经腘静脉置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的初步探讨经腘静脉置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床应用价值。方法67例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,在B超引导下行经腘静脉置入溶栓导管,以输液泵经溶栓导管持续泵入溶栓药物10~14d,同时行抗凝治疗。结果所有病人均置管成功,其中3例未能通过髂静脉;治疗后临床表现均有不同程度的好转,出院前均行影像学检查,治愈11例,其中8例病程≤10d,显效42例,有效16例,有效率100%;其中5例接受髂静脉球囊扩张术,3例行髂静脉支架置入术,1例行耻骨上静脉转流术。结论经腘静脉置管溶栓术治疗下肢深静脉血栓可以延长尿激酶溶栓时间窗,减少尿激酶用量,减少出血并发症,并为后续治疗提供机会。     

高频超声引导下经腘静脉穿刺置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的探讨经腘静脉穿刺置管直接溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的应用价值。方法收集经CDFI或下肢深静脉造影确诊为DVT的36例患者。对观察组患者行超声引导下患侧腘静脉穿刺,置入溶栓导管,经导管持续灌注尿激酶溶栓;对照组采用经外周静脉滴注尿激酶,比较两组的治疗效果。结果观察组(16例)患者自治疗后第2天患肢肿胀开始减退,第4～6天时肿胀明显减退,治愈3例,显效11例,有效2例,总体有效率为100%(16/16);对照组(20例)自第2～4天起患肢肿胀开始减退,第7～9天明显减退,显效8例,有效6例,无效6例,总体有效率为70.00%(14/20);两组治疗效果的差异有统计学意义(Z=3.270,P=0.002)。溶栓治疗前后观察组肢体肿胀缓解程度较对照组明显,患肢大腿及小腿周径的差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论于高频超声引导下经腘静脉穿刺置管直接溶栓治疗DVT安全、微创、疗效确切,且并发症少。     

腘静脉置管溶栓联合静脉球囊扩张治疗急性中央型下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨腘静脉置管溶栓联合静脉球囊扩张治疗急性中央型下肢深静脉血栓形成的安全性及疗效。方法 19例急性中央型下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,在下腔静脉滤器保护下行腘静脉置管注入尿激酶溶栓联合静脉球囊扩张治疗。结果本组患者痊愈11例,显效8例,无肺动脉栓塞发生。溶栓后3～6天患肢肿胀开始消退,5～8天患肢肿胀基本消退。静脉造影示下肢深静脉血栓溶解,部分患者血管边缘见少许充盈缺损。尿激酶用量为370万～600万U。随访未再出现血栓复发情况。结论腘静脉置管溶栓联合静脉球囊扩张治疗急性中央型下肢深静脉血栓形成是安全、有效。     

两种不同途径溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的疗效比较

目的探讨不同途径溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的临床效果。方法将下肢深静脉血栓患者126例,根据前瞻性、随机性采用患肢周围静脉溶栓及腘静脉置管溶栓治疗方法进行治疗,并对比治疗效果。结果经外周静脉溶栓治疗组在小腿消肿率为(0.63±0.11)%,大腿消肿率为(0.57±0.09)%,静脉通畅改善度为(32.34±3.77)%,均低于经腘静脉置管溶栓方组的(0.82±0.14)%,(0.89±0.07)%及(55.41±3.21)%(均P0.05～0.01)。结论经腘静脉顺行置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓临床治愈率及远期效果明显优于经外周静脉溶栓治疗。     

超声引导下顺行静脉穿刺联合Angiojet血栓抽吸治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的观察超声引导顺行静脉穿刺联合Angiojet血栓抽吸治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的效果。方法回顾性分析63例急性期和亚急性期下肢DVT患者,均经下肢深静脉造影诊断后置入下腔静脉滤器,并接受超声引导下Angiojet血栓抽吸及置管溶栓术,观察疗效及安全性。结果 63例中,54例置入可回收滤器,9例置入永久性滤器;可回收滤器回收率为88.89%(48/54),平均回收时间(5.48±2.10)天。超声引导下顺行穿刺静脉成功率100%(66/66),无穿刺并发症;治疗DVT效果优良率为84.13%(53/63)。抽吸血栓后9例出现血红蛋白尿,溶栓过程中7例出现黏膜出血,并发症发生率为25.40%(16/63),无严重并发症发生。术后随访(22.74±6.21)个月,7例失访,1例死于恶性肿瘤,6例(6/55,10.91%)发生血栓后综合征。结论超声引导下顺行静脉穿刺联合Angiojet血栓抽吸治疗下肢深静脉血栓安全有效。     

