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1.
Katherine B. Vaughan Andrew T. Kaczynski Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis Gina M. Besenyi Ryan Bergstrom Katie M. Heinrich 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):28-38
Background
Parks are key community assets for physical activity, but some evidence suggests these resources are not equitably distributed.Purpose
This study examined disparities by income and race/ethnicity in the availability, features, and quality of parks across Kansas City, Missouri.Methods
All parks and census tracts (CTs) were mapped using geographical information systems, and park features and quality were determined via audits. Multivariate analyses of covariance analyzed differences in park availability, features, and quality across low-, medium-, and high-income and race/ethnicity CT tertiles.Results
Low-income CTs contained significantly more parks, but also had fewer parks with playgrounds and more quality concerns per park. High minority CTs had more parks with basketball courts, but fewer parks with trails. Medium-income CTs contained more aesthetic features per park.Conclusions
Future research should examine policies that contribute to and that might rectify disparities in park features and quality, especially in low-income and high minority areas.2.
Claire M. Brickell 《Current psychiatry reports》2018,20(6):38
Purpose of Review
The impact of borderline personality disorder (BPD) on college students is not well studied, and there is currently little data about its phenomenology or treatment in this population. We review the available literature regarding evidence-based treatment for BPD on college campuses, as well as best-practice guidelines for the treatment of mental illness in the college setting. Diagnostic disclosure and psychoeducation are proposed as practical first steps in improving the treatment landscape.Recent Findings
Preliminary studies of targeted treatment for BPD on college campuses are promising. They suggest that even pared-down interventions have the potential to help students feel better and function better. Experts in college mental health treatment emphasize the importance of gathering data, intervening early, communicating across treatment environments, appropriately marshaling resources, and providing psycho-education.Summary
To bring the on-campus treatment of BPD in line with best-practice guidelines, improved diagnostic practices are needed. Disclosing the diagnosis of BPD and educating students about this disorder are simple yet powerful interventions that can set the stage for further treatment and provide symptom relief.3.
Background
This study aimed to explore the resting-state fMRI changes in Chinese boys with low functioning autism spectrum disorder (LFASD) and the correlation with clinical symptoms.Methods
The current study acquired resting-state fMRI data from 15 Chinese boys with LFASD and 15 typically developing (TD) boys to examine the local brain activity using the regional homogeneity (ReHo) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) indexes; the researchers also examined these measures and their possible relationships with clinical symptoms using the autism behavior checklist.Results
Results indicated that boys with LFASD exhibited increased ReHo in the right precuneus and inferior parietal gyrus (IPG), increased ALFF in right middle temporal gyrus, angular gyrus and IPG. However, no correlation was found between the ALFF/ReHo score and clinical symptoms in the LFASD group.Conclusions
Some of the brain regions had ReHo/ALFF values that were higher in the boys with LFASD than the TD group and these differentiated brain areas in boys with LFASD were all on the right cerebrum, which supported ‘atypical rightward asymmetry’ in boys with LFASD.4.
Hua Bai Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis Andrew T. Kaczynski Gina M. Besenyi 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):39-48
Background
Parks are important resources for physical activity (PA), yet few studies have examined how perceptions of park characteristics relate to PA and health.Purpose
This study investigated associations between perceptions of neighborhood park quality and overall moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), park-based PA, and body mass index (BMI).Methods
Data were collected via questionnaire from 893 households in Kansas City, Missouri.Results
The newly developed neighborhood park quality scale demonstrated good test–retest and internal reliability. Residents’ perceptions of neighborhood park quality were related to PA and health outcomes. Perceiving parks as a benefit was positively related to overall MVPA and park-based PA and negatively related to BMI. Perceptions of well-used parks were positively related to BMI, while perceived cleanliness was negatively related to park-based PA.Conclusions
Better measuring and understanding how perceptions of local parks are associated with PA and health can improve appreciation of how parks facilitate active living.5.
