CT在闭合性肝损伤诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的　评价CT在闭合性肝外伤诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法　回顾性分析 2 2例闭合性肝损伤患者的CT和临床资料 ,观察CT对闭合性肝损伤诊断的敏感性和特异性 ,并将肝损伤CT表现与手术、临床治疗结果进行对照。结果　 2 2例闭合性肝损伤者 ,CT明确诊断 2 1例 ,1例发现腹腔积液。CT诊断的特异性为 95 .5 % ( 2 1/2 2 )。CT分级 :I级 1例 ,II级 10例 ,III级 8例 ,IV级 2例。 8例行非手术治疗 (II级 3例 ,III级 5例 ) ,成功 7例 ,1例因迟发性肝破裂而非手术疗法失败。 1例复查CT发现肝上胆汁聚积 ,经穿刺引流治愈。 14例行剖腹探查术 ,4例术中发现肝脏仍有活动性出血。结论　CT扫描能明确肝损伤的诊断 ,界定损伤类型及严重程度 ,指导合理地选择手术或非手术疗法 ,并能监测康复过程中并发症的发生     

鼻内镜下经额窦额叶脑脓肿穿刺置管引流术1例

目的探讨鼻内镜下经鼻腔和额窦行鼻源性额叶脑脓肿穿刺置管引流术的方法和疗效。方法为鼻源性额叶脑脓肿患者行鼻窦CT和颅脑MR检查,了解鼻腔、鼻窦及颅内病变情况,制定治疗方案。鼻内镜下行患侧筛窦、上颌窦及额窦开放引流术。扩大额窦口,清除额窦脓液,于额窦后壁骨质破坏缺损处行脑穿刺,抽出额叶脑脓肿腔内脓液;切开该处额窦后壁黏膜和硬脑膜直达脓肿腔;经切口置入引流管,抽净脓液后固定引流管,填塞鼻腔。术后抗感染治疗。结果术后早期引流出多量脓液,复查颅脑CT,脓腔基本消失。术后第3天,引流物明显减少,拔除引流管。鼻内镜检查,额窦腔清洁,引流口无脑脊液漏。观察2周,未发生脑脊液鼻漏等。脓液培养出草绿色链球菌。结论鼻内镜下经额窦额叶脑脓肿穿刺置管引流术是治疗鼻源性脑脓肿的良好方法,拥有多项优点;但对鼻内镜外科技术要求较高,手术难度较大。     

探讨急性坏疽性阑尾炎穿孔手术方式

目的：探讨阑尾坏疽穿孔术后放置腹腔引流的必要性。方法：回顾性分析2004~2008年我院783例急性阑尾炎患者的临床资料,其中阑尾坏疽穿孔86例。结果：除4例因阑尾根部较为严重坏疽,回盲部处理不理想而放置腹腔烟卷引流以观察有无粪漏之外,无1例因未放置腹腔引流管而并发腹腔脓肿。结论：说明急性阑尾炎穿孔只要术中脓液擦洗干净、阑尾残端处理满意、选用有效抗生素,术后无需常规放置腹腔引流管。     

两种肾部分切除术治疗小肾癌效果比较观察

目的：观察比较免打结后腹腔镜。肾部分切除术与开放肾部分切除术治疗小肾癌的效果。方法：选择小肾癌80例,随机分为观察组和对照组各40例。观察组采用免打结后腹腔镜肾部分切除术,对照组采用开放肾部分切除术,比较两组手术时间、热缺血时间、手术出血量、术后留置引流管时间、术后下床活动时间、引流液量、术后镇痛药使用比例、住院时间、术后并发症发生情况等。结果：观察组手术时间、术后留置引流管时间、术后下床活动时间、引流液量和术后住院时间显著或非常显著少（早）于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,热缺血时间和手术出血量两组比较,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。观察组术后使用镇痛药7例,非常显著少于对照组的26例（P〈0．01）。术后并发症发生率两组比较,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结论：免打结后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗小肾癌效果优于开放肾部分切除术。     

