Prevalence and characteristics of foveal retinal detachment without macular hole in high myopia

PURPOSE: To report the prevalence of foveal retinal detachment without macular hole in a large number of highly myopic eyes using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to clarify the demographic characteristics associated with foveal retinal detachment in these eyes. DESIGN: A consecutive, prospective, observational case series. METHODS: In 134 eyes of 78 consecutive patients with high myopia (refractive error of -8 diopters or more), we performed complete ophthalmic examinations and studied cross-sectional images of the macula with OCT. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (group 1, n = 78 eyes of 45 patients) or absence (group 2, n = 56 eyes of 33 patients) of posterior staphyloma. Slit-lamp examination with a Goldmann three-mirror lens indicated that none of the eyes had a macular hole. RESULTS: In seven of 78 eyes (9.0%) with posterior staphyloma (group 1), OCT revealed foveal retinal detachment. Two of the seven eyes had foveal retinoschisis. Optical coherence tomography revealed no retinal detachment or retinoschisis in any eye without posterior staphyloma (group 2). Visual acuity of the seven eyes with foveal retinal detachment ranged from 20/40 to 20/200. Two of the seven eyes had visual acuity 20/50 or better. No patients complained of recent, progressive visual impairment. All seven eyes with foveal retinal detachment had severe myopic fundus changes (focal chorioretinal atrophy or bare sclera). CONCLUSIONS: In highly myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma, the prevalence of foveal retinal detachment without macular hole was 9.0%. In eyes with this type of retinal detachment, visual acuity varies and foveal retinal detachment tends to be missed on routine examination. Periodic examination using OCT is recommended for highly myopic eyes with severe myopic degenerative changes and posterior staphyloma.     

高度近视眼中心凹脱离伴视网膜劈裂的形态学观察

目的观察高度近视眼中心凹脱离伴视网膜劈裂的形态学特征,并探讨高度近视眼玻璃体、黄斑及后巩膜葡萄肿三者间的关系。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象29例(38眼)高度近视眼中心凹脱离伴视网膜劈裂的患者。方法所有患者均进行裂隙灯前置镜、三面镜、直接或间接检眼镜、B超及相干光断层扫描(OCT)检查,观察黄斑中心凹脱离及视网膜劈裂的形态及其与玻璃体以及后巩膜葡萄肿的关系。其中10眼行玻璃体手术。主要指标形态学特征。结果裂隙灯前置镜、三面镜检查见视网膜成微囊样改变并浅脱离,未见黄斑裂孔。B超显示后极部视网膜水肿或浅脱离0.5~2.0mm。所有38眼的OCT扫描均显示黄斑区神经上皮脱离;未显示黄斑裂孔;神经上皮层劈裂,表现为内层劈裂、外层劈裂和双层劈裂,劈裂的内外层视网膜之间可见桥柱样连接;3眼黄斑区未见劈裂,扫描至后巩膜葡萄肿边缘附近见视网膜劈裂;视网膜前存在低反射细光带(玻璃体后皮质),且与视网膜间存在点、线及片状粘连,相应粘连处视网膜被牵引。10眼玻璃体手术中见玻璃体液化、不完全后脱离,后极部玻璃体后皮质与视网膜粘连紧密,尽量剥除后皮质,术后视网膜均复位。结论OCT可清晰显示高度近视眼中心凹脱离伴视网膜劈裂的形态特征,来自玻璃体皮质的牵引及后巩膜葡萄肿因素是导致视网膜劈裂的主要原因。     

Optical coherence tomography study of tilted optic disk associated with macular detachment

Purpose To describe the macular findings by optical coherence tomography in both eyes of a patient with tilted optic disk and visual decrease. Methods A 35-year-old woman with bilateral tilted optic disk and serous macular detachment was examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results Fluorescein angiography demonstrated staining of the temporal rim of the staphyloma adjacent to the optic disk and hyperfluorescence of the diffuse pigmentary changes in the papillomacular area. Leakage points and serous macular detachment were not observed. The existing neurosensory detachment at the fovea became evident only by OCT. Conclusions The existence of subretinal fluid, which became evident only by OCT, supports the view that OCT could further contribute to the study of the asymptomatic pigmentary lesions of the macula that are present in 11% of eyes with tilted optic disk. The reason for the localized macular detachment remains unclear. Dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or leakage of the optic disk staphyloma rim could possibly explain the cause of fluid accumulation in the macula.     