T. Fassaert H. Heijnen M. A. S. de Wit J. Peen A. T. F. Beekman J. Dekker 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2016,51(12):1591-1601
Purpose
To test the hypothesis that ethnic minority status of patients is associated with specific psychotic disorder treatment characteristics.Methods
Longitudinal data (2001–2005) were extracted from a nationwide psychiatric case register in the Netherlands. The sample consisted of 30,655 episodes of mental health treatment for 23,122 patients with psychotic disorders. Information was available about waiting time and treatment duration, source of referral, occurrence of crisis contacts, admittance to clinical care and compulsory admissions. In addition, information was available about ethnicity (based on country of birth), gender, age and marital status. Results were calculated for ethnic and gender groups separately. In addition, a number of multivariate regression analyses were conducted to correct for differences in age and marital status.Results
There was substantial variation between ethnic minority and gender groups in relation to the treatment characteristics. Compared with a Dutch ethnic background, ethnic minority background was generally associated with less waiting time, and more police referrals, crisis contacts, admittance to clinical care and compulsory admission, but shorter treatment duration. Characteristics appeared to be least favorable in episodes that involved male patients with Antillean and Surinamese backgrounds, whereas episodes were quite similar for ethnic Dutch and Turkish patients.Conclusions
Characteristics of mental health treatment for psychosis in the Netherlands are different for ethnic minority patient groups than for patients with an ethnic Dutch background. However, there were substantial differences between ethnic minority groups.6.
Background
Obesity presents a significant health concern among low-income, ethnic minority women of childbearing age.Purpose
The study investigated the influence of maternal acculturation, family negativity, and family support on postpartum weight loss among low-income Mexican-origin women.Methods
Low-income Mexican-origin women (N=322; 14% born in the U.S.) were recruited from a prenatal clinic in an urban area of the Southwest U.S. Acculturation was assessed during a prenatal home visit (26–38 weeks gestation), and post-birth family support and general family negativity were assessed at 6 weeks postpartum. Objective maternal weight measures were obtained at five time points across the first postpartum year.Results
Higher acculturation predicted higher family support and family negativity. Higher family support predicted decreasing weight across the first postpartum year, and higher family negativity predicted higher weight at 6 weeks postpartum and increasing weight across the first postpartum year. In combination, family negativity and support mediated the impact of acculturation on postpartum weight gain.Conclusions
Cultural and family-related factors play a significant role in postpartum weight gain and loss for low-income Mexican-origin women.7.
Minha Hong Han Nah Cho Ah Reum Kim Hyun Ju Hong Yong-Sil Kweon 《Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health》2017,11(1):53
Background
The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of childhood suicidal deaths among elementary school students that occurred from 2011 to 2015 in Korea.Methods
The report form of each suicide case by the teacher in charge to the Education Ministry was reviewed retrospectively.Results
There were 19 suicidal deaths (12 boys, 7 girls) in elementary school students. The youngest case was a third grader (n = 1). Jumping from heights (n = 12) was the most frequently used method. Most suicides (n = 12) were committed in their homes.Conclusion
These results highlight the alarming trend of early suicidal deaths and the importance of early suicide prevention strategies, especially in schools.8.
Ming Wen Xingyou Zhang Carmen D. Harris James B. Holt Janet B. Croft 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):18-27
Background
Little national evidence is available on spatial disparities in distributions of parks and green spaces in the USA.Purpose
This study examines ecological associations of spatial access to parks and green spaces with percentages of black, Hispanic, and low-income residents across the urban–rural continuum in the conterminous USA.Methods
Census tract-level park and green space data were linked with data from the 2010 U.S. Census and 2006–2010 American Community Surveys. Linear mixed regression models were performed to examine these associations.Results
Poverty levels were negatively associated with distances to parks and percentages of green spaces in urban/suburban areas while positively associated in rural areas. Percentages of blacks and Hispanics were in general negatively linked to distances to parks and green space coverage along the urban–rural spectrum.Conclusions
Place-based race–ethnicity and poverty are important correlates of spatial access to parks and green spaces, but the associations vary across the urbanization levels.9.
