罗哌卡因与利多卡因切口逐层浸润麻醉用于脊柱手术后镇痛效果比较

目的 比较罗哌卡因与利多卡因在脊柱手术后局部浸润麻醉的镇痛效果。方法 择期脊柱手术患者40例,按随机数字表法分为罗哌卡因组和利多卡因组各20例。罗哌卡因组手术结束缝皮前,于切口两侧逐层应用0.5%罗哌卡因40ml浸润麻醉,利多卡因组手术结束缝皮前,同法、同量应用利多卡因浸润麻醉。两组术后用静脉自控镇痛泵镇痛。观察两组术后不同时间的静息与活动疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),术后各时段自控镇痛(PCA)药液使用量及不良反应。结果 罗哌卡因组术后6、12小时的静息VAS评分,术后4、6、12小时的活动VAS评分均低于利多卡因组,术后4~6、7~1 2小时的P C A药液使用量少于利多卡因组,差异均有统计学意义。两组术后镇痛不良反应发生率相同。结论 罗哌卡因切口浸润用于脊柱手术后镇痛在术后4~12小时的效果优于利多卡因,4小时以内和12小时以上的镇痛效果并无明显优势。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因复合不同剂量舒芬太尼在硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因联合不同剂量舒芬太尼在硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的效果观察。方法选择我院自2012年1月~2015年1月ASAI~II级镇痛分娩初产妇150例,随机分为三组,各50例,分别给予0.15%罗哌卡因联合舒芬太尼0.5μg/m L(R1组)、0.1%罗哌卡因联合舒芬太尼0.4μg/m L(R2组)、0.1%罗哌卡因联合舒芬太尼0.3μg/m L(R3组)。各组分别经硬膜外注入0.15%、0.125%、0.1%罗哌卡因分别复合舒芬太尼0.5、0.4、0.3μg/m L混合液5m L作为试验剂量,观察10min无全脊麻、广泛阻滞及局麻药中毒等不良反应后,再于硬膜外管给药10m L作为镇痛首次剂量,观察15min确定效果良好后连接患者自控镇痛泵,设置泵入速度5m L/h。比较观察三组患者的生命体征、镇痛效能、运动阻滞程度以及对产程、顺产率、产妇出血量和新生儿Apgar评分的影响,下肢麻木感、瘙痒、恶心、呕吐等不良反应发生率。结果三组在镇痛30min和分娩后,HR、MAP以及VAS评分、第一产程及第二产程时间、新生儿在各时间点Apgar评分未见统计学差异(P0.05),但0.1%罗哌卡因联合0.3μg/m L舒芬太尼运动阻滞轻,下肢麻木感、瘙痒、恶心、呕吐等并发症发生率少,无痛分娩满意度评分高。结论 0.1%(极低浓度)罗哌卡因联合0.3μg/m L舒芬太尼在硬膜外自控分娩镇痛安全有效,运动阻滞少,不良反应少,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后自控硬膜镇痛的临床观察

目的:观察不同浓度的罗哌卡因用于术后患者硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)的临床效果.方法:选择下腹部手术患者120例,随机分成R1组、R2组和R3组,每组40例.术后给予PCEA,R1组镇痛药为罗哌卡因200 mg+枸橼酸芬太尼0.3～0.5 mg+氟哌利多2.5 mg,用生理盐水稀释至200 mL;R2组镇痛药为罗哌卡因250 mg+枸橼酸芬太尼0.3～0.5 mg+氟哌利多2.5mg,用生理盐水稀释至200 mL;R3组镇痛药为罗哌卡因300 mg+枸橼酸芬太尼0.3～0.5mg+氟哌利多2.5 mg,用生理盐水稀释至200 mL.分别于术后6、12、24、48 h随访并记录:(1)镇痛效果,采用VAS评估;(2)采用Bromage评分进行下肢运动阻滞程度评分;(3)观察不良反应.结果:镇痛效果比较,R1组VAS评分高于R2组和R3组,但3组组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).3组双下肢运动阻滞程度比较,R1组与R2组无统计学差异,R3组与R1组和R2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).3组不良反应观察比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:0.125%罗哌卡因更适宜下腹部手术术后PCEA.     