Foveal retinoschisis and retinal detachment in severely myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the tomographic features of the retina in patients with severe myopia and posterior staphyloma. METHODS: In a prospective study of 32 eyes of 19 consecutive patients with severe myopia and posterior staphyloma, we performed complete ophthalmic examinations and studied cross-sectional images of the macula with optical coherence tomography. Patients' age ranged from 41 to 83 years (average, 62.7 years). Best-corrected visual acuity ranged from 20/500 to 20/40 (average, 20/120). The study included 26 phakic and six pseudophakic eyes. The refractive errors of 26 phakic eyes ranged from -8 to -31 diopters (average, -16.7 diopters). Although refractive errors were within -8 diopters in six pseudophakic eyes, the eyes had apparent posterior staphyloma. The axial lengths measured by A-mode ultrasonography ranged from 25.7 to 32.7 mm (average, 29.2 mm). Slit-lamp examination with contact lens showed that none of the eyes had a macular hole. RESULTS: In nine eyes with shallow retinal elevation on slit-lamp examination, optical coherence tomography disclosed a foveal retinal detachment with retinoschisis in eight eyes and a foveal retinal detachment in one eye. Two of the remaining 23 eyes had retinoschisis. CONCLUSIONS: Foveal retinal detachment and retinoschisis are common features in severely myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma. Retinal detachment may precede the formation of a macular hole in severely myopic eyes.     

Factores asociados con el desprendimiento neurosensorial macular en pacientes miopes magnos con estafiloma inferior

PurposeTo investigate the factors associated with persistent serous retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes with inferior posterior staphyloma.MethodsA total of 27 highly myopic patients (44 eyes) with an inferior posterior staphyloma were recruited. Serous retinal detachment was investigated; 13 eyes had persistent sub-macular fluid (study group), and 31 eyes lacked sub-macular fluid (control group). All patients underwent complete ophthalmologic examinations, including axial length measurement and fluorescein angiography (FA). Triton Deep Range Imaging (DRI) optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) scans through the fovea measured choroidal thicknesses, macular bend height, and vitreoretinal interface factors.ResultsOf the 44 eyes, 13 had neurosensory retinal detachment and 31 did not. No significant differences were found in any of the studied variables (age, gender, spherical equivalence, axial length, vitreomacular traction, epiretinal membrane, internal limiting membrane detachment), except a higher macular bend height (p = 0.01), and a reduced macular choroidal thickness (p = 0.02), which were associated with the risk of serous retinal detachment. No statistically significant differences in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were observed between the study and control groups. Serous retinal detachment always occurred at the bisected retinal pigment epithelium of the macula corresponding to the upper edge of the staphyloma, and was characterised by multiple hyperfluorescent granular patches on fluorescein angiography.ConclusionsA higher macular bend height and a reduced macular choroidal thickness may be important factors in the development of serous retinal detachment in patients with inferior posterior staphyloma.     

Macular retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes

PURPOSE: To describe the characteristics and evolution of macular retinoschisis in high myopia observed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). DESIGN: A consecutive, retrospective, observational case series. METHODS: Twenty-one highly myopic eyes (mean refractive error, -15.2, range -6 to -25) of 17 patients presenting with the unusual feature of macular thickening without a macular hole and associated with a posterior staphyloma were examined by biomicroscopy and OCT. Ten patients (13 eyes) were followed up for 12 months or more. RESULTS: On biomicroscopy, the macula of all 21 eyes had a microcystic appearance without macular hole. In all eyes, OCT showed that retinal thickening was mainly due to an extensive hyporeflective space splitting the neuroretina into a thick inner layer and a thin outer layer. We called this condition outer retinoschisis. In six cases, inner splitting, termed inner retinoschisis, was also present. The macular profile exhibited a foveal cyst in 10 eyes, a lamellar hole in six, and a foveal detachment in six. In four of the 21 eyes, a hyperreflective preretinal structure resembling the posterior hyaloid was stretched over the retinoschisis, causing foveal traction. Two of these four eyes subsequently evolved into a full-thickness macular hole. CONCLUSION: Macular retinoschisis is not uncommon in highly myopic eyes with staphyloma and is better characterized by OCT than by biomicroscopy. Intraretinal splitting occurs in both the outer and inner layers of the retina, leading to the formation of cystoid spaces. In most cases, the condition is fairly stable in terms of visual acuity and retinal thickness and change occurs slowly over time. However, a macular hole may occur when the retinoschisis is associated with tangential traction of the posterior hyaloid.     