H. Jonathon Rendina Kristi E. Gamarel John E. Pachankis Ana Ventuneac Christian Grov Jeffrey T. Parsons 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(2):147-158
Background
Minority stress theory represents the most plausible conceptual framework for explaining health disparities for gay and bisexual men (GBM). However, little focus has been given to including the unique stressors experienced by HIV-positive GBM.Purpose
We explored the role of HIV-related stress within a minority stress model of mental health and condomless anal sex.Methods
Longitudinal data were collected on a diverse convenience sample of 138 highly sexually active, HIV-positive GBM in NYC regarding sexual minority (internalized homonegativity and gay-related rejection sensitivity) and HIV-related stressors (internalized HIV stigma and HIV-related rejection sensitivity), emotion dysregulation, mental health (symptoms of depression, anxiety, sexual compulsivity, and hypersexuality), and sexual behavior (condomless anal sex with all male partners and with serodiscordant male partners).Results
Across both sexual minority and HIV-related stressors, internalized stigma was significantly associated with mental health and sexual behavior outcomes while rejection sensitivity was not. Moreover, path analyses revealed that emotion dysregulation mediated the influence of both forms of internalized stigma on symptoms of depression/anxiety and sexual compulsivity/hypersexuality as well as serodiscordant condomless anal sex.Conclusions
We identified two targets of behavioral interventions that may lead to improvements in mental health and reductions in sexual transmission risk behaviors—maladaptive cognitions underlying negative self-schemas and difficulties with emotion regulation. Techniques for cognitive restructuring and emotion regulation may be particularly useful in the development of interventions that are sensitive to the needs of this population while also highlighting the important role that structural interventions can have in preventing these disparities for future generations.10.
SuoYu Zhu TianHong Zhang ChengQing Yang YanYan Wei LiHua Xu JunJie Wang Annabelle Chow XiaoHua Liu KaiDa Jiang ZePing Xiao Hui Zhou JiJun Wang 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2018,53(1):99-106
Objective
This study aimed to examine the overlaps between the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) Personality Disorders (PDs) in a high-risk clinical population and to explore a transitional model for implementing DSM-5 PDs.Method
A sample population of 982 outpatients with at least one diagnosed PD was selected from 3,075 outpatients of the Shanghai Mental Health Center. The diagnostic process comprised of a personality diagnostic questionnaire and a structured clinical interview.Results
685 (22.3%) patients were diagnosed with at least one of six PDs (antisocial, avoidant, borderline, narcissistic, obsessive–compulsive, and schizotypal) under the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders proposed in Section III of the DSM-5. Nearly 20.3% of the subjects with PD met criteria for at least two PDs (of the 685 PD patients/6 PD model). Cluster and principal component analyses suggest a transitional model for the 7 specific PD categories (among the 722 PD patients, the overlapping rate was 24.1%) will be more appropriate for PD diagnosis in China.Conclusions
Using the simplified PD categories in the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders will reduce the overlaps in PD diagnoses in Chinese psychiatric practice, and should be preferred over the DSM-5 PD diagnostic system.11.
