HIV/AIDS and the teachers of young children

More than half the children with HIV infection in the United States now live long enough to attend school. However, most studies of teachers’ knowledge and attitudes about HIV in schools have not assessed content that is relevant to the needs of preschool or elementary‐aged children with HIV or AIDS. We propose that content included in teachers’ training and assessment should be specifically related to HIV/AIDS in young students, including transmission of HIV in the classroom, routes of HIV transmission in children, disease processes for children with HIV, effects of HIV on intellectual and emotional functioning, and safety procedures in the classroom. The assessment of attitudes will also be critical to the success of any training program, and we discuss issues that affect teachers’ attitudes about having children with HIV or AIDS in their classrooms.     

北京市中学生家长艾滋病知识、态度、行为及健康教育现况研究

目的了解北京市中学生家长在预防艾滋病方面的知识、态度和需求,为学生家长以家庭为基础发挥健康教育作用提供依据.方法对象为北京市20所中学学生家长的整群抽样样本.结果家长对艾滋病知识的正确回答率在56.7%和95.3%之间,对于不会引起艾滋病传播的途径,正确回答率较低,普遍存在着将传播途径扩大化的问题.家长艾滋病常识、传播途径、态度得分,城区高于农村,高中学生家长高于初中学生家长,差异有统计学意义.72.2%的家长从未和孩子讨论过有关艾滋病的话题.96.4%的家长认为有必要在学生中加强毒品和艾滋病的教育.30.2%的家长认为应由学校和家长共同承担对孩子的艾滋病健康教育责任.结论家长普遍认为有必要在学生中加强毒品和艾滋病的教育,应由学校和家长共同承担对孩子的艾滋病健康教育责任,但家长需要进一步提高对艾滋病的认识,并付诸实际行动,以满足家庭健康教育的需求.     

Rural School Nurses'Attitudes about AIDS and Homosexuality

ABSTRACT: The AIDS epidemic has spread to rural areas of the United States. Conservative rural communities are facing the challenge of having children with HIV entering school. School nurses, as the only health care providers in the schools, are in a strong position to facilitate the education of children with HIV and to provide AIDS education to students, faculty, and parents. School nurses' knowledge and attitudes about AIDS and people with AIDS influence their effectiveness in prevention activities and care of HIV-infected children. This study examined the relationship between specific demographic, practice, and cultural variables and rural school nurses' attitudes about AIDS and homosexuality. Sixty-nine school nurses responded to a mailed questionnaire as part of a larger study of rural nurses. Results indicate attitudes about homosexuality were related to nurses' homosexual knowledge and religious beliefs while attitudes about AIDS were related to nurses' willingness to care for people with AIDS and feeling prepared to do so.(J Sch Health. 1997;67(8):341–347)     

Parents' Attitudes and Beliefs About HIV/AIDS Prevention with Condom Availability in New York City Public High Schools

ABSTRACT: In 1991, the New York City Board of Education expanded HIV/AIDS education to include condom availability in every public high school. The evaluation was designed to examine the impact of the program on students and monitor changes in parent's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Findings are reported from the first wave of data from the parent survey, 716 parents from 12 randomly chosen NYC high schools and 81 parents from 12 focus groups held at six of the schools. Sixty-nine percent of parents believed students should be able to receive condoms at school, although nearly half felt they should have the right to keep their children from doing so. Most believed making condoms available would result in safer sex practices among students who were sexually active. Data suggest parents support the school's role in reducing HIV/AIDS transmission among adolescents and believe making condoms available represents an acceptable component of an HIV/AIDS prevention program.     

医学院校大学生HIV/AIDS知识、态度调查

目的了解医学院校学生的艾滋病知识和态度,为开展艾滋病防治工作提供依据。方法以某医科大学大二学生为调查对象,随机抽取10个班级进行调查,共计341人进行横断面现场调查。结果医学生对艾滋病的传播途径问题回答的正确率较高,超过90%,对非传播途径、艾滋病的早期临床症状问题回答的正确率较低。生源地为城市的学生得分高于农村的学生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。学校课程教育、互联网、电视、报纸杂志是学生获得艾滋病相关知识的主要途径。在对待艾滋病患者的问题上,该人群的态度较好,生源地为城市的学生得分高于农村的学生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。艾滋病相关知识得分和态度得分之间无相关性（r=0.06,P〉0.05）。结论医学生的艾滋病知识、态度较好,但仍存在不足,需要进一步开展艾滋病健康教育,尤其是农村学生的艾滋病防治知识的健康教育需进一步加强。     