高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂和非裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的 观察高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂(MRS)和非裂孔性视网膜脱离(MRDH)的临床表现和影像学特征.方法 高度近视患者186例349只眼中合并MRS和MRDH的19例24只眼纳入研究.所有患者均进行了主觉验光、双目间接检眼镜、裂隙灯显微镜联合Goldmann三面镜检查,以及眼底照相、A/B型超声和光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查.结果 349只眼中后极部存在MRS和(或)MRDH 24只眼,占6.9%.眼底检查结果 显示.所有患跟均有后巩膜葡萄肿(PS),占100.0%;玻璃体黄斑牵引条带(VMT)2只眼.占8.3%;黄斑部局限性视网膜浅脱离2只眼,占8.3%;黄斑全层裂孔1只眼,占4.2%.B型超声检查结果 显示,所有患眼均伴有PS,占100.0%;黄斑部局限性视网膜浅脱离7只眼,占29.2%,脱离的视网膜与PS锥顶形成弓样结构;VMT条带2只眼,占8.3%.OCT检查结果 显示,黄斑部外层视网膜劈裂(ORS)22只眼,占91.7%,其中合并黄斑部内层视网膜劈裂(IRS)8只眼,占黄斑部ORS的36.4%.MRDH 5只眼,占20.8%,其中合并ORS 3只眼,占MRDH的60.0%;单纯性MRDH 2只眼,占MRDH的40.0%,其中合并VMT 1只眼.VMT 13只眼,占54.2%;黄斑囊样水肿(CME)3只眼,占12.5%;黄斑板层裂孔4只眼,占16.7%.结论 MRS和MRDH是伴有PS的高度近视眼的常见并发症.与常规眼底检查和B型超声相比,OCT是发现MRS和MRDH的更为有效的检查手段.     

高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂和非裂孔性视网膜脱离

目的 观察高度近视黄斑部视网膜劈裂(MRS)和非裂孔性视网膜脱离(MRDH)的临床表现和影像学特征.方法 高度近视患者186例349只眼中合并MRS和MRDH的19例24只眼纳入研究.所有患者均进行了主觉验光、双目间接检眼镜、裂隙灯显微镜联合Goldmann三面镜检查,以及眼底照相、A/B型超声和光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查.结果 349只眼中后极部存在MRS和(或)MRDH 24只眼,占6.9%.眼底检查结果 显示.所有患跟均有后巩膜葡萄肿(PS),占100.0%;玻璃体黄斑牵引条带(VMT)2只眼.占8.3%;黄斑部局限性视网膜浅脱离2只眼,占8.3%;黄斑全层裂孔1只眼,占4.2%.B型超声检查结果 显示,所有患眼均伴有PS,占100.0%;黄斑部局限性视网膜浅脱离7只眼,占29.2%,脱离的视网膜与PS锥顶形成弓样结构;VMT条带2只眼,占8.3%.OCT检查结果 显示,黄斑部外层视网膜劈裂(ORS)22只眼,占91.7%,其中合并黄斑部内层视网膜劈裂(IRS)8只眼,占黄斑部ORS的36.4%.MRDH 5只眼,占20.8%,其中合并ORS 3只眼,占MRDH的60.0%;单纯性MRDH 2只眼,占MRDH的40.0%,其中合并VMT 1只眼.VMT 13只眼,占54.2%;黄斑囊样水肿(CME)3只眼,占12.5%;黄斑板层裂孔4只眼,占16.7%.结论 MRS和MRDH是伴有PS的高度近视眼的常见并发症.与常规眼底检查和B型超声相比,OCT是发现MRS和MRDH的更为有效的检查手段.     

