结直肠癌伴不可切除的同时性肝转移的腹腔镜治疗

目的:探讨结直肠癌伴有同时性不可切除肝转移灶的腹腔镜治疗的可行性及临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2011年6月至2012年12月31例结直肠癌伴不可切除的同时性肝转移患者的临床资料及随访结果。按原发灶手术切除方式分为两组,A组行开腹手术切除结直肠癌原发灶(n=18),B组行腹腔镜手术(n=13)。术后均采取mFOLFOX6方案化疗。对比分析两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后住院时间、术后接受首次化疗时间及治疗效果。结果:31例均成功施行结直肠癌切除术,腹腔镜组无一例中转开腹及严重并发症发生。术后患者行mFOLFOX6方案化疗至少2个周期。经统计学分析发现,两组患者手术时间、治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但腹腔镜组术中出血量明显减少(P<0.01),术后排气时间明显缩短(P<0.05),术后住院时间明显减少(P<0.05),术后接受首次化疗的时间明显缩短(P<0.05)。结论:对于不可切除的同时性结直肠癌肝转移患者,行腹腔镜原发肿瘤切除是安全、可行的;与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌伴不可切除的同时性肝转移,在切除原发灶的手术中具有出血量少、创伤小、术后肠功能恢复快、住院时间明显缩短并促进术后早期化疗等优势。腹腔镜手术对原发肿瘤及转移灶的治疗效果与开腹手术无明显差别,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

机器人肝脏切除手术的临床现状与研究进展

随着外科手术器械和腹腔镜技术的不断发展,肝脏外科已经进入微创外科和精准外科时代。机器人辅助肝脏切除术已包含几乎所有传统开腹手术的适应证。目前临床研究显示,与开腹手术和传统腹腔镜手术相比,达芬奇手术机器人在肝脏切除术中的应用是安全、可行的。本文综合文献报道及临床实践,针对达芬奇机器人在肝脏切除术的临床现状和研究进展做一综述。     

28例转移性肝癌腹腔镜肝切除术

目的 总结转移性肝癌的腹腔镜肝切除术经验.方法 对1999-2006年度布里斯班医院所实施的转移性肝癌腹腔镜肝切除术病人进行回顾性研究.结果 经病理证实的28例转移性肝癌病人进行了腹腔镜肝切除,13例进行左肝外侧叶切除,9例进行了右半肝切除,其余6例行肝段或不规则切除.追踪随访12例由直结肠转移的转移性肝癌病人2年存活率和无瘤生存率分别为75%和67%.结论 在严格选择过的恶性肿瘤病人中行腹腔镜肝切除术是安全可行的.对病人要有适当的分期,术者需具丰富的开腹肝切除术经验和腹腔镜操作技能.     

Staged or simultaneous resection of synchronous liver metastases from colorectal cancer – a systematic review

Objective  A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to estimate the differences in length of hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and long-term survival between staged and simultaneous resection of synchronous liver metastases from colorectal cancer to determine the level of evidence for recommendations of a treatment strategy.
Method  A Pub-med search was undertaken for studies comparing patients with synchronous liver metastases, who either had a combined or staged resection of metastases. Twenty-six were considered and 16 were included based on Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. All studies were retrospective and had a general bias, because the staged procedure was significantly more often undertaken in patients with left-sided primary tumours and larger, more numerous and bi-lobar metastases. Analyses of primary outcomes were performed using the random effects model.
Results  For the reason of the heterogeneity of the observational studies, no odds ratios were calculated. In 11 studies, there was a tendency towards a shorter hospital stay in the synchronous resection group. Fourteen studies compared total perioperative morbidity and lower morbidity was observed in favour of a combined resection. Fifteen studies compared perioperative mortality, which seemed to be lower with the staged approach. Eleven studies compared 5-year survival, which seemed to be similar in the two groups.
Conclusion  No randomized controlled trials were identified, and hence a meta-analysis was not performed. The evidence level is II to III with grade C recommendations. Synchronous resections can be undertaken in selected patients, provided that surgeons specialized in colorectal and hepatobiliary surgery are available.     