经峡部径路行双侧甲状腺次全或近全切除术术式改进的临床研究

目的：探讨经峡部径路行双侧甲状腺次全或近全切除手术的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析我院自5年间1 051例行双侧甲状腺手术患者的临床资料。按手术方式分为两组：经经峡部径路行双侧甲状腺次全或近全术的588例为改良组,同期施行传统切除术式的463例为常规组。比较两种手术方式对手术时间、术中出血、术后引流及并发症的影响。结果：改良组手术时间较常规组明显缩短（P〈0.01）,术中出血量、喉返神经神经损伤率、术后气管局部不适及低钙血症的发生率明显减少（P〈0.01）,术后引流量减少（P〈0.05）,患者对手术耐受性好,术后出血发生率无统计学差异。结论：经峡部径路行双侧甲状腺次全或近全切除术可明显缩短手术时间;减少术中出血量,以及降低喉返神经损伤、术后出血、低钙血症等并发症的发生,利于临床开展。     

集束化策略预防脑室外引流颅内感染的临床研究

目的研究集束化策略预防脑室外引流(EVD)颅内感染的方法和效果。方法采用前瞻性对照研究。2017年5月—2019年6月南方医科大学南方医院神经外科185例住院期间进行脑室外置管引流患者的临床资料,男性123例,女性62例;年龄18～79岁,平均47. 7岁。脑实质出血破入脑室64例,脑室出血28例,脑创伤(颅内压监测) 39例,梗阻性脑积水28例,开颅术后脑室引流19例,栓塞术后脑室引流7例,其中双侧引流44例。2017年5月—2018年5月(第1阶段)脑室外引流患者89例为对照组,采用常规脑室外引流管理方法; 2018年6月—2019年6月(第2阶段)脑室外引流患者96例为研究组,采用集束化策略管理方法,包括精细及无菌化操作技术、皮下隧道及引流管固定技术、围手术期抗生素预防、教育和无菌化护理、标准无菌化脑脊液采样流程、减少引流管操作次数和缩短引流时间。比较两组颅内感染发生率、神经外科重症监护病房(NSICU)住院时间、脑脊液(CSF)病原学结果。结果与对照组相比,采用集束化策略后脑室外引流患者颅内感染发生率由11%降至3%,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 001);感染病例细菌培养阳性率由50%降至33%,差异无统计学意义(P=0. 621);脑室外引流管操作次数由(6. 6±3. 9)次降至(3. 9±4. 1)次,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 001);脑室外引流管留置时间由(8. 2±3. 7) d降至(6. 2±2. 6) d,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 001); NSICU住院时间由(10. 2±6. 6) d降至(8. 0±4. 2) d,差异有统计学意义(P=0. 006); NSICU病死率由3. 4%降至1. 13%,差异无统计学意义(P=0. 281)。结论集束化策略能有效预防脑室外引流颅内感染的发生率,减少脑室外引流管操作次数与滞留时间,缩短NSICU住院时间,值得临床推广。     

经峡部径路行甲状腺切除3288例

目的探讨经峡部径路行甲状腺手术的临床应用。方法回顾性分析我院1996年1月—2006年1月5751例行甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,按手术方式分为两组,施行经峡部径路甲状腺切除术的3288例为改良组,同期施行传统切除术式的2463例为对照组,比较手术方式对手术时间、术中出血、术后引流及并发症等的影响。结果经峡部径路行甲状腺手术组手术时间较常规手术组明显缩短(P<0.01),术中出血量、喉返神经损伤率、术后气管局部不适及低钙血症的发生率明显减少(P<0.01),术后引流量减少(P<0.05),患者对手术耐受性好,术后出血发生率无统计差异(P>0.05)。结论经峡部径路行甲状腺手术可明显缩短手术时间,减少术中出血,降低喉返神经损伤、术后出血、低钙血症等并发症的发生率。     

胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔引流研究现状

胰十二指肠切除术( pancreatoduodenectomy, PD)为腹部外科最具难度和挑战的手术之一,术后并发症发生率可高达20％ ～60％,特别是PD术后胰瘘,可能引起腹腔脓肿、出血和多脏器功能衰竭等严重并发症.为早期发现并预防胰瘘, PD 后常规留置腹腔引流管已成为临床常规操作.但是,目前针对PD后的腹腔引流...     