Matt R. Nobles Robert J. Cramer Samantha A. Zottola Sarah L. Desmarais Tess M. Gemberling Sarah R. Holley Susan Wright 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2018,53(11):1253-1263
Purpose
Public health and criminal justice stalking victimization data collection efforts are plagued by subjective definitions and lack of known psychosocial correlates. The present study assesses the question of stalking victimization prevalence among three groups. Psychosocial risk and protective factors associated with stalking victimization experiences were assessed.Methods
Archival data (n = 2159) were drawn from a three-sample (i.e., U.S. nationwide sexual diversity special interest group, college student, and general population adult) cross-sectional survey of victimization, sexuality, and health.Results
The range of endorsement of stalking-related victimization experiences was 13.0–47.9%. Reported perpetrators were both commonly known and unknown persons to the victim. Participants disclosed the victimization primarily to nobody or a family member/friend. Bivariate correlates of stalking victimization were female gender, Associates/Bachelor-level education, bisexual or other sexual orientation minority status, hypertension, diabetes, older age, higher weekly drug use, elevated trait aggression, higher cognitive reappraisal skills, lower rape myth acceptance, and elevated psychiatric symptoms. Logistic regression results showed the strongest factors in identifying elevated stalking victimization risk were: older age, elevated aggression, higher cognitive reappraisal skills, lesser low self-control, increased symptoms of suicidality and PTSD re-experiencing, and female and other gender minority status.Conclusions
Behavioral approaches to epidemiological and criminal justice stalking victimization are recommended. Victimization under reporting to healthcare and legal professionals were observed. Further research and prevention programming is needed to capitalize on data concerning personality and coping skills, sexual diversity, and trauma-related psychiatric symptoms.12.
Yukiyo Nagai Kayo Nomura Masako Nagata Tetsuji Kaneko Osamu Uemura 《Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health》2018,12(1):36
Background
It is important for children to maintain high self-perceived competence and self-esteem, and there are few measures to evaluate them through elementary to junior high school days in Japan. To evaluate psychometric properties of the Children’s Perceived Competence Scale (CPCS).Methods
Data were collected from 697 elementary school and 956 junior high school students. Some of these students completed measures for construct validity, whereas others repeated the CPCS.Results
The results demonstrated the three-factor structure of the CPCS: cognitive (nine items), social (eight items) and physical (nine items). Factorial invariance was confirmed between elementary and junior high school students, as well as between boys and girls. Construct validity was excellent. Scores on the cognitive, physical and general self-worth domains declined with increasing age. Boys scored significantly higher than girls on physical and general self-worth domains.Conclusions
The CPCS is a valid and reliable measure of perceived competence in Japanese children aged 6–15 years. The CPCS may be applied to students from elementary through junior high school days as a measure of self-perceived and psychological state in Japan.13.
Jerel P. Calzo Aaron J. Blashill Tiffany A. Brown Russell L. Argenal 《Current psychiatry reports》2017,19(8):49
Purpose of Review
This review summarized trends and key findings from empirical studies conducted between 2011 and 2017 regarding eating disorders and disordered weight and shape control behaviors among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority (i.e., non-heterosexual) populations.Recent Findings
Recent research has examined disparities through sociocultural and minority stress approaches. Sexual minorities continue to demonstrate higher rates of disordered eating; disparities are more pronounced among males. Emerging data indicates elevated risk for disordered eating pathology among sexual minorities who are transgender or ethnic minorities. Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs may hold promise for sexual minority males.Summary
Continued research must examine the intersections of sexual orientation, gender, and ethnic identities, given emergent data that eating disorder risk may be most prominent among specific subgroups. More research is needed within sexual minorities across the lifespan. There is still a lack of eating disorder treatment and prevention studies for sexual minorities.14.
Lara Hilton Susanne Hempel Brett A. Ewing Eric Apaydin Lea Xenakis Sydne Newberry Ben Colaiaco Alicia Ruelaz Maher Roberta M. Shanman Melony E. Sorbero Margaret A. Maglione 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(2):199-213
Background
Chronic pain patients increasingly seek treatment through mindfulness meditation.Purpose
This study aims to synthesize evidence on efficacy and safety of mindfulness meditation interventions for the treatment of chronic pain in adults.Method
We conducted a systematic review on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with meta-analyses using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random-effects models. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Outcomes included pain, depression, quality of life, and analgesic use.Results
Thirty-eight RCTs met inclusion criteria; seven reported on safety. We found low-quality evidence that mindfulness meditation is associated with a small decrease in pain compared with all types of controls in 30 RCTs. Statistically significant effects were also found for depression symptoms and quality of life.Conclusions
While mindfulness meditation improves pain and depression symptoms and quality of life, additional well-designed, rigorous, and large-scale RCTs are needed to decisively provide estimates of the efficacy of mindfulness meditation for chronic pain.15.