Disclosure of parental HIV/AIDS to children in rural China

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the complex issue of disclosure of parental HIV/AIDS to children in rural China. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with children affected by HIV/AIDS aged 8–17 (n?=?16), their caregivers (n?=?16) and key informants in the community (n?=?5). Findings showed that most children were shielded from knowing the HIV/AIDS status of their parents, although many children may have drawn their own conclusions through observation or sources outside the family. Caregivers felt discouraged and hesitated to discuss parental HIV/AIDS with children due to societal stigma and lack of knowledge and skills. Interventions are needed to improve caregivers' skills to communicate about HIV/AIDS with children. Interventions are also needed to reduce the stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS and their families.     

HIV/AIDS and the teachers of young children

More than half the children with HIV infection in the United States now live long enough to attend school. However, most studies of teachers' knowledge and attitudes about HIV in schools have not assessed content that is relevant to the needs of preschool or elementary-aged children with HIV or AIDS. We propose that content included in teachers' training and assessment should be specifically related to HIV/AIDS in young students, including transmission of HIV in the classroom, routes of HIV transmission in children, disease processes for children with HIV, effects of HIV on intellectual and emotional functioning, and safety procedures in the classroom. The assessment of attitudes will also be critical to the success of any training program, and we discuss issues that affect teachers' attitudes about having children with HIV or AIDS in their classrooms.     

学校预防艾滋病教育对中学生知识态度和技能的影响

目的 通过学校预防AIDS教育，促进学生预防AIDS知识、态度和技能，为在我国中学开展预防AIDS教育提供重要的实践经验。方法 对学校健康教育教师进行了为期两天的培训。为评价教育前后学生预防AIDS知识、态度和技能的变化，对约8000名参与此项研究的初一、高一学生进行了教育前和教育后的问卷调查。结果 教育后学生预防AIDS基本知识平均得分由教育前的7．3提高到11．2(满分为15分)；知道如何避免感染AIDS的比例由教育前的47．9％上升到83．8％；与家长及朋友谈论HIV／AIDS的比例分别由教育前的31．1％、39．6％上升到44．2％和59．2％；表示愿意与HIV感染者／AIDS病人同班上课的比例由教育前的7．4％上升到26．1％；反对男青年及女青年婚前性行为的比例分别由教育前的45．3％、50．6％上升到54．9％和61．2％。结论学校预防AIDS健康教育对增加学生预防艾滋病知识、培养正确的性道德观念、不歧视HIV感染者以及促进学生谈论和宣传预防HIV／AIDS知识等方面均产生了积极的影响。     

Prevalence and Factors Affecting Discrimination Towards People Living With HIV/AIDS in Indonesia

ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the behaviors associated with discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in Indonesia and to determine the factors affecting discrimination.MethodsSecondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed using a cross-sectional design. Discrimination was assessed based on the questions (1) “Should children infected with HIV/AIDS be allowed to attend school with non-infected children?” and (2) “Would you buy fresh vegetables from a farmer or shopkeeper known to be infected with HIV/AIDS?” Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the factors affecting discrimination, with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) used to show the strength, direction, and significance of the associations among factors.ResultsIn total, 68.9% of 21 838 individuals showed discrimination towards PLHA. The odds of discrimination were lower among women (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.71), rural dwellers (aOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.89), those who understood how HIV is transmitted from mother to child (aOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.89), and those who felt ashamed of their own family’s HIV status (aOR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.61). The odds were higher among individuals who knew how to reduce the risk of getting HIV/AIDS (aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.39), how HIV/AIDS is transmitted (aOR, 3.49; 95% CI, 3.09 to 3.95), and were willing to care for an infected relative (aOR, 2.78; 95% CI, 2.47 to 3.13). A model consisting of those variables explained 69% of the variance in discrimination.ConclusionsGender, residence, knowledge, and attitudes related to HIV/AIDS were explanatory factors for discrimination against PLHA. Improvements in HIV/AIDS education programs are needed to prevent discrimination.     

