Eruption time of primary teeth in Iraqi children

Abstract The mean times and order of eruption of primary teeth were determined cross-sectionally from 1017 Iraqi nursery schoolchildren, ranging in age from 1 to 40 months. No statistical differences were found in the mean ages of eruption between corresponding right and left primary teeth in both sexes. The order of eruption for the maxilla and the mandible was the same in both sexes. In boys teeth erupted earlier than girls except for the maxillary central incisors and the mandible second molars.     

Australian longitudinal study of time and order of eruption of primary teeth

Abstract Timing and sequence of eruption of primary teeth were studied longitudinally in 164 healthy Australian children. Eruption of primary teeth typically began between 7 and 8 months and was completed by 28 months. Tooth eruption was not significantly related to growth rate or to psychomotor maturity. Comparison of the eruption ages in this study with those from longitudinal studies in other countries suggests that no real changes in these have occurred over 40 yr despite increased affluence in industrialised countries over that period.     

Mineralization defects of primary teeth in children born pre-term

abstract — Investigation of 82 2- to 3-year-old children born pre-term and 39 healthy full-term controls showed that enamel mineralization defects were significantly more common in the pre-term group than among the controls. Pre-term delivery per se does not seem to be the direct cause of enamel mineralization defects, but rather it seems that common complications such as asphyxia and/or hyperbilirubinemia explain the increased incidence in children born pre-term.     

Emergence of primary teeth and onset of dental stages in Icelandic children

Abstract This study was undertaken to elucidate the mean ages at emergence of primary teeth and at the onset of dental stages DS 01 and DS 02 in Icelandic children. The material comprised 927 children (498 boys and 429 girls) aged 0–83 months who were presented for regular examinations in two Health Centers and children in three kindergartens in Reykjavik. Comparison of the mean ages at emergence of primary teeth in Icelandic, Finnish, Swedish, US, and Hungarian children disclosed a significantly earlier emergence in the Icelandic children, except that in Finnish children it was similar.     

A dental caries severity index for primary teeth

Criteria for scoring the caries attack on each surface of an affected primary tooth are described. The score for each carious surface ranges from 1 to 3. The score per tooth is a sum of the surface scores. The caries severity index (csi) is the mean of the scores of all carious teeth in the population examined. Three groups of children aged 5-6.5 yr were examined. In Jerusalem, with a water fluoride concentration of 0.4 ppm, 54 children had a csi of 2.99 and a defs of 10.19. In a semirural African town, Soshanguva, with a 0.2 ppm fluoride concentration, 103 children had a csi of 3.10 and a defs of 5.75. In a nearby rural African area with a water fluoride concentration well above the optimum, 86 children had a csi of 1.93 and a defs of 1.99. Interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility of the csi were good. The csi expresses the severity of the caries attack on affected teeth and gives additional information to that of the def indices.     

Progression of proximal caries in primary teeth in relation to radiographic scoring codes

The posterior bitewing radiographs of 50 children from a Duraphat clinical trial were re-examined to compare the information provided on progression of caries of two scoring systems, that of Murray & Majid (1) and that of Pitts (2). Pitts' scoring system (Method 1), by recording the disease process at an earlier stage, and by avoiding the unnecessary loss of data, provided a more complete overall picture of the carious process than the scoring system used by Murray & Majid (Method 2). The progression rates were found to be significantly faster with Method 2 (P less than 0.05). With Method 1, a mean of 60% of enamel lesions per subject had remained confined to enamel 12 months later, the corresponding figure for Method 2 was 37%. Method 2, by excluding outer enamel lesions and overlapped surfaces, introduces biases which favour overestimating the proportion of lesions deemed to have progressed. The diagnostic criteria used by Murray & Majid lead to an overestimation of the rate of progression of caries in primary teeth.     

Dental caries indices for primary teeth: the need to comply with international recommendations

This paper illustrates inconsistent use of abbreviations in indices employed to assess caries prevalence and incidence in the primary dentition. Possible consequences of this practice are discussed and it is suggested that authors, editoris and referees for dental journals should accept and adhere to internationally agreed upon definitions of these indices. As long as there is disagreement on the use of the dmf and def indices these initials should be defined under "methods".     

The ultrastructure of black stain on human primary teeth

abstract — Primary teeth with typical black stain were obtained from 10 children and processed for electron microscopy. The deposit consisted of microorganisms in an intermicrobial matrix of varying density. The majority of the bacteria were Gram-positive cocci or rods. Calcification of the black stain was observed. The results indicate that this deposit is a special type of dental plaque. It differs from regular dental plaque in that Gram-positive rods constitute the majority of the bacterial population, and it resembles plaque in its ability to provide a matrix for calcification.     