闭合性肝损伤非手术治疗的预测

闭合性肝损伤非手术治疗的预测史有杰彭广慧刘玉秀孙连刚我院１９８２年１月～１９９２年１２月共收治肝损伤７４例，非手术治疗５例。６９例手术治疗的肝损伤中１６例术中发现出血已停止，其中２例合并右肾破裂行肾切除，余１４例肝创面未作任何处理。临床资料本组１４例...     

甲状腺腺叶切除术与甲状腺次全切除术治疗甲状腺结节的疗效观察

目的探究甲状腺结节患者中甲状腺腺叶切除术与甲状腺次全切除术的应用效果。方法选取2018年2月-2019年1月收治的84例甲状腺结节患者作为研究对象,采用电脑盲选法分为观察组和对照组(n=42),对照组行甲状腺全切除术治疗,观察组采用甲状腺腺叶切除术治疗,对比治疗效果。结果在手术持续时间和住院时间对比中,观察组较短(P<0.05),在术中出血量和术后引流量对比中,观察组较少(P<0.05);两组术后疼痛评分对比无显著差异(P>0.05);观察组并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论采用甲状腺腺叶切除术治疗甲状腺结节具有手术时间和住院时间短、术中出血量和术后引流量低等优势。     

Nonoperative management of hepatic trauma

In an attempt to determine whether selective, nonoperative management of hepatic trauma might be efficacious, a retrospective review of liver injuries was undertaken. Of the 48 patients with liver injuries identified, there were 34 men and 14 women with an average age of 28.5 years. Mechanism of injury consisted of blunt trauma in 23 patients, stab wounds in 14 patients, and 11 patients had gunshot wounds. There were 12 grade I injuries, 15 grade II injuries, 17 grade III injuries, 2 grade IV injuries, and 1 grade V injury. Diagnosis of liver trauma was made at the time of exploratory laparotomy in 15 patients and suggested by abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan in 18 patients; the remaining 15 patients had a positive peritoneal lavage which led to exploratory laparotomy. Following blunt trauma, 14 patients, all of whom underwent diagnostic abdominal CT scans which confirmed hepatic injury, had nonoperative treatment. All patients who received nonoperative management maintained stable vital signs and only five required transfusion. None of the patients who were treated nonoperatively developed complications or required delayed laparotomy. There were no deaths in this group. Of the 34 patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy, 19 required either no treatment or minor hepatorrhaphy. However, 17 of 25 patients with penetrating wounds had associated abdominal injuries which required operative treatment. Based on the information obtained in this review, it is recommended that stable patients with isolated hepatic injuries, secondary to blunt trauma confirmed by CT scan, may be managed nonoperatively. Due to the high frequency of associated injuries found in patients with penetrating trauma, nonoperative therapy is not advised.     

CT diagnosis of internal mammary artery injury caused by blunt trauma

AIM: To describe the computed tomography (CT) findings associated with active bleeding from the internal mammary artery (IMA) in blunt trauma victims and to assess complications related to IMA haemorrhage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All cases of active IMA haemorrhage identified in blunt trauma patients on admission CT were identified from a trauma radiology data base covering 1990-1999. Computed tomography examinations, operative and medical records were reviewed to ascertain CT findings, complications, and patient outcome. The determination of active bleeding required CT evidence of a central contrast blush of CT density within 10 HU of an adjacent artery surrounded by haematoma. RESULTS: Four patients with CT evidence of active IMA haemorrhage were identified. All cases had surgical confirmation of an IMA source of haemorrhage. There were three patients with unilateral and one patient with bilateral IMA disruption. Three patients exhibited clinical signs of cardiac tamponade related to compression of one or more cardiac chambers by the anterior mediastinal haematoma. Sudden clinical deterioration compatible with tamponade developed in all three patients. CONCLUSION: Early CT recognition of active bleeding within the chest can direct rapid surgical or angiographic intervention. On-going blood loss and, in particular, the threat of cardiac tamponade must be considered with IMA injury.     