安徽2所农村中学初中生预防艾滋病健康教育效果评价

目的 评价对农村初中生开展以生活技能为基础的预防艾滋病健康教育的效果,为在农村初中开展预防艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据和实践基础.方法 先后对整群选取的安徽省2所农村中学257名(教育组)和332名(等待教育组)学生开展以生活技能为基础的预防艾滋病健康教育,通过问卷调查评价教育效果.结果 教育后1周,教育组学生预防艾滋病知识、正向态度和技能得分分别由10.91,23.02和2.35上升到23.20,29.70和2.97,均明显高于教育前(P值均＜0.01).教育组学生知识、态度和技能得分增长值均明显高于等待教育组(P值均＜0.01).教育组学生更愿意与家人/朋友谈论预防艾滋病问题.结论 在农村初中生中进行以生活技能为基础的学校预防艾滋病健康教育能提高学生预防艾滋病的知识水平,促进对艾滋病感染者不歧视态度的形成,有助于培养拒绝相关危险行为的技能,促进与家人和朋友交流.     

艾滋病防控试点学校大学生防艾相关知识和行为现况调查

目的 为更好地发挥防控试点的有效性,了解某艾滋病防控试点学校大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度和性行为现状,以及艾滋病健康教育需求,为该校制定科学的艾滋病防控工作试点方案进而全面推广提供参考。 方法 采取整群抽样方法选取某艾滋病防控试点学校大学生为研究对象。设计电子问卷,通过班级QQ平台发放问卷。 结果 艾滋病相关知识知晓率平均为73.8%。对国家标准版艾滋病相关知识8道题全答对率仅为29.3%,其受性别和专业因素影响,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);表示愿意和艾滋病患者一起上课的只有38.4%;15.8%的大学生有婚前性行为,性行为时每次都使用安全套占43.0%,使用安全套的目的主要是避孕;健康教育内容需求呈多方面,希望从互联网、电视广播和新媒体等途径获取性健康知识和艾滋病相关知识。 结论 对大学生进行科学系统的艾滋病知识的普及教育势在必行,要培养学生正确的性观念、正确对待艾滋病患者/HIV感染者的态度,尤其要注重部分人口学特征的影响因素,加强对大学生的性责任教育,以及强化自我保护意识。     

深圳市中学生预防艾滋病干预措施评价

目的 探索在中学开展预防艾滋病（AIDS）有效干预模式及其效果评价。方法 对深圳市10所中学初一、高一学生进行预防艾滋病健康教育干预前后相关知识、态度及行为的变化进行比较。结果 （1）知识方面：干预后,学生预防AIDS基本知识平均得分初一男生由7.47提高到10.21（满分为15）;初一妇生从7.17提高互10.21;高一男生从10.30提高到11.09;高一妇生从9.58提高到10.55。（2）态度方面:对待HIV/AIDS患采取正向态度明显提高,男生由22.6％上升到34.9%;女生由24.4%上升到41.5%。（3）行为方面：同学可以运用更多的信息来源获取有关知识。结论 学校预防AIDS教育干预措施以帮助学生增强抵御HIV／AIDS的能力,树立正向的态度,但要由知识转变行为还需要一定的时间、综合的干预和社会的多方支持。     

Can AIDS stigma be reduced to poverty stigma? Exploring Zimbabwean children's representations of poverty and AIDS

Objective We use children's drawings to investigate social stigmatization of AIDS‐affected and poverty‐affected children by their peers, in the light of suggestions that the stigmatization of AIDS‐affected children might derive more from the poverty experienced by these children than from their association with AIDS. Methods A qualitative study, in rural Zimbabwe, used draw‐and‐write techniques to elicit children's (10–12 years) representations of AIDS‐affected children (n= 30) and poverty‐affected children (n= 33) in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Results Representations of children affected by AIDS and by poverty differed significantly. The main problems facing AIDS‐affected children were said to be the psychosocial humiliations of AIDS stigma and children's distress about sick relatives. Contrastingly, poverty‐affected children were depicted as suffering from physical and material neglect and deprivation. Children affected by AIDS were described as caregivers of parents whom illness prevented from working. This translated into admiration and respect for children's active contribution to household survival. Poverty‐affected children were often portrayed as more passive victims of their guardians' inability or unwillingness to work or to prioritize their children's needs, with these children having fewer opportunities to exercise agency in response to their plight. Conclusions The nature of children's stigmatization of their AIDS‐affected peers may often be quite distinct from poverty stigma, in relation to the nature of suffering (primarily psychosocial and material respectively), the opportunities for agency offered by each affliction, and the opportunities each condition offers for affected children to earn the respect of their peers and community. We conclude that the particular nature of AIDS stigma offers greater opportunities for stigma reduction than poverty stigma.     