Vitreous surgery for highly myopic eyes with foveal detachment and retinoschisis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of vitreous surgery for highly myopic eyes with foveal detachment and retinoschisis. DESIGN: Retrospective comparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seven patients (nine highly myopic eyes) with posterior staphyloma with foveal detachment and retinoschisis without macular hole. Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity in nine eyes ranged from 0.02 to 0.4 (average, 0.17). METHODS: Vitreous surgery performed on all nine eyes consisted of core vitrectomy, surgically induced posterior vitreous detachment (three eyes), removal of the premacular vitreous cortex and internal limiting membrane in the posterior staphyloma, and 30% SF(6) gas tamponade. Patients were instructed to maintain a prone position for at least 1 day after surgery. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from 6 to 42.5 months (average, 20.4 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity, retinal tomography monitored by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: In eight of the nine eyes, foveal detachment and retinoschisis gradually decreased in height, and these eyes finally attained foveal attachment and visual improvement within 6 months postoperatively. The postoperative best-corrected visual acuity of these eight eyes ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 (average, 0.48). One eye developed a full-thickness macular hole during vitreous surgery, and its postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.08. CONCLUSIONS: Foveal detachment and retinoschisis in highly myopic eyes resolved after vitrectomy. Vitreous surgery might have a rationale as prophylactic treatment for highly myopic eyes at high risk of macular hole development.     

B-scan ultrasonography for the detection of macular thickening

PURPOSE: To report the sensitivity and specificity of B-scan ultrasonography to detect macular thickening. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: Seventy-seven eyes of 40 consecutive patients (age range, 7-80 years) in a retinal specialty practice were examined. A single masked ultrasound operator performed B-scan ultrasonography on all eyes and graded macular thickening. The final assessment of macular thickening was based on biomicroscopy findings combined with fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The presence or absence of macular thickening as determined by B-scan ultrasonography was compared with the final clinical assessment, FA findings, and OCT measurements. RESULTS: B-scan ultrasonography detected macular thickening with a high degree of sensitivity (91%) and specificity (96%). There was a high degree of agreement between findings on ultrasonography and FA (kappa = 0.80). Ultrasonographic diagnosis correlated with OCT measurements for both central macular thickness (r =.65, P <.001) and volume (r =.56, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic detection of macular thickening correlates with findings on slit-lamp biomicroscopy, FA, and OCT. B-scan ultrasonography is a potentially useful technique for assessing macular thickness when biomicroscopy is impossible or when patients cannot tolerate FA or OCT.     

高度近视眼黄斑视网膜劈裂光相干断层扫描观察

目的 观察高度近视眼黄斑视网膜劈裂的光相干断层扫描(OCT)图像及临床特征.方法 回顾性分析经最佳矫正视力、屈光度、前置镜、A/B型超声和OCT检查确诊的154例高度近视患者158只眼的临床资料.OCT检查主要进行黄斑部水平及垂直线性扫描.根据OCT检查后极部是否存在视网膜劈裂,将其分为劈裂组、非劈裂组.其中,劈裂组53例55只眼,占34.8%;非劈裂组101例103只眼,占65.2%.回顾分析时,对两组患者年龄、性别、屈光度、视力、眼轴长度、后巩膜葡萄肿发生率、玻璃体牵引率、视网膜脱离发生率进行比较.结果 B型超声检查显示,158只眼均有后巩膜葡萄肿.OCT检查显示,视网膜劈裂组55只眼中,内层劈裂15只眼,占27.3%;外层劈裂53只眼,占96.4%;中层劈裂7只眼,占12.7%.内外层劈裂可单独存在,也可共存于同一患眼,中层劈裂都与外层劈裂相伴.存在2种或以上类型的劈裂13只眼,占23.6%;单纯外层劈裂40只眼,占72.7%;仅有内层劈裂2只眼,占3.6%.伴视网膜脱离26只眼,占47.3%;伴黄斑裂孔13只眼,占23.6%;伴玻璃体牵引12只眼,占21.8%.非劈裂组103只眼中,伴玻璃体牵引23只眼,占22.3%;黄斑裂孔19只眼,占18.4%;视网膜脱离21只眼,占20.4%.两组患者年龄(t=0.250)、屈光度(t=1.156)、眼轴(t=0.252)、性别(X2=1.075)构成、黄斑裂孔(X2=0.598)、后巩膜葡萄肿(X2=∞)、玻璃体牵引(X2=0.05)的发生率比较.差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);但视网膜劈裂组视力明显低于非劈裂组(X2=6.345,P<0.05);视网膜脱离的发生率明显高于非劈裂组(X2=12.400,P<0.05).结论高度近视眼黄斑视网膜劈裂存在于视网膜内中外多个层次,其中外层劈裂最常见;患者往往视力低下且常伴发其他黄斑病变,以视网膜脱离最常见.     