同一个体乳牙列龋与恒牙列龋的相关性研究

目的：探讨同一个体乳牙龋与其年轻恒牙龋之间是否具有相关性，是否可以通过乳牙龋预见其恒牙龋的发生。方法：对293名5～6岁替牙期的儿童进行4年的跟踪调查，记录其在1999年和2003年时的乳、恒牙患龋情况，并进行统计学分析。结果：乳牙列龋与恒牙列龋之间相关性存在统计学意义。结论：乳牙列患龋严重的儿童，其恒牙患龋的可能性相对增高，可达乳牙列无龋者的4倍。特别是乳磨牙龋对其恒牙龋更具有预见价值。     

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乳牙易患龋,且进展快,对儿童口腔局部和机体都有不良影响。因乳牙终将被替换,乳牙龋病常被忽视,得不到及时治疗。为提高人们对乳牙龋病认识,沈阳市大东区牙病防治所在所辖区幼儿园和小学校进行儿童口腔保健知识宣教,并行乳牙龋病治疗,取得良好疗效。现报道如下。     

Caries increment in primary teeth after application of Duraphat® fluoride varnish

Abstract In order to evaluate the possible cariostatic effect of a fluoride varnish in the primary dentition, Duraphat® varnish was applied twice yearly for 2 years to the teeth of 195 3¹/₂-year-old children of both sexes attending nine preparatory schools in the Warsaw area. A control group of 127 children attending nine other preparatory schools was also examined. For each child a dmfs₁ index (including “caries without macroscopic defect”) and a dmfs₂ index (“caries without macroscopic defect” excluded) were determined as well as a dmft₁ and a dmft₂ index. After 2 years the difference between the test and the control groups regarding the mean dmfs₁ and dmft₂ index increments was 9.39% (P > 0.1) and 24.09% (P < 0.05) respectively. No significant differences were found, however, concerning the dmft₂ and dmfs₂ indices, the percentage children with new gingival caries, the number of teeth extracted on account of caries and the number of remaining teeth. A test group of 46 children treated with fluoride varnish in which a complete radiological examination could be carried out before and after the experimental period and which was treated with fluoride varnish was compared with a similar group of 27 children, which was not treated with fluoride varnish. The differences in caries increments were small, less than 15%, and were not significant. Taking into consideration the great variation between the schools it was concluded that the cariostatic effect of Duraphat application twice yearly in the primary dentition of these children was slight.     

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提要：本文对乳牙常用的牙髓治疗方法,如盖髓术、牙髓切断术、牙髓摘除术及根管治疗的研究进展和临床应用进行了全面的阐述,以期为专业工作者提供有益指导。     

Caries of primary teeth and regularity of dental check-ups

The study consisted of 1332 children representing 81% of a stratified random sample from the Finnish population born in 1970-72. Data on annual dental check-ups at the age of 2-5 years, caries at the age of 6-8 years, and social class were obtained by questionnaire from municipal dental clinics. Sixteen percent of the children had had regular (3-4) check-ups, 42% occasional (1-2) check-ups and 42% no dental check-ups. Proportion of children with no check-ups was somewhat higher in the highest than in the other social classes. Of the children having no reported check-ups, 27% were entirely caries free; 20% of those having occasional and 20% of hose having regular check-ups were caries free. The mean dmft values among patients with one or more dmf teeth was 5.5 in children with no reported check-ups, 6.0 and 5.8 in those with occasional or regular check-ups. The mean dt values were 2.9, 2.26 and 2.3, respectively. In cases with no history of check-ups, the mean ft value among patients with one or more dmf teeth was 2.8, with occasional check-ups, 3.6, and with regular check-ups, 3.9. Thus a negative correlation existed between number of annual dental check-ups and number of untreated caries lesions found in cross-sectional examination; a positive correlation existed between frequency of check-ups and fillings found cross-sectionally. No clear correlation existed between regularity of annual dental check-ups and past caries experience (dmft).     

Survival analysis of endodontically treated traumatized primary teeth

The present study aimed to verify the factors that interfere with the success of endodontic treatment of traumatized primary teeth as well as to determine the success level of the proposed treatment, through survival analysis. The research was conducted through the analysis of dental traumatism records and attached radiological exams of patients assisted by the Assistance Program for the Traumatized Patient at UFSC (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina). Fifty-one dental records of patients aged between 10 and 60 months were analyzed. These patients had their traumatized teeth endodontically treated (n = 51), according to the indications of the UFSC protocol. In order to evaluate possible interference factors affecting the success of the endodontic treatment, the following items were analyzed: age of the child at the beginning of the endodontic treatment (over or below 36 months), trauma type (mild or severe) pathological root resorption type (replacement or inflammatory), localization of the pathological root resorption (in the apical third or in the middle third), bone resorption (absent or present), alteration of the soft tissue (absent or present), condition of the pulp tissue (vitality or necrosis) and trauma recurrence (absent or present). Through the chi-squared test (chi(2) = 9.594, P < 0.05) and survival analysis, it was verified that trauma recurrence in the same tooth is a factor that interferes in the success of endodontic treatment. It was also observed, through survival analysis, that levels of success of endodontic treatments are stabilized in the 19th month. A period of 48 months of follow up was observed. It was also verified that most failures occurred between the 7th and 12th months counting from the beginning of the endodontic treatment. It was concluded that endodontic treatment of traumatized primary teeth, performed according to the UFSC protocol, enables the maintenance of the traumatized tooth in acceptable conditions in the buccal cavity up to its physiological resorption, and that trauma recurrence is a factor that leads to treatment failure.     