Treatment for multiple bilobar liver metastases of colorectal cancer

Background Recent advances have extended indications for hepatectomy to include multiple bilobar colorectal liver metastases (CLM). Staging systems based on the biological malignancy of primary and metastatic tumors provide appropriate indications for hepatectomy in CLM. However, suitability for resection in patients with complex and extensive hepatic metastases is controversial. Methods A medline search was performed to identify papers reporting the resection for CLM. Techniques, indication, and results were reviewed. Results If the anticipated remnant liver volume is small (25–40% of total), suggesting a high risk of postoperative liver failure, portal vein embolization (PVE) is recommended prior to hepatectomy. However, curative resections are not always possible. Specifically in synchronous multiple bilobar CLM, two-stage hepatectomy, comprising bilateral hepatectomy and primary resection with or without PVE, can prevent growth of ipsilateral metastatic nodules in the remnant liver and reduce surgical risk. Several local ablation techniques can complement surgery if hepatic resection alone increases the risk of postoperative liver failure or is not curative. Chemotherapy combined with targeted treatment can suppress recurrence and extend indications for hepatectomy by reducing the size and number of primary irresectable tumors. Conclusion PVE or staged procedure combining with local ablation or neoadjuvant, downstaging or adjuvant therapies extends indications for hepatectomy to include multiple bilobar CLM. The 5-year survival rate for multiple bilobar CLM treated with alternating hepatectomy and chemotherapy is comparable to the values reported for single and hemilateral CLM.     

Improved survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases

Background: The goal of this study was to determine if staging with intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS), assessment of porta hepatis lymph nodes, and evaluation of resection margins can improve selection of patients likely to benefit from resection of colorectal liver metastases. Methods: A retrospective evaluation was performed on patients undergoing celiotomy with intent to resect colorectal liver metastases. Patients were considered unresectable if extrahepatic disease was identified by peritoneal exploration or if IOUS demonstated greater than four lesions or the inability to achieve negative margins. Tumor-negative margins were confirmed by pathologic evaluation. Actuarial 5-year survival was calculated using the method of Kaplan and Meier. Results: Median follow-up is 25 months. Of the 151 patients undergoing operative exploration, 107 (71.0%) underwent liver resection (all margins tumor negative). Three operative deaths occurred in this group (2.8%). The disease of 30 patients (19.8%) was considered unresectable due to extrahepatic involvement, and that of 14 patients (9.2%) was demonstrated by IOUS to be unresectable. Five-year actuarial survival was 44% for the resected group and 0% for the unresectable patients (p<0.0001). Conclusions: IOUS, portal node assessment, and pathologic margin evaluation improves the selection of patients likely to benefit from resection of colorectal liver metastases. Presented at the 47th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Houston, Texas, March 17–20, 1994.     

The timing of liver resection in patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases: a population‐based study of current practice and survival

Aim

There is uncertainty regarding the optimal sequence of surgery for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and synchronous liver metastases. This study was designed to describe temporal trends and inter‐hospital variation in surgical strategy, and to compare long‐term survival in a propensity score‐matched analysis.

Method

The National Bowel Cancer Audit dataset was used to identify patients diagnosed with primary CRC between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2015 who underwent CRC resection in the English National Health Service. Hospital Episode Statistics data were used to identify those with synchronous liver‐limited metastases who underwent liver resection. Survival outcomes of propensity score‐matched groups were compared.

Results

Of 1830 patients, 270 (14.8%) underwent a liver‐first approach, 259 (14.2%) a simultaneous approach and 1301 (71.1%) a bowel‐first approach. The proportion of patients undergoing either a liver‐first or simultaneous approach increased over the study period from 26.8% in 2010 to 35.6% in 2015 (P < 0.001). There was wide variation in surgical approach according to hospital trust of diagnosis. There was no evidence of a difference in 4‐year survival between the propensity score‐matched cohorts according to surgical strategy: bowel first vs simultaneous [hazard ratio (HR) 0.92 (95% CI: 0.80–1.06)] or bowel first vs liver first [HR 0.99 (95% CI: 0.82–1.19)].