高度近视眼黄斑视网膜劈裂光相干断层扫描观察

目的 观察高度近视眼黄斑视网膜劈裂的光相干断层扫描(OCT)图像及临床特征.方法 回顾性分析经最佳矫正视力、屈光度、前置镜、A/B型超声和OCT检查确诊的154例高度近视患者158只眼的临床资料.OCT检查主要进行黄斑部水平及垂直线性扫描.根据OCT检查后极部是否存在视网膜劈裂,将其分为劈裂组、非劈裂组.其中,劈裂组53例55只眼,占34.8%;非劈裂组101例103只眼,占65.2%.回顾分析时,对两组患者年龄、性别、屈光度、视力、眼轴长度、后巩膜葡萄肿发生率、玻璃体牵引率、视网膜脱离发生率进行比较.结果 B型超声检查显示,158只眼均有后巩膜葡萄肿.OCT检查显示,视网膜劈裂组55只眼中,内层劈裂15只眼,占27.3%;外层劈裂53只眼,占96.4%;中层劈裂7只眼,占12.7%.内外层劈裂可单独存在,也可共存于同一患眼,中层劈裂都与外层劈裂相伴.存在2种或以上类型的劈裂13只眼,占23.6%;单纯外层劈裂40只眼,占72.7%;仅有内层劈裂2只眼,占3.6%.伴视网膜脱离26只眼,占47.3%;伴黄斑裂孔13只眼,占23.6%;伴玻璃体牵引12只眼,占21.8%.非劈裂组103只眼中,伴玻璃体牵引23只眼,占22.3%;黄斑裂孔19只眼,占18.4%;视网膜脱离21只眼,占20.4%.两组患者年龄(t=0.250)、屈光度(t=1.156)、眼轴(t=0.252)、性别(X2=1.075)构成、黄斑裂孔(X2=0.598)、后巩膜葡萄肿(X2=∞)、玻璃体牵引(X2=0.05)的发生率比较.差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);但视网膜劈裂组视力明显低于非劈裂组(X2=6.345,P<0.05);视网膜脱离的发生率明显高于非劈裂组(X2=12.400,P<0.05).结论高度近视眼黄斑视网膜劈裂存在于视网膜内中外多个层次,其中外层劈裂最常见;患者往往视力低下且常伴发其他黄斑病变,以视网膜脱离最常见.     

Unilateral choroidal excavation in the macula detected by spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography

Purpose: To report clinical findings of three patients with unilateral peculiar choroidal excavation in the macula detected by spectral‐domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Three cases with unilateral choroidal excavation in the macula detected by SD OCT. Fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (IA), ultrasonography, visual field tests and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) were performed. Results: Although all three patients complained of metamorphopsia, visual acuity and central visual field were normal in the affected eyes. SD OCT demonstrated choroidal excavation in the macula despite a normal foveal contour along the inner retinal surface. The excavation involved the outer retinal layers up to the external limiting membrane in cases 1 and 2, while only the retinal pigment epithelium was involved in case 3. The excavation corresponded to foveal pigment mottling in cases 1 and 2 and to a parafoveal yellowish fusiform lesion in case 3. The lesions appeared hypoautofluorescent and unremarkable in FA except for circumferential hyperfluorescence in case 3 and hypofluorescent in IA. B‐scan ultrasonography was unremarkable. MfERG in cases 1 and 2 was normal. Conclusions: SD OCT demonstrated two types of choroidal excavation in the macula. More case accumulation and a longer follow‐up will elucidate the pathogenesis and prognosis of the lesions.     

