p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶对急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠低钙血症的影响

目的 探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号转导通路对急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠低钙血症和甲状旁腺激素受体1(PTHR1)表达的影响.方法 将雄性SD大鼠72只按完全随机法分为ANP组、SB203580干预(SB)组和假手术(SO)组,每组分3、6、12 h 3个时间点,每个时间点8只.以5%牛磺脱氧胆酸钠逆行胰胆管注射建立ANP模型,SB组在造模前30 min腹腔注射p38MAPK特异抑制剂SB203580 10 mg/kg体重.观察各组血清钙浓度,蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)分析骨组织磷酸化p38MAPK(P-p38 MAPK)和TNF-α变化,实时RT-PCR检测骨组织PTHR1 mRNA表达.结果 制模后6 h,SO组、ANP组和SB组血清钙浓度分别为(2.50±0.08)mmoL/L、(2.11±0.06)mmol/L和(2.35±0.10)mmol/L;骨组织P-p38 MAPK表达量分别为0.14±0.04、0.80±0.06和0.33±0.05;骨组织TNF-α表达量分别为0、0.91±0.04和0.44±0.03;骨组织PTHR1 mRNA表达量分别为1.00±0.12、0.23±0.04和0.44±0.06.SB组骨组织P-p38 MAPK及TNF-α表达较ANP组显著降低(P＜0.01);骨组织PTHR1 mRNA表达量及血清钙浓度较ANP组显著增加(P＜0.01).结论 p38MAPK信号转导通路可介导ANP低钙血症的发生,抑制该通路可改善ANP低钙血症.     

p38蛋白激酶抑制剂SB203580对重症胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38(p38MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对重症胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只,随机均分为3组:假手术组、重症胰腺炎组(模型组)、p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580+重症胰腺炎组(抑制剂组),12 h后取左肺下叶测组织湿/干重比,用Western印迹法检测右肺上叶环氧合酶(COX)-2、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)9、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)和磷酸化p38(p-p38)蛋白的表达,右肺下叶行病理学观察。结果与假手术组比较,模型组肺组织湿/干重比明显增加(P<0.05),肺组织p-p38、i NOS、MMP9、COX-2蛋白表达明显增高(P<0.05),与模型组比较,抑制剂组肺组织湿/干重比明显降低(P<0.05),p-p38、i NOS、MMP9、COX-2蛋白表达量明显(P<0.05)。结论 P38抑制剂SB203580通过减轻肺组织中p-p38、MMP9、i NOS和COX-2的表达,从而减轻肺组织的损伤。     

阿魏酸钠对MCAO大鼠缺血／再灌注损伤p38MAPK信号通路的影响

目的 探讨阿魏酸钠(SF)在抗大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤过程中对p38MAPK信号通路的影响.方法 采用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉(MCAO)建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型,大鼠于MCAO前1 h股静脉注射不同剂量SF100 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、20 mg/kg及p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580,观察各组脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠神经学评分,TUNEL法检测神经细胞的凋亡及Westernblot检测p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK蛋白表达.结果 假手术组无神经学改变,SF100 mg/kg、50 mg/kg及p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580组神经学评分明显低于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05),各用药组间无明显差异.SF100 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、20 mg/kg及p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580TUNEL阳性细胞率(%)均较缺血再灌注组明显下降.假手术组未见p-p38MAPK表达,缺血再灌注组p-p38MAPK显著增高,SF100 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、20 mg/kg对脑组织总p38MAPK表达影响不明显(P>0.05),主要下调p-p38MAPK表达.结论 阿魏酸钠对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用机制可能与抑制p38MAPK信号传导通路有关.     

SB203580对烟雾暴露的哮喘大鼠的影响

目的建立烟雾暴露的支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)大鼠模型,观察p38有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对其的治疗作用。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,即正常对照组、哮喘组、烟雾暴露的哮喘组及SB203580干预组。动物肺功能仪测定大鼠呼气阻力、吸气阻力及肺顺应性,观察肺组织病理学改变,通过ELISA检测大鼠肺组织中IL-4、IL-5和IL-8的表达。结果与烟雾暴露的哮喘组相比,SB203580干预组大鼠的气道阻力显著下降,肺顺应性显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);气道炎症明显减轻;肺组织中IL-4、IL-5和IL-8的含量显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580可以改善烟雾暴露的哮喘大鼠的气道炎症,减轻其支气管收缩反应。     