'I felt I have grown up as an adult': caregiving experience of children affected by HIV/AIDS in China

Background The growing global epidemic of HIV/AIDS has a significant impact on the lives of both people living with HIV/AIDS and their family members including children. Children of parents with HIV/AIDS may experience an increased responsibility of caregiving in family. However, limited data are available regarding the caregiving experience and its impact on psychosocial well‐being among these children. This study was designed to address these issues by using qualitative data collected from children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. Methods The qualitative data were collected in 2006 in rural central China, where many residents were infected with HIV/AIDS through unhygienic blood collection procedures. In‐depth individual interviews were conducted by trained interviewers with 47 children between 8 and 17 years of age who had lost one or both parents to AIDS. Results Findings of this study suggest that many children affected by AIDS had experienced increased responsibilities in housework and caregiving for family members. Such caregiving included caring for self and younger siblings, caring for parents with illness and caring for elderly grandparents. Positive impacts from children's participation in family caregiving included personal growth and emotional maturity. Negative consequences included physical fatigue, psychological fear and anxiety and suboptimal schooling (dropping out from school, repeated absence from school and unable to concentrate in class). Conclusion While the increased caregiving responsibilities among children reflected some cultural beliefs and had some positive effect on personal growth, the caregiving experience generally negatively effected the children's physical and mental health and schooling. The findings in the current study suggest that community‐based caregiving support is necessary in areas with high prevalence of HIV and limited resources, especially for the families lacking adult caregivers. In addition, social and psychological support should be made available for children participating in family caregiving.     

HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among alcohol and drug abusers in Egypt

The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practice towards HIV/AIDS among alcohol and drug abusers and the effect of health education (HE) on their knowledge and attitudes. Participants were 265 substance abusers, recruited from 8 addiction rehabilitation centers. A base line study preceding HE was done using a questionnaire composed of five sections. Three scores were developed to assess HIV/AIDS related knowledge. The base line study indicates that addicts with good knowledge scores > or =75%) regarding modes of transmission were significantly higher among males than females. About 70% of the addicts had negative attitudes towards dealing with HIV/AIDS patients, while 55.5% felt sympathy for them. Eleven percent of the injection drug abusers were sharing needle with others, while 38% of the participating females were previously convicted of prostitution. Logistic analysis showed that high level of education was the best predictive variable for good knowledge scores (> or =75%). Evaluation of the health education program revealed a highly significant increase in the knowledge scores among both males and females compared to the pretest scores. An increase in the percentages of male and female addicts with improved attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients was also noted after HE. So, HE was found to be a successful tool in improving the knowledge and attitudes of substance abusers towards HIV/AIDS.     

深圳市福田区高中学生艾滋病防治健康教育效果分析

目的：通过在高中生中开展预防艾滋病健康教育,提高艾滋病防治知识知晓率,帮助中学生掌握预防艾滋病的知识技能。方法随机抽取深圳市福田区4所中学的高中二年级共8个班级的428名学生进行艾滋病健康教育干预,并对干预效果进行评价。结果干预后学生们对艾滋病健康知识知晓率除“目前艾滋病不能治愈”这一知识外,其余知识点均明显提高（P 〈0.01）;对艾滋病非传播途径的知晓率除“握手、拥抱不会感染艾滋病”、“共用毛巾衣物不会感染艾滋病”2项外明显也有所提高（P 〈0.01）;艾滋病相关的态度和行为方面,教育后“会主动关注艾滋病的话题”以及“若发生婚前性行为将使用安全套”这2项有明显改善（P 〈0.001）。结论在中学进行主题班会和展板等健康教育方式,可有效提高学生艾滋病的相关知识知晓率,有利于预防感染艾滋病。     

An evaluation of a school-based AIDS/HIV education program for high school students.