Cheryl M. Kelly Jeffrey S. Wilson Elizabeth A. Baker Douglas K. Miller Mario Schootman 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):108-112
Background
Observational field audits are recommended for public health research to collect data on built environment characteristics. A reliable, standardized alternative to field audits that uses publicly available information could provide the ability to efficiently compare results across different study sites and time.Purpose
This study aimed to assess inter-rater reliability of built environment audits conducted using Google Street View imagery.Methods
In 2011, street segments from St. Louis and Indianapolis were geographically stratified to ensure representation of neighborhoods with different land use and socioeconomic characteristics in both cities. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using observed agreement and the prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa statistic (PABAK).Results
The mean PABAK for all items was 0.84. Ninety-five percent of the items had substantial (PABAK?≥?0.60) or nearly perfect (PABAK?≥?0.80) agreement.Conclusions
Using Google Street View imagery to audit the built environment is a reliable method for assessing characteristics of the built environment.16.
Background
“Bath salts” or synthetic cathinone toxicity remains a potentially deadly clinical condition. We report a delayed leukoencephalopathy with persistent minimally conscious state.Methods
Case report.Results
A 36-year-old man presents with delayed encephalopathy, dysautonomia, fulminant hepatic failure, and renal failure from severe rhabdomyolysis after consuming bath salts. MRI showed diffusion restriction in the splenium of the corpus callosum and subcortical white matter.Conclusions
The combination of acute leukoencephalopathy, rhabdomyolysis and fulminant hepatic failure may point to bath salt inhalation and should be known to neurointensivists.17.
Background
We examined gender difference in QTc interval distribution and its related factors in people with mental disorders.Methods
We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of patients discharged from a university psychiatric unit between November 1997 and December 2000. Subjects were 328 patients (145 males and 183 females) taking psychotropics at their admission. We examined patient characteristics, medical history, diagnosis, and medication before admission.Results
Mean QTc interval was 0.408 (SD = 0.036). QTc intervals in females were significantly longer than those in males. QTc of females without comorbidity was significantly longer than that of males.Conclusion
The influence of gender difference on QTc prolongation in people with mental disorders merits further research.18.
Eloise Crush Louise Arseneault Helen L. Fisher 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2018,53(12):1413-1417
Purpose
To investigate whether social support is protective for psychotic experiences similarly among poly-victimised adolescent girls and boys.Methods
We utilised data from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative sample of 2232 UK-born twins. Participants were privately interviewed at age 18 about victimisation, psychotic experiences, and social support during adolescence.Results
Perceived social support (overall and from friends) was found to be protective against psychotic experiences amongst poly-victimised adolescent girls, but not boys. Though boys were similarly protected by family support.Conclusions
Social support-focused interventions targeting psychotic phenomena amongst poly-victimised adolescents may be more effective for girls.19.
Background
Diet-related environmental and policy interventions are being advocated at a population level because individual change is more likely to be facilitated and sustained if the environment within which choices are made supports healthful food options.Purpose
This study aims to review research that examines factors having an influence on food choices in social environments, physical environments, and macroenvironments.Methods
A snowball strategy was used to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies and reviews, with a focus on research completed in the US and published within the past 10 years.Results
Research has identified a number of environmental factors associated with dietary intake; however, the majority of completed studies have methodological limitations which limit their credibility to guide interventions and policy changes.Conclusions
Future research will need to emphasize multilevel investigations, examine how associations vary across population subgroups, develop a standard set of measures for assessing food environments and policies, and improve dietary assessment methodology.20.