SB203580对烟雾暴露的哮喘大鼠的影响

目的 建立烟雾暴露的支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)大鼠模型,观察p38有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对其的治疗作用.方法 将Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,即正常对照组、哮喘组、烟雾暴露的哮喘组及SB203580干预组.动物肺功能仪测定大鼠呼气阻力、吸气阻力及肺顺应性,观察肺组织病理学改变,通过ELISA检测大鼠肺组织中IL-4、IL-5和IL-8的表达.结果 与烟雾暴露的哮喘组相比,SB203580干预组大鼠的气道阻力显著下降,肺顺应性显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);气道炎症明显减轻;肺组织中IL-4、IL-5和IL-8的含量显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05).结论 p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580可以改善烟雾暴露的哮喘大鼠的气道炎症,减轻其支气管收缩反应.     

p38MAPK信号通路的抑制减轻缺氧复氧环境下心肌细胞凋亡

目的研究p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路抑制剂对缺氧复氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法心肌细胞H9C2分为对照组(Con组)、缺氧复氧组(H/R组)、p38MAPK信号通路抑制剂SB203580组(SB203580组),Con组细胞正常培养,H/R组、SB203580组进行缺氧复氧处理,SB203580组细胞在缺氧前用p38MAPK信号通路抑制剂SB203580预处理24 h。噻唑蓝(MTT)检测细胞存活情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,二硝基苯肼显色法检测上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量,用硫代巴比妥酸比色法检测细胞中丙二醛(MDA)含量,用黄嘌呤氧化法检测细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,二氯二氢荧光素-乙酰乙酸酯(DCFH-DA)法检测细胞中活性氧(ROS)含量,Western blot检测细胞中p38MAPK、磷酸化p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)、活化的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(Cleaved Caspase-3)蛋白表达。结果 H/R组、SB203580组细胞存活率低于Con组,凋亡率高于Con组,细胞中MDA、ROS含量高于Con组,培养液上清中LDH高于Con组,细胞中SOD含量低于Con组,细胞中p-p38MAPK、Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平高于Con组。SB203580组细胞存活率高于H/R组,凋亡率低于H/R组,细胞中MDA、ROS含量低于H/R组,培养液上清中LDH低于H/R组,细胞中SOD含量高于H/R组,细胞中p-p38MAPK、Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平低于H/R组。结论 p38MAPK信号通路抑制剂能够减轻缺氧复氧环境下心肌细胞凋亡和氧化损伤。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶介导大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤信号传导的研究

目的:探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)在大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、单纯缺血组、缺血再灌注组、抑制剂组,每组6只.抑制剂组于术前30 min腹腔注射p38MAPK抑制剂SB 203580(5 mg/kg体重).采用夹闭冠状动脉30 min后再灌注2 h的方法建立大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤动物模型.采用逆转录多聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测p38MAPK信使核糖核酸(mRNA)表达,免疫组化法检测p-p38MAPK蛋白表达水平及心肌细胞凋亡率.结果:单纯缺血组与对照组比较,大鼠心肌组织中p-p38MAPK的蛋白含量增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),p38MAPK mRNA的表达及细胞凋亡率也增加,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).缺血再灌注组与对照组比较,心肌组织中p38MAPK mRNA及p-p38MAPK蛋白水平和心肌细胞凋亡均显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.01).与缺血再灌注组比较,抑制剂组大鼠心肌组织p38MAPK mRNA及p-p38MAPK蛋白水平及心肌细胞凋亡均降低,(P<0.05~0.001),差异均有统计学意义.结论:p38MAPK的激活主要发生于再灌注过程;p38MAPK的活化可使缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡增加;抑制p38MAPK的活化可以减少缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡,减轻缺血再灌注所致的大鼠心肌损伤.     

Hepatocyte cytoskeleton during ischemia and reperfusion--influence of ANP-mediated p38 MAPK activation

AIM: To determine functional consequences of this activation, whereby we focused on a potential regulation of the hepatocyte cytoskeleton during ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS: For in vivo experiments, animals received ANP (5 μg/kg) intravenously. In a different experimental setting, isolated rat livers were perfused with KH-buffer ±ANP (200 nmol/L)±SB203580 (2 μmol/L). Livers were then kept under ischemic conditions for 24 h, and either transplanted or reperfused. Actin, Hsp27, and phosphorylated Hap27 were determined by Western blotting, p38 MAPK activity by in vitro phosphorylation assay. F-actin distribution was determined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS: We first confirmed that ANP preconditioning leads to an activation of p38 MAPK and observed alterations of the cytoskeleton in hepatocytes of ANP-preconditioned organs. ANP induced an increase of hepatic F-actin after ischemia, which could be prevented by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 but had no effect on bile flow. After ischemia untreated livers showed a translocation of Hsp27 towards the cytoskeleton and an increase in total Hsp27, whereas ANP preconditioning prohibited translocation but caused an augmentation of Hsp27 phosphorylation. This effect is also mediated via p38 MAPK, since it was abrogated by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that ANP-mediated p38 MAPK activation leads to changes in hepatocyte cytoskeleton involving an elevation of phosphorylated Hsp27 and thereby for the first time shows functional consequences of ANP-induced hepatic p38 MAPK activation.     

