathetic control of LG activities, and that nitrergic nerve fibers in the LG arise mainly from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in the PPG and sensory neurons in the TG. The present results suggest that NO plays an important role in the regulation of LG activities.     

NANC nerves in the respiratory air sac and branchial vasculature of the Indian catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis

Gill and air sac of the Indian catfish Heteropneustes fossilis harbour a nerve network comprising an innervated system of neuroepithelial endocrine cells; the latter cells are found especially in the gill. A series of antibodies was used for the immunohistochemical detection of neurotransmitters of the neural non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) systems such as the sensory neuropeptides (enkephalins), the inhibitory neuropeptide VIP and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) responsible for nitric oxide (NO) production which is an inhibitory NANC neurotransmitter. NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry was used as marker of nNOS although it is not a specific indicator of constitutively-expressed NOS in gill and air sac tissues. A tyrosine hydroxylase antibody was used to investigate adrenergic innervation. Nitrergic and VIP-positive sensory innervation was found to be shared by gill and air sac. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of enkephalins, VIP, NOS and NADPH-d in nerves associated with branchial and air sac vasculature, and in the neuroendocrine cell systems of the gill. Adrenergic nerve fibers were found in some parts of the air sac vasculature. The origin of the nerve fibers remains unclear despite previous findings showing the presence of both NADPH-d and nNOS in the sensory system of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves including the branchial structure. Scarce faintly stained nNOS-positive neurons were located in the gill but were never detected in the air sac. These findings lead to the conclusion that a postganglionic innervation of the airways is absent. Mucous goblet cells in the gill were found to express nNOS and those located in the non-respiratory interlamellar areas of the air sac were densely innervated by nNOS-positive and VIP-positive nerve fibers. Our immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that most arteries of the gill and air sac share a NANC (basically nitrergic) innervation which strongly suggests that they are homologous structures.     

大鼠中缝背核一氧化氮合酶神经元投射纤维在大脑皮质微血管的分布

目的：研究通过损毁脑干中缝背核(DR)，探讨中缝背核NOS阳性神经元是否投射分布于大脑皮质微血管。方法：将16只SD雄性成年大鼠分为实验组与对照组。对实验组大鼠中缝背核微量注射喹啉酸，饲养1w，灌注固定，然后将大脑及脑干作冠状冰冻切片，NADPH—d组化染色。结果：实验组大鼠的中缝背核被有效损毁，其NOS阳性神经元的数量减少了59．1％(P＜0．001)。额、顶叶皮质NOS阳性纤维终末减少了32．1％(P＜0．05)，其中附着于皮质微血管的NOS阳性纤维终未了减少了37．8％(P＜0．01)。而枕额叶皮质NOS阳性纤维终末也减少了32．8％(P＜0．05)，其中附着于皮质微血管的阳性纤维终末减少了39．4％(P＜0．01)。结论：位于中缝背核的NOS阳性神经元投射分布于大脑皮质微血管，可能参与大脑皮质血流量的调节。