Dual lag screw cephalomedullary nail versus the classic sliding hip screw for the stabilization of intertrochanteric fractures. A prospective randomized study

This study is a randomized prospective study comparing two fracture fixation implants, the extramedullary sliding hip screw (SHS) and the dual lag screw cephalomedullary nail, in the treatment of intertrochanteric femoral fractures in the elderly. One hundred and sixty-five patients with low-energy intertrochanteric fractures, classified as AO/OTA 31A, were prospectively included during a 2-year period (2005–2006). Patients were randomized into two groups: group A included 79 hip fractures managed with sliding hip screws and group B included 86 fractures treated with cephalomedullary nails. Delay to surgery, duration of surgery, time of fluoroscopy, total hospital stay, implant-related complications, transfusion requirements, re-operation details, functional recovery, and mortality were recorded. The mean follow-up was 36 months (24–56 months). The mean surgical time was statistically significantly shorter and fluoroscopy time longer for the group B. No intraoperative femoral shaft fractures occurred. There was no statistically significant difference in the functional recovery score, reoperation, and mortality rates between the 2 groups. A new type of complication, the so-called Z-effect phenomenon, was noticed in the cephalomedullary nail group. There are no statistically significant differences between the two techniques in terms of type and rate of complications, functional outcome, reoperation and mortality rates when comparing the SHS and the cephalomedullary nail for low-energy AO/OTA 31A intertrochanteric fractures. Our data do not support recommendations for the use of one implant over the other.     

DHS、空心钉结合斜T形钢板单皮质固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折

目的探讨采用动力髋螺钉(DHS)、空心钉结合斜T形钢板单皮质固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法笔者自2013-01—2015-10采用DHS、空心钉结合斜T形钢板单皮质固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折18例,观察手术时间、术中出血量及术后并发症发生情况。结果手术时间60~120 min,平均80 min;术中出血量50~200 ml,平均80ml。18例均获随访6~36个月,平均12个月。骨折愈合良好,无股骨颈短缩、内固定松动、髋内翻、股骨头坏死等并发症。术后6个月疗效采用髋关节功能Harris评分评定均为优。结论采用DHS、空心钉结合斜T形钢板单皮质固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折,具有固定牢靠、骨折易愈合、内固定松动并发症少等优点,疗效满意。     

A double-blind, prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial of minimally invasive dynamic hip screw fixation of intertrochanteric fractures

Objective

To compare minimally invasive dynamic hip screw (MIDHS) fixation with conventional dynamic hip screw (CDHS) fixation for treatment of intertrochanteric femoral fracture.

Methods

Of the 66 participants in this double-blind study, 35 were randomised to MIDHS and 31 to CDHS fixation. Main outcome measurements were wound size, haemoglobin decrease, blood transfusion rate, pain score, analgesic consumption, Elderly Mobility Scale score, hip screw position, tip-apex distance, union rate, time to healing and complication rate.

Results

The groups had similar preoperative clinical data. Postoperatively the MIDHS group had significantly smaller wound size, less blood loss, lower blood transfusion rates, pain scores and rates of analgesic consumption, and higher early Elderly Mobility Scale scores. There were no significant differences in fracture alignment, hip screw position, tip-apex distance, union rate, time to healing or complication rate.

Conclusion

MIDHS fixation of intertrochanteric fractures is effective and safe and significantly reduces blood loss, pain and rehabilitation period, without sacrificing reduction alignment, screw position, fixation stability or bone healing.     

Treatment of early cut-out of a lag screw using a trochanter supporting plate: 11 consecutive patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures

Introduction Superior cut-out of a lag screw remains a serious complication in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. It is related to the stability of fracture reduction. We describe the application of a trochanter supporting plate (TSP) to restore the fracture stability after early cut-out of a lag screw in unstable intertrochanteric fractures.Materials and methods A total of 11 consecutive patients with superior cut-out of the lag screw of a dynamic hip screw (DHS) or a gamma nail in an unstable intertrochanteric fracture occurring within 6 months after surgery were included in the present study. They underwent repeat surgery for placement of a DHS and a laterally mounted TSP of our design. All patients were monitored for at least 6 months (median 15 months; range 6–28 months).Results There was no repeated cut-out of a lag screw, and 10 patients (91%) achieved bony union within 5 months. At the last follow-up, all patients could walk with or without aids.Conclusion It reveals that a TSP, as an adjuvant to a lag screw placed inferiorly, is an easy and safe solution for the treatment of early cut-out of a lag screw in unstable intertrochanteric fractures.     

The Medoff sliding plate and a standard sliding hip screw for unstable intertrochanteric fractures: A mechanical comparison in cadaver femurs

The Medoff sliding plate has a dual side capability along both the femoral shaft and neck to increase theoretically interfragmentary compression and load-sharing in hip fractures. We studied intertrochanteric fracture fixation in cadaveric bone to determine whether this device has a mechanical advantage over a standard sliding hip screw.

2-part and 4-part fractures were created in 12 cadaver femurs. The fractures were fixated and sequentially destabilized; bone and plate strains and fragment displacements were determined during testing, as a function of applied physiological loads before and after short-term cycling.

The Medoff sliding plate imposed a higher mean medial cortex strain than the sliding hip screw in all fracture models and at all loading levels, and the difference was statistically significant in the 2-part and in the unstable 4-part fracture models. The loading of the medial cortex region after cycling was approximately 50% higher in the Medoff samples than in the sliding hip screw samples. There were no significant differences in plate strains, fracture displacements or load to failure between the 2 devices.

These observations favor the dual sliding principle as regards providing fracture compression and load-sharing, which may explain low failure rates in clinical series of unstable intertrochanteric fractures, treated with the Medoff sliding plate.     

Outcomes of minimally invasive osteosynthesis of intertrochanteric fractures with dynamic hip screw: A prospective case series

BackgroundIntertrochanteric fractures are a public health concern, especially in geriatric patients. Early surgical management is crucial to allow early mobilization, which helps reduce the disability and increase patients' survival. In this article, we report the outcomes of minimally invasive osteosynthesis of intertrochanteric fractures with dynamic hip screw (DHS).MethodsThe present study was a prospective case series of patients who had intertrochanteric fractures treated with minimally invasive DHS technique. Postoperative patient satisfaction rate was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) of pain. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the Harris hip score (HHS) and the Merle-d'Aubigne-Postel (MDP) scoring system at 12 months of follow-up. Satisfactory results were considered with HHS of ≥80 points and MDP scores of ≥15. Postoperative complications were noted.ResultsIn this study, 70 patients were included, 41 (58.6%) males and 29 (41.4%) females, with an average age of 69.3 ± 8.3 years. The mean length of hospital stay was 2.1 ± 0.9 days. The average follow-up period was 23.9 ± 7.1 months. The mean time to radiological union was 16.8 ± 1.9 weeks. The mean postoperative VAS score for pain was 2.5 ± 1.1. The mean HHS was 87.1 ± 4.7 points and the mean MDP score was 15.6 ± 2.3 at 12 months follow-up. An average of 10.6 ± 2.9 weeks was required for full weight bearing.ConclusionThe minimally invasive DHS technique effectively treats intertrochanteric fractures with minimal incision, less bleeding, shorter operative time, early discharge from hospital, faster rehabilitation, and favorable functional outcomes.     

Helical blade versus sliding hip screw for treatment of unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures: a biomechanical evaluation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the fixation stability in the femoral head with sliding hip screw versus helical blade designs for unstable, intertrochanteric hip fractures. METHODS: A simulated, unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture was created in six pairs of cadaveric femurs. One of each pair was treated using an intramedullary nail with a sliding hip screw (ITST) for femoral head fixation and the other was treated with a nail with a helical blade (TFN). Each specimen was cyclically loaded with 750N vertical loads applied for 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 cycles. Measurements for femoral head displacement, fracture fragment opening and sliding were made. Specimens were then loaded to failure. RESULTS: There was significantly more permanent inferior femoral head displacement in the ITST samples compared to the TFN samples after each cyclic loading (all p values<0.05). There was significantly more permanent fracture site opening and inferior displacement in the ITST group compared with the TFN group at 1000 and 10,000 cycles (p<0.05). Final loads to failure were not significantly different (p=0.51) between the two treatment groups. Nine specimens demonstrated fracture extension into the anteromedial cortex and subtrochanteric region and three specimens, which had an ITST implant, demonstrated a splitting fracture of the femoral head. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that fixation of the femoral head with a helical blade was biomechanically superior to fixation with a standard sliding hip screw in a cadaveric, unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture model.     

Percutaneous compression plating versus compression hip screw fixation for the treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures

Percutaneous compression plate (PCCP) devices are used for the fixation of intertrochanteric hip fractures by a minimally invasive technique. One hundred and eight patients who underwent this procedure were retrospectively compared with 155 patients who underwent compression hip screw (CHS) fixation. The general characteristics of the two groups, including age, sex, side of injury and co-morbidities assessed by the ASA score were similar. The operative time was significantly shorter in the PCCP group (67 versus 87 min, p=0.00). Postoperative blood transfusions were not required in 40% of the patients in the PCCP group compared to 24% of the patients in the CHS group (p<0.01). The rate of systemic postoperative complications was lower in the PCCP group (p=0.02) both in univariate and multivariate analyses. A considerable reduction was observed in cardiovascular complications (OR=3.1, p<0.05). Length of hospitalisation, implant failure and mortality rates were not significantly different between the two study groups. We conclude that the PCCP device offers several advantages over CHS device and may improve the current treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures while maintaining a similar success rate in fracture fixation.     

Prospective randomised controlled trial of an intramedullary nail versus a sliding hip screw for intertrochanteric fractures of the femur

Purpose

The purpose of this prospective randomised trial was to assess whether an intramedullary nail is superior to a sliding hip screw in the treatment of multifragmentary intertrochanteric fractures

Methods

Eighty patients with a 31-A2.2 or A2.3 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) intertrochanteric fracture were randomly allocated to fixation with either the Gamma nail or the AMBI sliding hip screw device.

Results

All patients were followed up at one, three, six and 12 months postoperatively, except for nine who died. There was no statistical difference in Parker mobility score between groups. The Gamma nail group had significantly higher Barthel Index and EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) scores than the AMBI group at 12 months. At the same time, the EQ-5D score had returned to its pre-operative values in the Gamma nail group but not in the AMBI group. There were no differences in mortality, radiation time and hospital stay. Duration of the operation, incision length and hip pain occurrence were significantly less in the Gamma nail group.

Conclusions

Few failures occur when unstable 31-A2.2 and A2.3 AO/OTA fractures are fixed with a sliding hip screw. Nevertheless, an intramedullary nail seems superior in reconstituting patients to their pre-operative state.     

动力髋螺钉治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的 评价动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床效果。方法 1996年3月～2002年3月用DHS共治疗患者29例．骨折按Evans分型，本组Evans ⅠA2例，Evans ⅠB 10例，Evans ⅡA 3例，Evanslib12例，Evans Ⅲ2例．结果 29例患者均获随访，随访12～48个月，平均26个月，根据Harris髋关节评分：优16例，良9例，中3例，差1例。结论 如能及时手术良好复位，DHS是治疗股骨转子间骨折的较好选择。     

Femoral shortening in intertrochanteric fractures. A comparison between the Medoff sliding plate and the compression hip screw

We compared 54 patients treated by a Medoff sliding plate (MSP) with 60 stabilised by a compression hip screw (CHS) in a prospective, randomised study of the management of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. Four months after the operation femoral shortening was determined from radiographs of both femora. In unstable fractures the mean femoral shortening was 15 mm with the MSP and 11 mm with the CHS (p = 0.03). A subgroup in which shortening was classified as large, comprising one-third of the patients in each group, had a similar extent of shortening, but more medialisation of the femoral shaft occurred in the CHS (26%) than in the MSP (12%) group (p = 0.03). Five postoperative failures of fixation occurred with the CHS and none with the MSP (p = 0.03). The marginally greater femoral shortening seen with the MSP compared with the CHS appeared to be justified by the improved control of impaction of the fracture. Biaxial dynamisation in unstable intertrochanteric fractures is a safe principle of treatment, which minimises the rate of postoperative failure of fixation.     

导航下与传统方法应用动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较导航下与传统方法应用动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年4月至2007年4月期间接受导航下与传统方法应用DHS治疗且具有完整资料的56例老年股骨转子问骨折患者资料.导航下DHS内固定组(导航组)25例,骨折按Evans分型:Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ犁11例.传统DHS内固定组(传统组)31例,骨折按Evans分型:Ⅰ型16例,Ⅱ型15例.比较两纽患者的切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后卧床时间、X线暴露时间、内科并发症、3个月内骨折愈合率、内置物并发症及术后1年关节功能状况等.结果 与传统绀比较,导航组切口小、术中出血少,X线暴露时间少、术后卧床时间短及3个月内骨折愈合牢较高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).导航组23例患者术后获11～20个月(平均14个月)随访,2例火访.传统组30例患者术后获14～23个月(平均18个月)随访,1例因心血管意外而于1年内死亡.术后1年髋火节功能Harris评分:导航组(91.3%)优于传统组(73.3%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).导航组术后3例发生内科并发症,1例发生内置物并发症;传统组术后9例发生内科并发症,5例发生内置物并发症,两组间的并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 与传统DHS内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折比较,导航下DHS内固定具有切口小、术中出血量少、术后卧床时间短、骨折愈合快及术后髋关节功能恢复好等优点,值得在临床推广.     

解剖型髋动力带锁钢板治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨解剖型髋动力带锁钢板治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法〓我院2010年2月~2012年9月收治的124例股骨粗隆间骨折老年患者作为研究对象,其中70例使用解剖型髋动力带锁钢板进行治疗(A组),54例使用动力髋螺钉固定进行治疗(B组),比较两组患者骨折愈合率、愈合时间、手术治疗优良率及术后并发症情况。结果〓A组骨折愈合率为98.57%,略高于B组,但差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05);A组骨折愈合时间短于B组、手术治疗优良率高于B组、术后并发症情况少于B组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论〓解剖型髋动力带锁钢板能有效治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折,并且骨折愈合率、手术治疗优良率均高于动力髋螺钉固定治疗法。     

Use of a modified IMHS for unstable intertrochanteric fractures

The treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly osteopenic patients, especially those who cannot follow limited weight bearing instructions, is controversial. Recent publications indicate concern with excessive sliding of telescoping nail or sliding screw devices when used in these unstable intertrochanteric fractures. In our experience with the use of intramedullary hip screw (IMHS) in these fracture patterns, we have observed excessive sliding and collapse of the fracture in some patients. We modified the keyed centering sleeve by threading its internal distal third and substituted the compression screw with a custom bolt to obtain restricted sliding or rigid fixation depending on the gap between the lag screw and custom bolt. We used this modified system in static configuration to treat five patients who had an unstable intertrochanteric fracture of the femur. The length of the involved limb measured at the time of consolidation showed no shortening. In view of these results, intertrochanteric hip fractures that are unstable in patients with poor bone-stock can be fixed using the modified IMHS in a static or controlled sliding configuration. Received: 4 February 2002/Accepted: 18 March 2002     

The treatment of trochanteric and femoral neck fractures using the dynamic hip screw (DHS)

Surgical Principles The goal of treating fractures in the trochanteric region is to restore the medial support in line with Shenton’s arch. The function of the compression trabeculae is insured by a screw introduced into the femoral head and neck. The shaft of the screw slides in a tunnel which forms part of the side plate. This permits early loading with impaction of the fracture without danger of the screw perforating the femoral head. The design of the screw shaft and the tunnel prevent rotation of the head fragment. This device does not function as a load-bearing but as a load-sharing implant. Load transmission occurs mostly through bone. Revised Version from: Operat. Orthop. Traumatol. 2 (1990), 203–214 (German Edition).     

动力髋螺钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效观察

目的：分析动力髋螺钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法选取76例股骨粗隆间骨折患者,随机分为对照组与观察组各38例,对照组给予支架外固定治疗,观察组给予动力髋螺钉内固定治疗,对两组患者治疗效果进行分析。结果观察组骨折愈合时间显著短于对照组,治疗总优良率显著高于对照组（P ＜0.05）。结论动力髋螺钉内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折效果显著,值得在临床中推广。     

防旋股骨近端髓内钉与动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折疗效比较

目的比较防旋股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA)与动力髋螺钉(dynamic hipscrew,DHS)固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法 2007年5月-2010年5月,收治63例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者。根据内固定方法不同将患者分为两组,其中31例采用PFNA内固定(PFNA组),32例采用DHS内固定(DHS组)。两组患者性别、年龄、致伤原因、病程及骨折类型等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。结果术后两组切口均Ⅰ期愈合。PFNA组切口长度、手术时间及术中出血量均显著少于DHS组(P<0.05)。患者术后均获随访,PFNA组平均随访时间13.6个月,DHS组平均13.8个月。两组骨折均愈合,其中PFNA组骨折愈合时间为(11.80±1.32)周,早于DHS组的(12.21±1.26)周,但差异无统计学意义(t=1.23,P=0.29)。PFNA组并发症发生率为0,DHS组为12.5%(4/32),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.06)。术后1年PFNA组Harris髋关节评分为(86.55±10.32)分,优于DHS组的(80.36±11.18)分(t=2.28,P=0.03)。结论 PFNA及DHS治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折各有优势,对于不稳定型骨折宜选用PFNA治疗。     

DHS osteosynthesis for stable pertrochanteric femur fractures with a two-hole side plate

The sliding hip screw is the implant of choice for the operative treatment of stable pertrochanteric femur fractures (AO classification 31-A.1). For this indication, a four-hole side plate with four bicortical screws is widely used to allow full weight bearing immediately after operation, but scientific support for the need of such a long side plate is not available. A shorter side plate is potentially less invasive. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated all 148 consecutive patients (median age 80 years) with a stable pertrochanteric femur fracture who were treated between 1995 and 2001 with a dynamic hip screw (DHS) and a short (two-hole) side plate and immediate full weight bearing mobilisation. Although two wound hematomas and four wound infections occurred, 145 fractures healed radiologically without implant-related complications within 6 months. Two hip screws cut out of the femoral head due to a poor position. In one patient, the side plate broke out after a fall out of bed on the fifth postoperative day. Pull off of any two-hole side plate during early full weight bearing mobilisation without further trauma was not observed. We conclude that fixation of stable pertrochanteric femur fractures with a two-hole DHS is safe. The traditional use of a four-hole DHS plate for this indication is therefore 'over-treatment' since it is more invasive.     

DHS加螺钉联合内固定治疗股骨转子间不稳定型骨折

目的　探讨股骨转子间不稳定型骨折的内固定方法。方法　在解剖复位的基础上 ,采用DHS加阻挡螺钉、抗旋转螺钉及固定螺钉等联合内固定治疗股骨转子间不稳定型骨折 64例。结果　随访 14～ 46个月 ,全部骨折愈合 ,患侧股骨颈较正常侧平均短缩 ( 2 .8± 0 .2 )mm ,两者之间的差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　DHS加螺钉联合内固定是治疗股骨转子间不稳定型骨折的有效方法 ,辅助螺钉内固定是预防过度滑动的有效措施     

动力髋螺钉治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折的手术风险及疗效

[目的] 探讨动力髋螺钉治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折的手术并发症，并评价其疗效。[方法] 对采用AO动力髋螺钉治疗的65岁以上老年人股骨粗隆间骨折的手术并发症进行统计学分析，并评价其随访疗效。[结果] 围手术期并发症发生率为17．2％。经过术后8～42个月（平均26．5个月）的随访，并发症发生率为16．4％，优良率为87．9％。[结论] 动力髋螺钉治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折可获得满意疗效，积极的围手术期处理是手术安全实施的必要条件。