Conclusion

There is evidence of wide variation in surgical strategy in dealing with CRC and synchronous liver metastases. In selected patients, the simultaneous and liver‐first strategies have comparable long‐term survival to the bowel‐first approach.     

Laparoscopic liver resection: a systematic review

Background  Outcomes of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) are not clarified. The objective of this article is to depict the state of the art of LLR by means of a systematic review of the literature. Methods  Studies about LLR published before September 2008 were identified and their results summarized. Results  Indications for laparoscopic hepatectomy do not differ from those for open surgery. Technical feasibility is the only limiting factor. Bleeding is the major intraoperative concern, but, if managed by an expert surgeon, do not worsen outcomes. Hand assistance can be useful in selected cases to avoid conversion. Patient selection must take both tumor location and size into consideration. Potentially good candidates are patients with peripheral lesions requiring limited hepatectomy or left lateral sectionectomy; their outcomes, including reduced blood loss, morbidity, and hospital stay, are better than those of their laparotomic counterparts. The same advantages have been observed in cirrhotics. Laparoscopic major hepatectomies and resections of postero-superior segments need further evaluation. The results of LLR in cancer patients seem to be similar to those obtained with the laparotomic approach, especially in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, but further analysis is required. Conclusions  Laparoscopic liver resection is safe and feasible. The laparoscopic approach can be recommended for peripheral lesions requiring limited hepatectomy or left lateral sectionectomy. Preliminary oncological results suggest non-inferiority of laparoscopic to laparotomic procedures.     

大肠癌伴同时性肝转移126例临床分析

目的探讨大肠癌肝转移的临床特点与诊治效果。方法对126例大肠癌肝转移的临床资料进行回顾性总结分析。结果大肠癌同时性切除肝转移灶的手术切除率为17.5%(22/126),同时切除肝转移灶的病例1年生存率68.2%(15/22),3年生存率为40.9%(9/22),5年生存率为18.2%(4/22);而未切除肝转移灶的病例1年生存率为54.8%(57/104),3年生存率为16.3%(17/104),5年生存率为0%,两组生存率比较差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论手术同时切除肝转移灶为大肠癌伴同时性肝转移的首选治疗方法。     

腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术联合射频消融治疗肝转移癌

目的 探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术+同期RFA治疗肝转移癌的临床价值.方法 2001年12月至2006年7月成都市第三人民医院对22例结直肠癌合并同时性肝转移的患者施行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术+同期RFA治疗肝转移癌,术后通过增强CT检查评价消融灶固化效果.采用X2检验分析疗效.结果 本组22例患者中8例肝转移癌为多发,16例有合并症.对31个肝转移癌进行RFA治疗,未发生相关并发症;术后平均住院时间为(14±5)d,无手术死亡.5例因消融不完全进行重复RFA,4例消融灶复发(2例重复RFA);6例死亡(2例死于消融灶复发).消融灶复发率为18%(4/22),病死率为27%(6/22).肝转移癌直径≥2.0 cm者RFA后消融灶复发率高于直径＜2.0 cm者(x2=5.867,P＜0.05).结论 腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术+同期RFA治疗肝转移癌,为多发性肝转移癌、合并基础疾病、高龄、手术耐受差和肿瘤切除困难的结直肠癌患者提供了治疗的机会.     