Scleral resection technique combined with vitrectomy for a macular hole retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes

PURPOSE: To evaluate scleral resection technique combined with vitrectomy for macular hole retinal detachment of highly myopic eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeencases (17 eyes) of macular hole retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes, in which the patient underwent vitrectomy combined with scleral resection technique formacular hole retinal detachment between January 1996 and December 2003 at Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, were studied.Following pars plana vitrectomy, as much as possible of the residual vitreous and/or epiretinal membrane was removed. A scleral resection was performed in 2 quadrants of the equatorial region of the temporal sclera. Finally, a fluid-air exchange with SF(6) gas injection was performed to achieve retinal attachment. Pre- and postoperative axial length of the eyeballs were measured by B-scan ultrasonography. RESULTS: All cases had the retina reattached at the initial surgery, and visual acuities were stabilized or improved after the surgery. The posterior staphyloma became obscure in 13 out of 17 eyes (76.8%). The macular hole closed in 14 of 17 eyes (82.4%) ophthalmoscopically. There were no cases in which retinal redetachment occurred during follow-up periods of more than 6 months. CONCLUSION: In cases of macular hole retinal detachment of a highly myopic eye, scleral resection technique combined with vitrectomy changed the shape of the eyeballs and allowed successful retinal reattachment at the initial surgery.     

Serous macular detachment associated with dome-shaped macula and tilted disc

Introduction: An entirely new type of staphyloma has been recently described as dome-shaped macula (DSM). It is characterized by an abnormal convex macular contour within the concavity of a posterior staphyloma. We found DSM associated with serous macular detachment (SMD) and tilted disc in two consecutive cases. Case Reports: Case 1: A 37-year-old female presented to our department because of sudden onset blurred vision in her right eye (OD). The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.5 in both eyes. Funduscopy evidenced bilateral tilted disc associated with posterior staphyloma. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated a DSM with SMD in her OD. After 15 months of follow-up, BCVA of her OD remained stable with chronic SMD. Case 2: A 32-year-old female presented to our department because of blurred vision in her OD. The BCVA was 0.4 in the OD and 1.0 in the left eye (OS). Bilateral tilted disc and posterior staphyloma were evidenced in the funduscopy. OCT demonstrated a bilateral DSM with SMD in her OD. After 45 months of follow-up, two further episodes of transient SMD were observed in her OD and seven in her OS. The final BCVA was 0.63 in the OD and 0.8 in the OS. Discussion: SMD associated with tilted disc constitutes a potential cause of subretinal fluid accumulation in myopic patients. OCT is essential for the detection of both SMD and DSM.     

Cystoid macular degeneration in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

PURPOSE: To describe the optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography findings in the macula of eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and reduced central vision. METHODS: Using OCT, clinical examination, and fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography, the authors examined eight eyes of seven patients with CSC, an attached macula, and reduced central vision of 20/200 or worse. All had a history of chronic CSC with resolution of the subretinal fluid in the macular area and poor vision. RESULTS: Patient ages ranged from 55 to 82 years (mean, 66 years). All eight eyes had some parafoveal, patchy RPE atrophy with corresponding transmission hyperfluorescence (window defect) on fluorescein angiography. Five eyes also had a window defect in the foveal area. With OCT, the foveal area revealed variable areas of cystoid change and atrophy in seven of the eight eyes. In four of these eyes, the cystoid changes were not seen on clinical examination or fluorescein angiography. The seven eyes with cystoid changes imaged with OCT had no intraretinal leakage of fluorescein in the foveal region. The authors categorized these eyes as having cystoid macular degeneration (CMD). One other eye had foveal thinning or atrophy without cystoid changes. CONCLUSIONS: Intraretinal cystoid spaces without intraretinal leakage, or CMD, was a common finding in eyes with chronic CSC and reduced central vision after resolution of subretinal fluid. OCT was useful to establish the presence of CMD and foveal atrophy, even when these changes were not clearly evident on clinical examination or fluorescein angiography. Chronic foveal detachment and antecedent intraretinal leakage were proposed to be the mechanisms for the development of the changes. CMD in conjunction with foveal atrophy was an important clinical finding to account for the poor visual outcome in patients with CSC.     

Correlation of morphological characteristics of staphyloma with the structural and functional outcomes of myopic traction maculopathy after macular buckle surgery