肝脏损伤并发腹腔感染的防治

目的探讨肝脏损伤并发腹腔感染的防治方法。方法回顾性分析2006年1月~2015年12月314例肝脏损伤患者的临床资料,男性221例,女性93例;年龄15~76岁,平均38岁。其中129例行非手术治疗,185例行手术治疗。结果 54例出现腹腔感染,均发生在手术组,感染率为29.2%。185例手术治疗患者中单纯性肝损伤73例[美国创伤外科学会(AAST)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级5例,发生腹腔感染0例;Ⅲ~Ⅴ级以上68例,发生腹腔感染14例],合并腹部其他脏器损伤或腹部外脏器损伤112例(AASTⅠ~Ⅱ级肝损伤45例,发生腹腔感染7例;Ⅲ~Ⅴ级肝损伤67例,发生腹腔感染33例)。54例腹腔感染中,49例治愈,治愈率为90.7%。结论严重肝脏损伤或合并腹部其他脏器损伤较易并发腹腔感染,根据肝脏损伤级别采取合理术式、保证充分引流、重视综合预防治疗措施可有效减少感染发生率和死亡率。     

手术治疗腹部闭合性损伤80例

目的：探讨腹部闭合性损伤的手术治疗。方法：回顾性分析我院近年来收治的80例腹部闭合性损伤患者的临床资料。结果：80例腹部闭合性损伤的患者,经剖腹探查手术治疗,成功治愈74例,治愈率为92.5%,死亡6例,死亡率为7.5%。其中,2例患者死于肝破裂大出血,2例患者死于颅脑外伤,3例患者死于多脏器衰竭。结论：对于腹部闭合性损伤,临床医生必须细致检查和严密动态观察,以便于早期诊断,并提出合理的治疗方案,以提高手术治疗效果,减少术后并发症的发生,降低死亡率。     

氨甲环酸对创伤患者死亡率、血管栓塞性并发症和输血量的影响:随机对照研究(全译)

目的 基于氨甲环酸可以减少择期手术患者出血量的研究基础,观察早期快速静脉注射氨甲环酸对创伤患者死亡率、血管栓塞性并发症和输血量的影响. 方法 根据随机对照原则设计,在40个国家的274所医院实施,共纳入20211例严重出血或者有严重出血危险的成年患者.于伤后8h内,随机接受氨甲环酸(10 min内静脉注射1g,8h内静脉滴注1 g)或安慰剂治疗.投药序列中药物或安慰剂的选择由计算机自动生成.患者或研究者均不了解其真实情况.预后的主要评价指标是患者伤后4周的死亡率.死亡原因评价包括出血、血管栓塞性事件(心肌梗死、卒中、肺栓塞)、多器官功能衰竭、脑外伤及其他原因.本研究注册号为ISRCTN86750102. 结果 10096例患者接受氨甲环酸治疗,10115例患者接受安慰剂注射,两组分别有10060例和10067例患者资料接受进一步分析.药物组患者的总死亡率明显低于安慰剂组,即药物组1463例(14.5％),安慰剂组1613例(16.0％),相对危险度为0.91(95％CI为0.85～0.97,P=0.003 5).因出血导致的患者死亡率明显降低,药物组489例(4.9％),安慰剂组574例(5.7％),相对危险度0.85(95％CI为0.76～0.96,P=0.007 7). 结论 氨甲环酸可以安全地降低创伤出血患者的死亡率.本研究结果支持在创伤出血患者中使用氨甲环酸.     