The effect of a 1-hr school-based AIDS/HIV education program on the knowledge and attitudes of high school students was evaluated with a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control Health Risk Survey. One urban and one suburban school each were randomly assigned to an educational intervention (n = 535) or a control group (n = 659). All students received a posttest 2 weeks after the intervention. Knowledge was based on responses to 12 true-false questions (pretest alpha = .76, posttest alpha = 0.81). Principal components analysis was used to develop three attitude scales and risk-taking behavior was assessed by self-report. Data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate ANOVA. The groups did not differ in knowledge level at pretest. At posttest the education group had significantly (p < or = 0.006) higher knowledge even after controlling for the effects of previous AIDS education (p < or = 0.019), gender (p < or = 0.007), and Hispanic ethnicity (p < or = 0.048). After the education program, students were less worried about exposure to the AIDS virus, but were more worried (p < or = 0.048) about AIDS acquisition during their adult life. Although single school-based AIDS/HIV education programs may increase knowledge, more extensive education may be needed to change the behavior and attitudes of older high school students.     

河南新乡市中学生家长青春期及性病艾滋病知识和态度现状

目的了解中学生家长青春期及性病艾滋病知识、态度现况，为科学开展家庭教育、促进亲子教育提供科学依据．方法选择河南省新乡市的4所初中、高中的444名学生家长，对青春期知识、性病艾滋病及相关健康问题知识与态度进行问卷调查。结果家长对艾滋病相关知识回答正确率为62．8％～95．4％，25道相关题目中知晓率超过70％的只有15题。12道青春期卫生知识题回答正确率为63．8％～94．5％。父亲与母亲之间青春期及艾滋病相关知识得分差异无显著性。独生子女家长的知识得分高于子女数为2个的家长，大专以上文化程度的家长知识得分高于中专或高中及以下学历的家长，差异有显著性。79．3％的家长反对男青年婚前发生性行为，82．7％的家长反对女青年婚前发生性行为，19．9％的家长愿意孩子和艾滋病病人或艾滋病病毒感染者同班学习，12．4％的家长认为艾滋病与青少年无关，22．3％的家长认为艾滋病离青少年很遥远。家长艾滋病性知识来源前3位的分别为书籍、杂志(55．5％)，电视、广播(22.8％)，医学专家(13．2％)。结论家长预防艾滋病知识和青春期健康知识有待提高，对性病艾滋病相关的态度也有待改善。     

学校教师讲授预防艾滋病知识与大学新生知识态度及行为的关联

目的通过对某大学新生在学校期间教师对其进行预防艾滋病教育的回顾性调查,了解学校预防艾滋病教育状况,探讨学校教育与学生知识态度和行为的关联。方法以不记名问卷调查方式,对北京某大学746名入学新生进行调查。结果80%左右的大学新生报告学校教师曾讲过艾滋病的传播途径(84.0%),不传播艾滋病的活动(74.3%)和不歧视艾滋病病人(80.8%)。约10%的学生报告学校教师曾讲过如何抵御不正当的同伴压力(10.6%)、作出正确决定的技能(10.8%)、预防性侵犯知识(12.0%)和性病知识(11.0%)。只有4.7%的学生报告教师讲过正确使用避孕套。学生预防艾滋病知识和态度得分与学校教师教育有关。报告教师讲过正确使用避孕套与报告没讲过这一知识的学生,性交行为发生率没有明显的差异。85.8%的学生表示希望学习有关预防艾滋病、性病方面的知识。结论学校教师讲授预防艾滋病知识内容不够全面。应重视学校教师预防艾滋病教育的培训,确保学生从学校获得预防艾滋病所需要的知识和技能。     

Knowledge and attitudes about AIDS among corporate and public service employees.

BACKGROUND. We examined the relationship between workplace AIDS education efforts and workers' knowledge about HIV transmission and their attitudes toward coworkers with AIDS. METHODS. Questionnaires were mailed to corporate and public service workers at 12 work sites to ascertain the extent of their knowledge about AIDS and their attitudes toward coworkers with AIDS. Each work site had offered an AIDS education program. The average response rate was 40%; 3460 workers returned questionnaires. RESULTS. Respondents' knowledge was largely consistent with available scientific evidence. However, a substantial minority still believe HIV infection can be transmitted through casual contact. Over 30% endorse the screening of new employees for AIDS, and 23% would fear contagion from an infected coworker. Thirty percent of the respondents expressed skepticism about the veracity of information from government sources and the scientific community. Work site comparisons show that where educational programs are minimal, employees know less about HIV transmission and hold more negative attitudes. CONCLUSION. Comprehensive workplace AIDS education programs can reinforce workers' knowledge about HIV transmission, thereby fostering more favorable views toward coworkers with AIDS.