DSA引导下胫后/胫前静脉穿刺置管碎栓/溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的:初步探讨DSA引导下行胫后/胫前静脉穿刺置管碎栓/溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的疗效。方法:对2012年8月—2016年11月收治的87例混合型及中央型DVT患者行DSA引导下经胫后/胫前静脉穿刺置管碎栓/溶栓治疗,以术前、术后肢体的周径差以及溶栓后造影深静脉通畅情况评估疗效。结果:87例患者80例穿刺成功(91.9%),其中胫后静脉穿刺成功68例,胫前静脉穿刺成功12例,未穿刺成功7例行胫后静脉切开置管。置管成功后均行碎栓术,并行留置导管溶栓。与溶栓前比较,溶栓后患者小腿周径差明显减小[(4.28±1.02)cmvs.(1.06±0.42cm)],静脉通畅度评分明显降低[(10.25±1.84)vs.1.92±0.5)],差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:DSA引导下经胫后/胫前静脉穿刺置管碎栓/溶栓治疗下肢DVT是一种简便、有效、疗效确切的方法。     

经腘静脉插管定向溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床研究

目的评价腘静脉插管定向溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的疗效。方法 62例下肢深静脉血栓患者,行患肢腘静脉穿刺插管,在可视条件下将导管插入至血栓近心端,经导管首次推注尿激酶20万单位后,持续注射尿激酶10万单位／h溶栓,同时每12 h皮下注射低分子肝素钠400 U。以下肢肿胀消退情况评价疗效,以深静脉造影评价溶栓效果。结果经导管溶栓治疗不仅使深静脉血栓部分或完全消融,而且侧支循环开放较治疗前显著增加。患肢总消肿率(78±22)％,总溶栓率(67± 27)％,其中急性、急慢性和慢性病例溶栓率分别为75％、71％,49％,前两者显著高于后者(P< 0．05)。21例患者血栓完全消融,无严重并发症发生。结论 腘静脉插管定向溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成能够快速溶解血栓,恢复深静脉血流通畅,患者临床症状改善效果满意,治疗方案安全可靠。     

经胫后静脉入路导管溶栓术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓

目的 探讨经胫后静脉置管治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓的临床疗效及其临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院血管外科2013年10月-2015年1月收治的46例(男性30例,女性16例)急性下肢深静脉血栓行置管溶栓患者的临床资料,所有患者在下腔静脉滤器保护下,经患肢胫后静脉途径置入溶栓导管,持续溶栓、抗凝治疗.采用SPSS17.0进行统计学分析.计量数据以均数±标准差((x)±s)表示,溶栓前后比较采用配对t检验.检验水准α =0.05.结果 本组46例患者中,39例患者经置管溶栓患肢肿胀缓解,7例患者肿胀缓解欠佳,4例患者经对髂静脉球囊扩张后肿胀缓解,3例患者经对髂静脉球囊扩张及支架置入后肿胀缓解.治疗期间6例患者出现穿刺处渗血给予加压包扎,其余患者无并发症.置管溶栓后静脉通畅评分低,通常率高,溶栓前后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).溶栓前后下肢消肿率高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 经胫后静脉置管直接溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓能提高早期静脉通畅率,缩短肿胀缓解时间,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

改良式球囊血栓抽吸术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓

目的探讨采用改良式球囊血栓抽吸术配合腘静脉入路深静脉置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的技术、方法和疗效。方法对76例DVT患者采用改良式球囊血栓抽吸术配合经皮腘静静脉穿刺深静脉置管溶栓治疗(治疗组),对137例急性期DVT患者采用患肢足背静脉溶栓方法治疗(对照组),比较两组患者的疗效。结果治疗组,76例患者的治疗效果满意,技术成功率100%,治疗前后血管周径差差异有统计学意义(t=2.91,P0.01),血管通畅率90.79%(69/76),并发症发生率15.79%(12/76);对照组治疗前后血管周径差差异有统计学意义(t=2.21,P=0.03),血管通畅率59.85%(82/137),并发症发生率24.82%(34/137)。结论采用改良式球囊血栓抽吸术联合腘静静脉入路深静脉置管溶栓技术治疗DVT是一种安全、有效的方法,且疗效满意。     

腘静脉置管溶栓联合血管腔内介入治疗Cockett综合征并发下肢深静脉血栓形成30例

目的：探讨腘静脉置管溶栓联合血管腔内介入治疗Cockett综合征并发下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的临床应用价值。方法：2002年12月—2008年6月对30例Cockett综合征并发下肢DVT形成患者进行下腔静脉滤器保护下腘静脉置管溶栓联合髂静脉球囊扩张支架植入术。结果：30例患者均手术成功,无手术死亡,无肺动脉栓塞发生。随访26例（随访率86.7%）,随访时间为3个月～3年,平均22个月,仅1例发生支架内血栓形成。结论：腘静脉置管溶栓联合血管腔内介入能够有效治疗Cockett综合征并发下肢DVT,安全性高,近、中期效果良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.