Laparoscopic liver resection: experience of 53 procedures at a single center

Background/Purpose The short-term outcome following laparoscopic liver resection at a single center is presented.Methods Fifty-three procedures were carried out in 47 patients, between August 1998 and April 2004 (6 patients were resected on two occasions). A previous laparotomy and/or hepatectomy had been done in 83% and 26% of the procedures, respectively. Colorectal metastasis was the main indication for treatment (42/53). A total laparoscopic approach was applied.Results Three of the 53 (6%) procedures were converted to laparotomy. In one additional procedure, radiofrequency ablation was done instead of resection. Sixty liver resections were done during the 49 procedures completed laparoscopically as planned (9 patients had concomitant resections performed). Nonanatomic (45/60) and anatomic (15/60; left lobectomies) resections were done. Tumor tissue was found in the resection margins of 6% of the specimens. The free margin was very short in 8% of the specimens. The morbidity was 16%. There was no mortality. Blood transfusions were given following 26% of the procedures. The median hospital stay was 3.5 days (range, 1–14 days) and the median number of days on which there was a need for opioids was 1 (range, 0–11 days).Conclusions Laparoscopic liver resection can be performed safely and seems to offer short-term benefits to the patients. Randomized studies are required to further evaluate the potential benefits of this treatment.     

结直肠癌同时性肝转移的同期手术切除

目的探讨同时性结直肠癌肝转移行同期切除原发瘤和肝转移瘤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性总结分析从1981年5月至2005年11月在我院住院治疗的43例结直肠癌同时性肝转移同期手术的临床病理资料及结果并结合文献复习。结果43例患者中男性21例,女性22例,中位年龄52岁,手术持续中位时间180min。共30例术中输血,中位输血量800ml。术后总住院时间10—50d,中位时间15d。并发症发生率18．6％（8／43）,手术死亡率2．3％（1／43）。全组总的中位生存期为25个月,5年生存率19．1％。R0切除组的中位生存期48个月,5年生存率33．8％;非R0切除组的中位生存期为20个月,5年生存率7．6％。两组的生存时间经LogRank检验差异明显,P=0．002。结论同时性结直肠癌肝转移同期手术的安全性和有效性可以保证。对可切除的同时性结直肠癌肝转移应争取同期手术,并争取R0切除。     

结直肠癌同时性肝转移同期与分期手术切除疗效比较

目的：比较结直肠癌同时性肝转移患者原发灶和肝转移灶同期与分期切除的近期和远期结局。方法回顾性分析北京肿瘤医院肝胆胰外一科2003年1月至2011年12月间的64例结直肠癌合并同时性肝转移患者的临床及术后随访资料,其中行原发灶和肝转移灶同期切除者20例（同期切除组）,分期切除者44例（分期切除组）。结果同期切除组Clavien-Dindo 1、2和3级并发症发生率分别为10．0％（2/20）、15．0％（3/20）和15．0％（3/20）,分期切除组分别为13．6％（6/44）、13．6％（6/44）和22．7％（12/44）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。同期切除组1、2和3年总体生存率分别为85．0％、59．6％和37．2％,分期切除组分别为90．9％、68．2％和47．1％,差异亦无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。两组中位无病生存时间分别为6月和7月,差异亦无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。多因素预后分析显示,原发灶淋巴结阳性（P=0．020）和肝切除术前CEA水平大于20μg/L（P=0.017）是影响患者总体生存的独立危险因素;复发后有机会接受根治性局部治疗联合化疗则是一项保护性因素（P=0.001）;而手术时机（同期或分期切除）与患者总体生存无关（P＞0．05）。结论对于结直肠癌同时性肝转移,选择同期或分期切除并不影响患者的术后并发症发生率和远期生存率。     

Brain metastases from colorectal cancer: the role of surgical resection in selected patients