实验兔钝性肝损伤的CT动态增强表现

目的 探讨CT动态增强扫描在兔钝性肝损伤(rabbit hepatic injury,BHI)模型中的诊断价值.方法 新西兰大白兔40只,采用钢球自由落体对剑突直接撞击,建立兔BHI模型.采用美国通用(GE)公司Hispeed双螺旋CT机行肝脏平扫及增强,注射对比剂开始后8～10 s、35～40 s、120～150 s分别为肝动脉期、门脉期及平衡期.观察增强前后损伤的位置、范围、边界、肝包膜撕裂、有无活动性出血、主要肝静脉有无受累及腹腔积血的CT特征,并与大体解剖情况对比.结果 动态增强扫描显示率明显高于平扫,单一撕裂13只,多发性撕裂伤18只,肝包膜下血肿7处,肝实质内血肿9处,肝包膜裂口17只25处,活动性出血9处,主要肝静脉损伤5处;与大体解剖符合情况分别为13/13(只),18/18(只),7/9(处),9/9(处),25/30(处),9/5(处),5/4(处).按Moore分级,CT/剖腹探查结果分别为:Ⅰ级5/4只,Ⅱ级15/13只,Ⅲ级9/11只,Ⅳ级6/6只,Ⅴ级1/2只,Ⅵ级0只.结论 动态CT增强扫描尤其静脉期和平衡期对明确有无肝脏损伤及判断损伤程度具有重要的价值.     

Traumatic injury of the internal mammary artery: embolization versus surgical and nonoperative management

The purpose of the study was to compare the outcomes, complications, and effectiveness of embolization versus surgical and nonoperative management in patients with injury to the internal mammary artery. Eighteen cases of angiographically proven internal mammary artery injury were identified by a retrospective review. Patient age range was 17–71 years (mean 34 years). Causes of vascular injury were equally divided (9 each) between penetrating and blunt trauma. Type of trauma, associated injury, plain film findings, treatment complications (immediate and delayed), and overall outcomes were assessed. Results of embolization versus surgical and nonoperative management were compared. Angiographic findings included occlusion, active hemorrhage, and pseudoaneurysm of the internal mammary artery. Of the 18 patients studied, 12 underwent embolization; 2 underwent surgical ligation, and 4 were managed by nonoperative observation. No patient died as a direct result of vascular injury; one died of renal failure unrelated to chest trauma and one other died of myocardial contusion. One patient who underwent embolization had delayed bleeding and two patients with conservative management developed a delayed hemothorax. This small series demonstrates that embolotherapy offers an effective, efficient, and safe alternative to conventional surgical management of internal mammary artery injuries. Electronic Publication     

小儿胰腺损伤诊治分析

目的探讨小儿胰腺损伤临床特点及诊治方法。方法我院自2004年8月～2011年12月共收治胰腺损伤患儿13例,其中Ⅰ度胰腺损伤3例,Ⅱ度7例,Ⅲ度2例,Ⅳ度1例;淀粉酶升高4例。13例患儿均经病史、腹部查体、淀粉酶检测、B超及CT明确诊断,4例经手术探查证实。结果 3例Ⅰ度及6例Ⅱ度经非手术治疗;1例Ⅱ度行腹腔广泛引流;1例Ⅲ度胰腺损伤因膜膜炎行剖探查术,术中见腹腔中等量积液,胰腺中部断裂,胰管未断裂,行断裂修补,局部引流;1例Ⅲ度因形成胰腺假性囊肿行胰腺囊肿-空肠Roux-Y吻合术;1例Ⅳ度行胰腺断裂近端缝合、远端胰腺空肠Roux-Y吻合术。所有患儿均临床治愈。结论小儿胰腺损伤因其症状往往较为隐匿,诊断较为困难,了解胰腺损伤的机制及高度警戒心理有利于胰腺损伤的早期诊断及恰当治疗。胰淀粉酶及脂肪酶升高在胰腺损伤诊断中并不可靠;螺旋CT增强扫描检查应作为胰腺损伤首选检查方法;轻度胰腺损伤多可非手术治愈,重型胰腺损伤合并腹膜炎表现需行剖腹探查并相应处理。     