Submerging primary molars in Israeli rural children

Abstract Dental study casts of 1530 Israeli rural children aged 3–13 years, evenly represented by the sexes, were examined for submersion of their primary molars. 24.8% of the children had one or more of these teeth affected. Out of 8250 teeth at risk, 8.81 % were submerged to various degrees Over 50% of them were primary mandibular first molars, close to 26% were primary mandibular second molars. The number of affected teeth rose with age in both sexes. Sex differences were significant only at 5–7 years, when girls were more frequently affected. Children with one or two affected teeth predominated. The submerged teeth were predominantly located in one or in boil quadrants of the same arch. The degree of submersion became more severe with age.     

Enamel defects in primary and permanent teeth of children born prematurely

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of enamel defects in both primary and permanent dentitions of the same preterm children, and to elucidate the role of early dietary mineral and vitamin D intake in the etiology of the enamel defects. The status of the primary and permanent teeth was evaluated in 32 preterm children and in 64 control children. The prevalence of enamel defects in children born preterm was clearly higher as compared with controls in both the primary (78% vs 20%, P<0.001) and permanent (83% vs 36%, P<0.001) dentitions. Neither the mineral supplementation used nor a vitamin D dose of 1000 IU/day, as compared with a lower dose of 500 IU/day, reduced the prevalence of enamel defects in the primary or permanent dentitions. Further studies are needed to clarify whether achieving near optimum intra-uterine mineral retention would lower the prevalence of subsequent enamel defects in infants born prematurely.     

上海市789名5岁儿童乳牙患龋状况观察

目的评价1995-2005年上海市儿童乳牙患龋10年变化情况,为政府制订相关政策提供依据。方法采用多阶段、分层、等容量、整群抽样方法,按照2005年第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案和技术要求,对上海市789名5岁儿童的乳牙患龋率、龋均和龋失补构成比进行调查,并与1995年儿童的乳牙患龋情况进行比较。结果2005年上海市5岁儿童的乳牙患龋率、龋均、龋齿充填构成比分别是71.74%、4.17、7.70%,与1995年相比分别下降了6.54%、0.59、1.12%,其差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论上海市5岁儿童乳牙患龋率和龋均呈现下降趋势,儿童口腔健康状况有了明显改善,但是乳牙龋齿充填构成比的下降,提示对儿童口腔卫生防治服务应引起足够的重视。     

乳牙牙髓切断术在乳牙深龋治疗中的应用

乳牙牙髓切断术是指在乳牙牙髓感染仅局限于冠髓时,将感染的冠髓去除后,用盖髓材料覆盖牙髓断面,保留健康的根部牙髓,进而保存患牙牙髓活力的治疗方式。随着微创治疗理念的普及以及新型生物材料的问世,乳牙牙髓切断术的疗效被重新认识。本文就乳牙牙髓切断术的疗效与应用现状、适应证、牙髓断面的处理方式、影响成功率的因素等方面作一综述。     

Treatment of traumatized primary teeth: a conservative approach

This retrospective study examined some different types of treatment to primary teeth. The aim of this study was to assess the treatment of traumatized primary teeth and the importance of a long-term follow up. Brazilian children in the age group of 1-4 years from a baby clinic took part in the study. Three hundred and fifteen patients suffered some type of traumatic injury, a total of 338 affected teeth. Data were registered in specific records and submitted to statistic analysis. The most prevalent type of treatment was monitor only (85%) followed by tooth extraction and endodontic procedure. Invasive treatments were performed in case of severe traumas, usually 6 months after the injury. We verified that a careful follow up might be the preferential choice to the treatment of traumatic primary teeth even in some severe cases.     

Reliability of the Nyvad criteria for caries assessment in primary teeth

This study assessed the interexaminer and intra-examiner reliability of the Nyvad caries classification system in primary teeth and calculated the mean examination time. The criteria were based on visual and tactile examinations to differentiate active and inactive lesions at cavitated and non-cavitated levels. Eighty children (3-7 yr of age) were examined under standardized conditions by calibrated examiners. At the tooth surface level, reliability was expressed as percentage agreement and kappa coefficient, using four diagnostic thresholds: sound vs. diseased; sound or inactive lesion vs. active lesion; intact surface vs. surface discontinuity; and sound or non-cavitated lesion vs. cavitated lesion. Interexaminer and intra-examiner kappa values were, respectively: 0.82/0.86; 0.80/0.86; 0.90/0.94; and 0.95/0.98. At the individual level, reliability of estimates of the caries prevalence and of the decayed or filled surface (dfs) counts were assessed at three diagnostic thresholds: sound vs. diseased; sound or inactive lesion vs. active lesion; and sound or non-cavitated lesion vs. cavitated lesion. For caries prevalence, interexaminer and intra-examiner kappa values were, respectively: 0.84/0.94; 0.69/0.74; and 0.95/0.97. The mean examination time was 226.5s (SD = 128.5). The use of the Nyvad caries diagnostic criteria in primary teeth showed reliable results. The examination time was acceptable.