国产0.125%左旋布比卡因与0.2%罗哌卡因用于术后硬膜外镇痛效果比较

目的:研究0.125%左旋布比卡因行病人硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)临床效果,并于0.2%罗哌卡因比较。方法:选择40例择期下腹部手术患者,ASA～级,采用随机双盲法分为两组:左旋布比卡因组(L组,n=20)、罗哌卡因组(R组,n=20)。两组术后分别采用0.125%左旋布比卡因、0.2%罗哌卡因复合小剂量吗啡(0.005%)和地塞米松10mg行病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA),观察两组术后镇痛效果、运动阻滞程度和副作用的发生情况。结果:两组术后视觉模拟评分(VAS)、改良Bromage评分和病人自评镇痛效果满意度比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。两组不良反应发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:0.125%左旋布比卡因复合小剂量吗啡和地塞米松用于病人术后硬膜外自控镇痛可取得和罗派卡因同样的镇痛效果。     

地塞米松复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后镇痛

目的:探讨地塞米松和罗哌卡因配伍用于剖宫产术后持续硬膜外自控镇痛的效果。方法:将200例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级行子宫下段剖宫产的产妇,随机分为两组。所有产妇术毕均单次硬膜外腔注入负荷量5ml(含吗啡3 mg+甲氧氯普胺10mg+罗哌卡因15mg)。接泵维持剂量:I组(100例),0．2％罗哌卡因+地塞米松(0．2mg·ml-1)持续硬膜外给药,Ⅱ组(100例),0．2％罗哌卡因+芬太尼(2．5μg·ml-1)持续硬膜外给药(两组全部2ml·h-1),观察并记录48h内的镇痛效果及不良反应发生情况。结果:两组镇痛效果差异不显著,但I组不良反应明显减少。结论:在单次吗啡硬膜外推注作负荷量的情况下,地塞米松和罗哌卡因配伍持续硬膜外给药可获得良好的术后镇痛效果,不良反应少。     

硬膜外罗哌卡因复合曲马多用于剖宫产术后镇痛的效果评价

目的 比较不同浓度罗哌卡因复合曲马多用于剖宫产术后持续硬膜外镇痛效果和安全性。方法40例ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级行剖宫产术的初产妇,随机分为R0.1和R0.2两组,每组20例。R0.1组镇痛用药为0.1％罗哌卡因 4mg／ml曲马多 8mg恩丹西酮;R0.2组为0.2％罗哌卡因 4mg／ml曲马多 8mg恩丹西酮,用生理盐水稀释至50ml,采用一次性镇痛泵,术毕即予硬膜外腔给药,2ml·h-1。观察24小时内心率、血压、呼吸频率、静息疼痛评分(VAS)、镇静评分(SS)、运动阻滞评分(Bromage评分)的变化以及不良反应的发生率。结果 两组产妇24小时内静息时VAS评分、SS评分均无显著性差异(P>0.05),R0.2组用药30分钟~6小时内Bromage评分大于R0.1组(P<0.05),6小时后两组无显著性差异。R0.1组尿潴留、排气时间延长发生率明显低于R0.2组(P<0.05),恶心呕吐、瘙痒发生率组间无显著性差异。结论 0.1％罗哌卡因复合曲马多用于剖宫产术后硬膜外持续输注镇痛能够取得良好的镇痛效果,感觉-运动阻滞分离效果好,不良反应少。     

布托啡诺与芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛的效果分析

目的比较观察布托啡诺与芬太尼分别复合罗哌卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外自控镇痛效果及安全性。方法选择我院2012年1月-2012年12月住院的ASAI-II需行硬膜外自控镇痛的剖宫产患者136例,随机分为布托啡诺组(B组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组各68例。B组布托啡诺4mg+罗哌卡因200mg,F组芬太尼0.5mg+罗哌卡因200mg,均加生理盐水至100ml,标称流速2 ml/h,自控给液剂量0.5 ml,自控间隔时间15 min,比较术后镇痛效果和副作用。结果 B组在术后4 h、8h、12h、24h和48 h的视觉模拟评分(VAS)明显低于F组(P<0.05)。B组镇痛泵有效按压次数少于F组(P<0.05)。患者对PCEA满意度评估,B组总体镇痛效果优于F组(P<0.05)。两组术后48h以内嗜睡、头晕、恶心呕吐的发生率比较均无统计学差异。结论布托啡诺与芬太尼均是安全的镇痛剂,用于剖宫产患者术后硬膜外自控镇痛效果确切,不良反应少,且布托啡诺用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛效果优于芬太尼。     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛临床观察