57例小肠损伤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨小肠损伤的诊断与治疗方法。方法收集江苏省人民医院溧阳分院普外科2008—2017年收治的小肠损伤57例,其中男性50例,女性7例;年龄22~87岁,平均51岁。外伤性小肠损伤多见于中年男性,其中道路交通伤23例(44.23%),钝器伤10例(19.23%),坠落伤8例(15.38%),锐器伤6例(11.53%),重物砸伤5例(9.61%),其他不明原因5例(9.61%)。探查发现受伤部位位于空肠28例(49.12%),位于回肠29例(50.87%)。剖腹探查指征:腹腔穿刺抽出脓性液体或者不凝血,CT或X线发现腹腔游离气体,部分患者血流动力学不稳定,进行性加重的腹痛持续无缓解,出现腹膜刺激征,考虑空腔脏器或者实质性脏器受损。根据受损部位及受损程度选择小肠修补术46例(80.70%)和小肠部分切除+吻合术11例(19.30%)。结果 57例中共出现并发症10例。采用逐步Logistic回归,以预后为因变量,其他因素为自变量,结果显示失血量为术后并发症的影响因素。失血量越多,预后越差(OR值为8.625)。结论小肠损伤多见于交通事故、击打、坠落等暴力致伤因素。术后相关并发症可能与失血量有关,提示在处理小肠损伤时提高诊断成功率、缩短患者接受手术时间,可减少术后并发症的发生。     

Nonoperative management of traumatic splenic injuries: is there a role for proximal splenic artery embolization?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate our experience with transcatheter proximal (i.e., main) splenic artery embolization (TPSAE) in the nonsurgical management of patients with grade III-V splenic injuries, according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) guidelines, and patients with splenic injuries associated with CT evidence of active contrast extravasation or blush (or cases meeting both criteria). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of patients with traumatic splenic injuries admitted during a 52-month period were retrospectively reviewed for patient age and sex, mechanism of injury, injury severity score (ISS), RBC transfusion requirements, AAST splenic injury CT grade, presence of active contrast extravasation or blush on CT examination, and amount of hemoperitoneum on CT examination. Demographics, CT findings, transfusion requirements, and outcome were compared using the Student's t test or chi-square test in patients undergoing standard nonoperative management and nonoperative management TPSAE-that is, TPSAE followed by nonoperative management. RESULTS: Of the 79 identified patients with splenic trauma, 67 were managed nonoperatively. Thirty-seven patients (28 men, nine women; mean age, 40 years; mean ISS, 28.8) underwent nonoperative management TPSAE and 30 patients (27 men, three women; mean age, 37 years; mean ISS, 25.1) underwent nonoperative management. Age, sex, and ISS were not significantly different between the two groups. TPSAE was always technically feasible. Splenic injuries were significantly more severe in the nonoperative management TPSAE group than in the nonoperative management group with respect to the mean splenic injury AAST CT grade (3.7 vs 2, respectively; p < 0.0001), active contrast extravasation or blush (38% [14/37] vs 3% [1/30], respectively; p = 0.0005), and hemoperitoneum grade (1.6 vs 0.8, respectively; p = 0.0006). Secondary splenectomy rate was lower in the nonoperative management TPSAE group (2.7% [1/37] vs 10% [3/30]). No procedure-related complications were encountered during early and delayed clinical follow-up. CONCLUSION: TPSAE is a feasible and safe adjunct to observation in the nonoperative management of severe traumatic splenic injuries. The secondary splenectomy rate using nonoperative management TPSAE (2.7%) is among the lowest reported despite a selection of severe injuries.