氨基胍和泰能对急性坏死性胰腺炎肠道细菌易位的影响

目的 观察氨基胍和泰能对ANP大鼠肠道细菌易位的影响,探讨其防治胰腺感染的效果.方法 50只SD大鼠随机数字法分为对照组、ANP组、氨基胍组、泰能组和氨基胍+泰能组(联合组),各10只.采用胰腺实质均匀注射5%牛黄胆酸钠的方法制作ANP模型,氨基胍组于制模后30min腹腔注射氨基胍100 mg/kg体重;泰能组于制模后6 h腹腔注射泰能60 mg/kg体重;联合组注射2种药.制模后48 h处死大鼠,检测血清淀粉酶和D-乳酸、胰腺组织MPO水平,观察胰腺病理变化,采集胰腺、肝脏、血液、肠系膜淋巴结、腹水行细菌培养.结果 (1)氨基胍组和联合组血清淀粉酶分别为(1173.30±199.73)U/L、(1075.00±200.40)U/L,血清D-乳酸分别为(7.17±1.25)μg/ml、(6.98±1.06)μg/ml,胰腺MPO分别为(0.80±0.07)U/g湿片、(0.78±0.08)U/g湿片,细菌培养平均阳性率分别为20%、16%.较ANP组血清淀粉酶(2234.60±692.06)U/L、血清D-乳酸(12.41±1.78)μg/ml、胰腺MPO(1.59±0.20)U/g湿片、细菌培养平均阳性率60%均有显著改善(P＜0.05);(2)泰能组胰腺MPO为(0.80±0.06)U/g湿片、细菌培养平均阳性率为18%,也较ANP组显著改善(P＜0.05).但泰能组的血清淀粉酶和D-乳酸与ANP组比较无统计学差异;(3)ANP组胰腺实质有片状坏死、间质充血、大量白细胞浸润,而氨基胍组、泰能组、联合组胰腺组织无明显白细胞浸润.结论 氨基胍和泰能能减少ANP大鼠肠道细菌易位,减少SAP胰腺继发感染.     

早期阻断MCP-1对实验性急性坏死性胰腺炎的作用

目的 探讨趋化因子MCP-1对实验性急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)及其并发症的影响.方法 60只SD大鼠按数字表法分为假手术组、ANP组和MCP-1多抗干预组(干预组),各20只.采用3.5%牛黄胆酸钠制备ANP模型,干预组于制模后0、6 h皮下注射抗MCP-1多抗.观察血清淀粉酶、MCP-1、D-乳酸含量变化;观察胰腺、肺、小肠组织病理改变及MCP-1 mRNA的表达;检测胰腺MCP-1蛋白表达;检测肺、小肠髓过氧化酶(MPO)含量.结果 干预组12 h的血淀粉酶、MCP-1、D-乳酸含量分别为(4666±412)U/L、(39.53±8.25)pg/ml和(6.3±2.2)mg/L,均显著低于ANP组的(9611±363)U/L、(63.42±9.32)pg/ml和(9.3±2.1)mg/L(P值均<0.05);胰腺、肺、小肠组织MCP-1 mRNA表达量分别为0.431±0.009、0.211±0.018和0.442±0.017,均显著低于ANP组的0.624±0.010、0.523±0.019和0.569±0.024(P值均<0.05);胰腺MCP-1蛋白表达评分为2.0±0.1,显著低于ANP组的4.0±0.2(P<0.05);肺、小肠组织MPO含量分别为(11.1±3.0)U/g组织和(19.2±2.0)U/g组织,均与ANP组的(39.2±3.1)U/g组织和(13.1±2.1)U/g组织有显著差异(P值均<0.05).结论 早期阻断MCP-1不但可以减轻急性胰腺炎病理损伤,而且能减轻急性肺损伤和肠屏障的损伤程度.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.