目的观察0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/ml枸橼酸舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉对母婴的影响。方法选择足月单胎头位妊娠初产妇60例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,均自愿接受分娩镇痛,能自主使用自控镇痛泵,排除阴道分娩禁忌证及椎管阻滞禁忌证者。随机分为镇痛组和对照组,每组各30例。镇痛组予以0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/ml枸橼酸舒芬太尼混合液病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）＋背景输注（BI）,对照组产妇未行任何镇痛处理。记录、比较两组产妇的视觉模拟（VAS）评分、下肢运动神经阻滞程度、产程、产后2h内出血量、分娩方式、缩宫素使用情况和不良反应、新生儿Apgar评分。结果镇痛组VAS评分明显降低,其余指标两组间差异均无统计学意义。结论 0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/ml枸橼酸舒芬太尼病人自控硬膜外镇痛＋背景输注行分娩镇痛效果确切,对母婴影响小。     

0.125%罗哌卡因和0.1%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于经尿道前列腺电切术后硬膜外镇痛的效果比较

目的比较0.125%罗哌卡因和0.1%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于经尿道前列腺电切(TURP)术后硬膜外镇痛的效果和不良反应。方法选取择期行TURP术的患者56例,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ。随机分成罗哌卡因镇痛组(R组)和左旋布比卡因镇痛组(L组)。两组患者均行腰硬联合阻滞麻醉,术后连接硬膜外镇痛泵。R组配方为0.125%罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼0.3μg/mL;L组配方为0.1%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼0.3μg/mL。记录患者术前一般状况、术后各时点镇痛效果和运动阻滞评分。记录术后镇痛泵使用、患者恢复和不良反应发生情况并调查患者对镇痛的总体满意度。结果两组患者术后各时点VAS评分、改良Bromage评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组活动时VAS评分均高于同一时点安静时评分(P<0.05)。两组患者镇痛泵使用情况及术后静注吗啡例数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者镇痛期间不良反应发生、术后恢复和对镇痛的整体满意度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 TURP术后应用0.125%罗哌卡因或0.1%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼0.3μg/mL行硬膜外镇痛均能获得满意效果,无明显毒副作用。     

地佐辛复合低浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外自控分娩镇痛在无痛分娩中的应用

目的:观察地佐辛复合低浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外自控分娩镇痛在无痛分娩中应用的效果和安全性。方法:120例初产妇按随机数字表法均分为镇痛组和对照组。镇痛组产妇开放上肢静脉,当产妇宫口开至3 cm时,选择L2³硬膜外间隙穿刺并向头端置管4 cm,注入硬膜外腔1%利多卡因3 ml,观察5 min,如无全脊麻和药物中毒征象,则硬膜外腔注射镇痛液负荷量8 ml,镇痛液配方为0.1%罗哌卡因75 ml复合地佐辛5 mg,给药30 min后连接自控镇痛(PCA)泵,设定持续剂量4 ml/h,负荷剂量2 ml,锁定时间15 min。对照组产妇产程中均未给予任何镇痛措施。观察两组产妇疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),产程时间,产后出血量,新生儿1 min、5 minApgar评分,分娩方式,催产素使用情况及不良反应发生情况。结果:镇痛组产妇第一产程、第二产程VAS评分,第一产程时间,剖宫产率均显著低(短)于对照组,自然分娩率、催产素使用率均显著高于对照组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);第二、第三产程时间,产后出血量,新生儿1 min、5 minApgar评分,不良反应发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:地佐辛复合低浓度罗哌卡因硬膜外自控分娩镇痛安全、有效,可有效降低剖宫产率。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.