Aim Brain metastasis is infrequent in colorectal cancer patients, and the prognosis is poor. In this retrospective study survival and prognostic factors were determined in patients with brain metastasis from colorectal cancer. Method Between 1997 and 2006, 39 patients with brain metastasis from colorectal cancer who survived more than 1 month were identified. Data were collected with regard to patient characteristics, location and stage of the primary tumour, extent and location of metastatic disease, and treatment modalities used. Results Most (79.5%) patients had pulmonary metastases before brain metastasis, and the brain was the site of solitary metastasis in only one patient. The most frequent symptom was weakness [18 (43.6%) patients]. Overall median survival was 5.0 months and the 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates were 21.8 and 9.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed uncontrolled extracranial metastases (P = 0.019), multiple brain lesions (P = 0.026), bilateral brain metastases (P = 0.032) and serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels greater than 5 ng/ml (P = 0.008) to be poor prognostic factors. The median survival after the diagnosis of brain metastasis was significantly longer in patients who underwent surgical resection (15.2 ± 8.0 months) than in those treated by other modalities (P = 0.001). Treatment modality was the only independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with brain metastases from colorectal cancers (P = 0.015). Conclusion Aggressive surgical resection in selected patients with brain metastases from colorectal cancer may prolong survival, even in the presence of extracranial metastatic lesions.     

腹腔镜下结直肠癌合并肝转移癌一期同时切除术的临床分析

目的探究腹腔镜下结直肠癌合并肝转移癌一期同时切除术的安全性及可行性。方法选取68例2012年11月~2015年6月至我院以及中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院胃肠外科二区就诊的结直肠癌合并肝转移癌患者,将所有患者分为两组,观察组34例,对照组34例。观察组采取腹腔镜下结直肠癌合并肝转移癌同期切除术,对照组采取传统的开腹结直肠癌合并肝转移癌同期切除术。记录两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后排气时间、总住院时间、术后并发症,对两组疗效、总生存期和无瘤生存期进行分析。结果观察组术中出血量、手术时间、术后排气时间、总住院时间与对照组相比,有统计学意义(P0.05);虽然观察组的术并发症比对照组低,但两组术后并发症比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论全腹腔镜下结直肠癌合并肝转移癌一期联合切除安全可行,总体临床效果优于开腹手术。     

结直肠癌同时性肝转移的外科治疗

Synchronous colorectal liver metastases occurs in 15%-25% of patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer. Hepatic resoction has been accepted as the only option that offers long-term survival for patients with liver metastases. However, the optimal timing and sequence of resection for synchronous colorectal liver metastases still remain controversial. Also, the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy which should be initiated in patients with resectable synchronous liver metastases is not consistent. In order to use evidence-based medicine to clarify indications for one-stage hepatic resection of liver metastases, a multi-center clinical trial was pedormed to normalize the surgical strategy of synchronous liver metastases. In summary, in selected patients, one-stage approach is comparable to the two-stage procedure in mortality and morbidity rates and longterm survival. One-stage procedure should be performed according to the site of primary tumor, age, the volume of residual healthy liver. Preoperative chemotherapy is effective in downstaging the tumor and reducing the resected liver volume, but it also brings damage to the liver and has adverse effect on onestage hepatic resection.     

Hepatic resections for bilobar liver metastases from colorectal cancer

The present study was performed to assess survival benefits in patients who underwent a hepatic resection for isolated bilobar liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Thirty-eight patients underwent a curative hepatic resection for isolated colorectal liver metastasis. Among them, 11 patients had bilobar liver metastases and 19 had a solitary metastasis. The remaining 8 patients had unilobar multiple lesions. We investigated survival in two groups those with bilobar and those with solitary metastatic tumors. Survival and disease-free survival were 36% and 18% at 5 years, respectively, in the patients with bilobar liver metastases, while these survivals were 43% and 34% in the patients with solitary liver metastasis. In the 38 patients, repeated hepatic resections were performed in 15 patients with recurrent liver disease. The 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates for these patients were 38% and 27%, respectively, after the second hepatic resections. Of the 11 patients with bilobar liver metastases, 5 underwent a repeated hepatic resection, and they all survived for over 42 months. Based on our observations, a hepatic resection was thus found to be effective even in selected patients with either bilobar nodules or recurrence in the remnant liver. Received: February 7, 2000 / Accepted: April 26, 2000