Purpose:To compare morphological features of staphyloma (type and grade) with structural and functional outcomes in 11 patients with symptomatic myopic tractional maculopathy (MTM) who underwent macular buckle surgery.Methods:A retrospective observational case series, where a chart review was conducted of the type (Curtin classification) and grade of staphyloma (USG B-scan based). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) macula analysis done preoperatively and postoperatively 1 and 6–8 weeks), Visual acuity was recorded in log mar.Results:With an average myopia of −10.35 D (−5 to −14.5 D), there were four patients with types II and IX staphyloma and seven with type I staphyloma. The average axial length was 28.6 ± 0.98 mm in type II/IX and 26.2 ± 0.8 mm in type I. Preoperative OCT features were outer retinal layer schisis (11), retinal detachment (foveal: 2, macular: 8), macular hole (lamellar: 3, full thickness: 4), and taut posterior hyaloid (3). Postoperatively, patients with type II/IX staphyloma had significant gain in visual acuity from 1.05 ± 0.3 to 0.74 ± 0.2 Log Mar. The structural features also responded better in patients with types II/IX staphyloma, with all patients having more than 90% reduction in schisis and retinal attachment at 6 weeks. Whereas only two patients with type I staphyloma had similar reduction in schisis at 6 weeks and only one had complete retinal attachment.Conclusion:In patients with MTM, the staphyloma characteristics preoperatively can help us prognosticate about structural and functional success after macular buckle surgery. In our small case series, patients with type II/IX staphyloma and larger axial length had better structural and functional outcomes.     

Multiple choroidal neovascularizations at the border of a myopic posterior macular staphyloma

BACKGROUND: In pathologic myopia, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) usually occurs in macular region and at the center of the macular staphyloma. CNV has been reported to occur at the borders of an inferior posterior staphyloma in the tilted disc syndrome. We present a case of multiple simultaneous CNVs located at the borders of a myopic macular staphyloma. METHODS: The clinical and angiographic records of a myopic patient who presented several areas of choroidal neovascularization were reviewed. RESULTS: On fundus examination, four gray lesions surrounded by subretinal hemorrhages and covered by a large serous retinal detachment were observed at the borders of a posterior staphyloma. Fluorescein angiography revealed that these four lesions were CNVs extending from the borders of the staphyloma to the macular region. As measured by B-scan ultrasonography, the staphyloma was 4 mm deep. CONCLUSION: This case supports the hypothesis that the borders of staphylomas are sites at risk for the development of CNV in pathologic myopia.     

Relationship between perifoveal capillaries and pathomorphology in macular oedema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion

Purpose

To study the relationship between macular ischaemia on fluorescein angiography (FA) and pathomorphology at the foveal centre delineated by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in macular oedema (MO) associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).

Methods

One hundred and five consecutive eyes of 105 patients with MO (centre point thickness (CPT) ≥300 μm) associated with BRVO in which FA using Heidelberg Retinal Angiography 2 and Spectralis OCT were performed on the same day were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated the foveal pathomorphology using OCT images and the association with macular ischaemia.

Results

Within 1 year from symptom onset, 94 eyes were classified with perfused macula (34 eyes) or non-perfused macula (60 eyes). Eyes with perfused macula had better visual acuity and less CPT than those with non-perfused macula (P=0.024 and P<0.001, respectively). Fourteen eyes with perfused macula had serous retinal detachment (SRD) alone at the presumed foveal centre (SRD type); seven, a sponge-like swelling at that area (retinal swelling type); 11, foveal cystoid spaces alone (cystoid MO (CMO) type), and 2, with both SRD and foveal cystoid spaces (SRD+CMO type). However, 58 eyes with non-perfused macula had foveal cystoid spaces (42 of CMO type and 16 of SRD+CMO type), with a significant association between them (P<0.001). Among 11 eyes with symptoms exceeding 1 year, 6 eyes had perfused macula, and none had the SRD type.

Conclusion

Most eyes without foveal cystoid spaces have perfused macula in MO associated with BRVO.     

Spontaneous resolution of a shallow detachment of the macula in a highly myopic eye

PURPOSE: To report a case of pathologic myopia with shallow detachment of the macula and anatomic reattachment after spontaneous posterior vitreous separation. DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: A 66-year-old woman with pathologic myopia presented with decreased vision of 20/400 in her left eye. Biomicroscopy showed myopic chorioretinal changes, posterior staphyloma, and a shallow macular elevation. Optical coherence tomography was performed at the initial and follow-up examinations. RESULTS: Initial optical coherence tomography revealed a retinal detachment, retinoschisis, and incomplete posterior vitreous detachment. One and one-half years after the initial visit the patient's best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/200, and optical coherence tomography disclosed macular reattachment, release of vitreous adhesions, and restoration of normal retinal tomographic appearance. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous resolution of chronic shallow detachment of the macula in highly myopic eyes may occur and can be attributed to spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment.