共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Background
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, emotional impulses and difficulty with cognitive functions. The Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (DN: CAS), as a theory-driven assessment kit, was explored based on Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive Theory (PASS). Recent researches have tried to explore the sensitivity and specificity of DN: CAS in diagnosing ADHD; nevertheless, these studies were performed in a small study population. The following study explores the cognitive functions in ADHD by the DN: CAS and to evaluate the DN: CAS’s diagnostic value in ADHD.Methods
A total of 135 children with ADHD and 140 healthy controls were enrolled to evaluate cognitive function by the DN: CAS. ROC curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were applied to evaluate the diagnostic value of DN: CAS on ADHD.Results
Compared with healthy controls, children with ADHD had significantly lower scores in Planning, Simultaneous (Verbal-Spatial Relations), Attention in the four Subtests of DN: CAS, as well as the total scores. ROC analysis indicated that Planning and Attention of DN: CAS had good classification accuracy in diagnosing ADHD with AUCs of 0.808 and 0.730, respectively.Conclusions
The planning and attention assessment of DN: CAS revealed high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing ADHD, thus suggesting that DN: CAS might be an effective tool in diagnosing ADHD.2.
Introduction
Cardiovascular features seem to modulate performance in attention tasks.Methods
We investigated the relationship between blood pressure, resting heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) and performance in a visuospatial attention task comparing normotensive and hypotensive young adults.Conclusions
We found an association between resting HRV and visual attention performance only in the normotensive group. In addition, we provided a further evidence of attention impairment in hypotensive individuals.3.
Stefan Duschek Alexandra Hoffmann Gustavo A. Reyes del Paso Ulrich Ettinger 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(3):442-453
Background
Chronic low blood pressure (hypotension) is characterized by complaints such as fatigue, reduced drive, dizziness, and cold limbs. Additionally, deficits in attention and memory have been observed. Autonomic dysregulation is considered to be involved in the origin of this condition.Purpose
The study explored autonomic cardiovascular control in the context of higher cognitive processing (executive function) in hypotension.Methods
Hemodynamic recordings were performed in 40 hypotensive and 40 normotensive participants during execution of four classical executive function tasks (number-letter task, n-back task, continuous performance test, and flanker task). Parameters of cardiac sympathetic control, i.e., stroke volume, cardiac output, pre-ejection period, total peripheral resistance, and parasympathetic control, i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia and baroreflex sensitivity, were obtained.Results
The hypotensive group exhibited lower stroke volume and cardiac output, as well as higher pre-ejection period and baroreflex sensitivity during task execution. Increased error rates in hypotensive individuals were observed in the n-back and flanker tasks. In the total sample, there were positive correlations of error rates with pre-ejection period, baroreflex sensitivity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and negative correlations with cardiac output.Conclusions
Group differences in stroke volume, cardiac output, and pre-ejection period suggest diminished beta-adrenergic myocardial drive during executive function processing in hypotension, in addition to increased baroreflex function. Although further research is warranted to quantify the extent of executive function impairment in hypotension, the results from correlation analysis add evidence to the notion that higher sympathetic inotropic influences and reduced parasympathetic cardiac influences are accompanied by better cognitive performance.4.
Dawn M. Eichen Brittany E. Matheson Sara L. Appleton-Knapp Kerri N. Boutelle 《Current psychiatry reports》2017,19(9):62
Purpose of Review
Recent research has highlighted executive function and neurocognitive deficits among individuals with eating and weight disorders, identifying a potential target for treatment. Treatments targeting executive function for eating and weight disorders are emerging. This review aims to summarize the recent literature evaluating neurocognitive/executive function-oriented treatments for eating and weight disorders and highlights additional work needed in this area.Recent Findings
Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for anorexia nervosa has been the most extensively studied neurocognitive treatment for eating disorders. Results demonstrate that CRT improves executive function and may aid in the reduction of eating disorder symptomatology. Computer training programs targeting modifying attention and increasing inhibition are targeting reduction of binge eating and weight loss with modest success.Summary
Neurocognitive treatments are emerging and show initial promise for eating and weight disorders. Further research is necessary to determine whether these treatments can be used as stand-alone treatments or whether they need to be used as an adjunct to or in conjunction with other evidence-based treatments to improve outcomes.5.
Background
Three recent lawsuits that address declaration of brain death (BD) garnered significant media attention and threaten to limit physician power to declare BD.Methods
We discuss these cases and their consequences including: the right to refuse an apnea test, accepted medical standards for declaration of BD, and the irreversibility of BD.Results
These cases warrant discussion because they threaten to: limit physicians’ power to determine death; incite families to seek injunctions to continue organ support after BD; and force hospitals to dispense valuable resources to dead patients in lieu of patients with reparable illnesses or injuries.Conclusions
Physicians, philosophers, religious officials, ethicists, and lawyers must work together to address these issues and educate both the public and medical community about BD.6.
Purpose of Review
Although a fine-grained understanding of the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is yet to be elucidated, the last two decades have seen a rapid growth in the study of PTSD using neuroimaging techniques. The current review summarizes important findings from functional and structural neuroimaging studies of PTSD, by primarily focusing on their relevance towards an emerging network-based neurobiological model of the disorder.Recent Findings
PTSD may be characterized by a weakly connected and hypoactive default mode network (DMN) and central executive network (CEN) that are putatively destabilized by an overactive and hyperconnected salience network (SN), which appears to have a low threshold for perceived saliency, and inefficient DMN-CEN modulation.Summary
There is considerable evidence for large-scale functional and structural network dysfunction in PTSD. Nevertheless, several limitations and gaps in the literature need to be addressed in future research.7.
Giacomo Tondo Fabiola De Marchi Emanuela Terazzi Paolo Prandi Marta Sacchetti Cristoforo Comi Roberto Cantello 《Neurological sciences》2018,39(9):1585-1589
Background and aim
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be associated with worsening of cognitive performance. We studied patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with and without COPD, and we analyzed, in a retrospective way, clinical and neuropsychological variables to verify if COPD plays a pejorative role on cognitive or functional autonomy in patients with dementia.Methods
We enrolled 23 adult patients (AD-COPD) with probable AD and COPD and 23 with AD only (AD-only); they were matched for sex, age, educational level, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) at the disease onset. Global cognitive status was estimated using MMSE at the first assessment and after 24 months. Memory, executive functions, praxia, and language were the other cognitive domains analyzed. The two groups were also compared for the presence of behavioral disorders (anxiety, depression).Results
AD-COPD had worse results in executive functions screening than AD-only; no significant differences were found comparing other cognitive domains; moreover, there was no significant difference between the two groups considering the decrease in MMSE scores. AD-COPD also showed a higher presence of depression.Discussion
COPD is known to be associated with the development of cognitive deficits, in particular, regarding for executive functions and attention, memory and logical reasoning. In this context, MMSE has a low diagnostic accuracy to underline effective cognitive impairment in AD-COPD. Our study shows a higher frequency of frontal deficits and behavioral disturbances in patients with AD and COPD than patients with AD-only. COPD could complicate the management of AD patients, thus necessitating a closer and multidisciplinary monitoring.8.
Eiko I. Fried Claudia D. van Borkulo Angélique O. J. Cramer Lynn Boschloo Robert A. Schoevers Denny Borsboom 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2017,52(1):1-10
Purpose
The network perspective on psychopathology understands mental disorders as complex networks of interacting symptoms. Despite its recent debut, with conceptual foundations in 2008 and empirical foundations in 2010, the framework has received considerable attention and recognition in the last years.Methods
This paper provides a review of all empirical network studies published between 2010 and 2016 and discusses them according to three main themes: comorbidity, prediction, and clinical intervention.Results
Pertaining to comorbidity, the network approach provides a powerful new framework to explain why certain disorders may co-occur more often than others. For prediction, studies have consistently found that symptom networks of people with mental disorders show different characteristics than that of healthy individuals, and preliminary evidence suggests that networks of healthy people show early warning signals before shifting into disordered states. For intervention, centrality—a metric that measures how connected and clinically relevant a symptom is in a network—is the most commonly studied topic, and numerous studies have suggested that targeting the most central symptoms may offer novel therapeutic strategies.Conclusions
We sketch future directions for the network approach pertaining to both clinical and methodological research, and conclude that network analysis has yielded important insights and may provide an important inroad towards personalized medicine by investigating the network structures of individual patients.9.
James I. Gerhart John W. Burns Kristina M. Post David A. Smith Laura S. Porter Helen J. Burgess Erik Schuster Asokumar Buvanendran Anne Marie Fras Francis J. Keefe 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(3):365-375
Background
Poor sleep quality among people with chronic low back pain appears to be related to worse pain, affect, poor physical function, and pain catastrophizing. The causal direction between poor sleep and pain remains an open question, however, as does whether sleep quality exerts effects on low back pain differently across the course of the day.Purpose
This daily diary study examined lagged temporal associations between prior night sleep quality and subsequent day pain, affect, physical function and pain catastrophizing, the reverse lagged temporal associations between prior day pain-related factors and subsequent night sleep quality, and whether the time of day during which an assessment was made moderated these temporal associations.Methods
Chronic low back pain patients (n = 105) completed structured electronic diary assessments five times per day for 14 days. Items included patient ratings of their pain, affect, physical function, and pain catastrophizing.Results
Collapsed across all observations, poorer sleep quality was significantly related to higher pain ratings, higher negative affect, lower positive affect, poorer physical function, and higher pain catastrophizing. Lagged analyses averaged across the day revealed that poorer prior night sleep quality significantly predicted greater next day patient ratings of pain, and poorer physical function and higher pain catastrophizing. Prior poorer night sleep quality significantly predicted greater reports of pain, and poorer physical function, and higher pain catastrophizing, especially during the early part of the day. Sleep quality × time of day interactions showed that poor sleepers reported high pain, and negative mood and low function uniformly across the day, whereas good sleepers reported relatively good mornings, but showed pain, affect and function levels comparable to poor sleepers by the end of the day. Analyses of the reverse causal pathway were mostly nonsignificant.Conclusions
Sleep quality appears related not only to pain intensity but also to a wide range of patient mood and function factors. A good night’s sleep also appears to offer only temporary respite, suggesting that comprehensive interventions for chronic low back pain not only should include attention to sleep problems but also focus on problems with pain appraisals and coping.10.
Background
Few studies have examined potential disparities in access to transportation infrastructures, an important determinant of population health.Purpose
To examine individual- and area-level disparities in access to the road network, public transportation system, and a public bicycle share program in Montreal, Canada.Methods
Examining associations between sociodemographic variables and access to the road network, public transportation system, and a public bicycle share program, 6,495 adult respondents (mean age, 48.7 years; 59.0 % female) nested in 33 areas were included in a multilevel analysis.Results
Individuals with lower incomes lived significantly closer to public transportation and the bicycle share program. At the area level, the interaction between low-education and low-income neighborhoods showed that these areas were significantly closer to public transportation and the bicycle share program controlling for individual and urbanicity variables.Conclusions
More deprived areas of the Island of Montreal have better access to transportation infrastructure than less-deprived areas.11.
E. Zirek Burcu Ersoz Huseyinsinoglu Z. Tufekcioglu B. Bilgic H. Hanagasi 《Neurological sciences》2018,39(12):2151-2157
Background
There is evidence that cognitive load has a negative effect on the gait of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it is not clear which type of cognitive activities are more likely to affect dual-task abilities in this patient group.Aims
To compare the cognitive dual-task abilities in patients with PD and control subjects and to analyze the effect of different cognitive activities on the walking ability of patients with PD.Methods
The Hoehn and Yahr scale, the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Functional Reach Test were used to include and exclude the patients. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was applied under single and dual-task conditions.Results
The completion time of TUG was found to be increased in the PD group compared with the healthy controls under single- and dual-task conditions (p?<?0.05). The completion time of TUG was significantly increased in dual-task conditions with complex attention activity (serial subtractions test) compared with other dual-task conditions in patients with PD (p?<?0.001).Discussion
The gait performance of both healthy subjects and patients with PD was impaired with cognitive activity during walking, and patients with PD showed more impairment under different cognitive dual tasks. Among the other cognitive tasks, the ‘serial sevens’ test, a measure of complex attention, significantly increased the completion time of TUG.Conclusions
While assessing the dual-task ability of patients with early-stage PD, tasks that increase the demand for complex attention seem to be more sensitive to showing impaired dual-task ability.12.
Daniel Ruivo Marques Ana Allen Gomes Gina Caetano Miguel Castelo-Branco 《Current neurology and neuroscience reports》2018,18(8):45
Purpose of Review
Insomnia disorder (ID) is a prevalent sleep disorder that significantly compromises the physical and mental health of individuals. This article reviews novel approaches in the study of brain networks and impaired function in ID through the application of modern neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Recent Findings
The default-mode network (DMN) is presumed to be correlated with self-referential information processing, and it appears to be altered or unbalanced in insomnia.Summary
A growing body of evidence suggests the lack of deactivation of brain regions comprising the DMN when insomnia patients are at rest. Moreover, core areas of the DMN demonstrate greater activation in insomnia patients when compared to healthy controls in self-referential related tasks. Despite the few studies on the topic, underpinning the correlation between abnormal DMN activity and ID deserves further attention in the future. Implications for therapeutics are briefly outlined.13.
Background
We examined gender difference in QTc interval distribution and its related factors in people with mental disorders.Methods
We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of patients discharged from a university psychiatric unit between November 1997 and December 2000. Subjects were 328 patients (145 males and 183 females) taking psychotropics at their admission. We examined patient characteristics, medical history, diagnosis, and medication before admission.Results
Mean QTc interval was 0.408 (SD = 0.036). QTc intervals in females were significantly longer than those in males. QTc of females without comorbidity was significantly longer than that of males.Conclusion
The influence of gender difference on QTc prolongation in people with mental disorders merits further research.14.
Aquiles Luna-Rodriguez Mike Wendt Julia Kerner auch Koerner Caterina Gawrilow Thomas Jacobsen 《Behavioral and brain functions : BBF》2018,14(1):18
Background
Task switch protocols are frequently used in the assessment of cognitive control, both in clinical and non-clinical populations. These protocols frequently confound task switch and attentional set shift. The current study investigated the ability of adult ADHD patients to shift attentional set in the context of switching tasks.Method
We tested 38 adults with ADHD and 39 control adults with an extensive diagnostic battery and a task switch protocol without proactive interference. The experiment combined orthogonally task-switch vs. repetition, and attentional set shift vs. no shift. Each experimental stimulus had global and local features (Hierarchical/“Navon” stimuli), associated with corresponding attentional sets.Results
ADHD patients were slower than controls in task switch trials with a simultaneous shift of attention between global/local attentional sets. This also correlated significantly with diagnostic scales for ADHD symptoms. The patients had more variable reaction times, but when the attentional set was kept constant neither were they significantly slower nor showed higher task switch costs.Conclusion
ADHD is associated with a deficit in flexible deployment of attention to varying sources of stimulus information.15.
Lara Hilton Susanne Hempel Brett A. Ewing Eric Apaydin Lea Xenakis Sydne Newberry Ben Colaiaco Alicia Ruelaz Maher Roberta M. Shanman Melony E. Sorbero Margaret A. Maglione 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(2):199-213
Background
Chronic pain patients increasingly seek treatment through mindfulness meditation.Purpose
This study aims to synthesize evidence on efficacy and safety of mindfulness meditation interventions for the treatment of chronic pain in adults.Method
We conducted a systematic review on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with meta-analyses using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random-effects models. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Outcomes included pain, depression, quality of life, and analgesic use.Results
Thirty-eight RCTs met inclusion criteria; seven reported on safety. We found low-quality evidence that mindfulness meditation is associated with a small decrease in pain compared with all types of controls in 30 RCTs. Statistically significant effects were also found for depression symptoms and quality of life.Conclusions
While mindfulness meditation improves pain and depression symptoms and quality of life, additional well-designed, rigorous, and large-scale RCTs are needed to decisively provide estimates of the efficacy of mindfulness meditation for chronic pain.16.
Diogo Franco Nivaldo Alonso Renata Ruas Renato da Silva Freitas Talita Franco 《Child's nervous system》2009,25(11):1455-1458
Purpose
The aim of this study was to highlight the challenges for early diagnosis and the difficulties observed in surgical treatment of patients with transsphenoidal meningoencephalocele associated with cleft lip and/or palate.Method
We evaluated six male patients treated over the course of 4 years. Five patients presented encephalic herniation with nonfunctional brain tissue; one of these presented herniation of the pituitary gland and cerebral ventricles.Results
All the patients received surgical treatment for the cleft lip and/or palate. Only one patient underwent repair of the meningoencephalocele, via nasal endoscopy. There were no postprocedural clinical or surgical complications.Conclusion
The tendency is to avoid neurosurgery, opting for periodic follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging. In the presence of cleft palate, palatoplasty is essential to protect the meningoencephalocele.17.
Background
Although the sociomedical importance of epilepsies has been extensively investigated, data regarding social long-term outcome and quality of life of people with idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) are lacking.Objectives
Predictors for the psychosocial outcome and the quality of life in patients with IGE are identified and discussed.Materials and methods
The findings of existing studies on the social outcome in patients with various IGE syndromes are analyzed and discussed.Results
Patients with absence epilepsy or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) are reported to have an unfavorable psychosocial outcome. While in JME a lower seizure frequency or remission of the epilepsy correlates with a favorable psychosocial outcome and a higher quality of life, remission of epilepsy is not predictive for a better social outcome among patients with absence epilepsy. Compared to other IGE syndromes, IGE with generalized, tonic–clonic seizures on awakening appears have a more favorable psychosocial outcome.Conclusion
Several predictors for the psychosocial outcome and the quality of life have been identified and may potentially increase the clinicians’ ability and confidence to recommend different treatment options to patients with IGE.18.
Todd Hollon Paul E. McKeever Hugh J. L. Garton Cormac O. Maher 《Child's nervous system》2015,31(7):1171-1174
Background
Delayed swelling after skull fractures is an uncommon complication following head trauma in children. Classically, growing skull fractures typically present in patients under 3 years of age with progressive subcutaneous fluid collections, or occasionally with neurologic symptoms. We present the case of a healthy 2-year-old boy with a lytic “punched-out” frontal skull lesion. The child presented 2 months after a minor forehead injury for which no medical attention was sought.Methods
The skull defect had no associated leptomeningeal cyst or brain herniation. Imaging and presentation were thought to be consistent with eosinophilic granuloma. Histologic findings demonstrated a healing skull fracture.Results
Cranioplasty was performed, and the patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course.Conclusions
In this report, we describe our experience with this atypical presentation of a healing skull fracture mimicking a typical eosinophilic granuloma.19.
Jenny M. Cundiff Thomas W. Kamarck Stephen B. Manuck 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2016,50(6):854-861
Background
Socioeconomic position is a well-established risk factor for poor physical health.Purpose
This study examines whether the effects of lower social rank on physical health may be accounted for by differences in daily social experience.Methods
In a large community sample (N?=?475), we examined whether subjective social rank is associated with self-rated health, in part, through positive and negative perceptions of daily interpersonal interactions, assessed using ecological momentary assessment.Results
Higher social rank was associated with higher average perceived positivity of social interactions in daily life (e.g., B?=?.18, p?<?.001), but not with perceived negativity of social interactions. Further, the association between social rank and self-rated physical health was partially accounted for by differences in perceived positivity of social interactions. This effect was independent of well-characterized objective markers of SES and personality traits.Conclusions
Differences in the quality of day-to-day social interactions is a viable pathway linking lower social rank to poorer physical health.20.
Andrea L. Murphy Randa Ataya Dani Himmelman Claire O’Reilly Alan Rosen Luis Salvador-Carulla Ruth Martin-Misener Fred Burge Stanley Kutcher David M. Gardner 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2018,53(11):1173-1184