胰腺癌细胞株中Elastase 3B基因启动子异常甲基化研究

目的 探讨Elastase 3B(ELA3B)基因在胰腺癌中低表达的分子机制.方法 应用RT-PCR方法检测2例正常胰腺组织和BxPC、CFPAC、PaTu8988、PANC1、SW1990 5株胰腺癌细胞株ELA3B基因表达.利用去甲基化试剂5-氮-2'-脱氧胞嘧啶(DAC)处理细胞株,再检测ELA3B基因表达,并用甲基化特异性PCR检测和测序进行验证.结果 ELA3B在正常胰腺组织中表达,而在BxPC、CFPAC、PaTu8988、PANC1和SW1990 5株胰腺癌细胞株中均无表达.DAC处理后,BxPC、PaTu8988、PANC1和SW1990 4株胰腺癌细胞株表达ELA3B,而CFPAC仍不表达.正常胰腺组织和PANC1 ELA3B基因部分甲基化,而其他4株胰腺癌细胞株则高甲基化.结论 ELA3B基因启动子的高甲基化是导致该基因在胰腺癌中表达下降的主要原因之一.     

胰腺癌细胞株中Elastase 3B基因启动子异常甲基化研究

目的探讨Elastase 3B（ELA3B）基因在胰腺癌中低表达的分子机制。方法应用RT-PCR方法检测2例正常胰腺组织和BxPC、CFPAC、PaTu8988、PANC1、SW1990 5株胰腺癌细胞株ELA3B基因表达。利用去甲基化试剂5-氮-2′-脱氧胞嘧啶（DAC）处理细胞株,再检测ELA3B基因表达,并用甲基化特异性PCR检测和测序进行验证。结果ELA3B在正常胰腺组织中表达,而在BxPC、CFPAC、PaTu8988、PANC1和SW1990 5株胰腺癌细胞株中均无表达。DAC处理后,BxPC、PaTu8988、PANC1和SW1990 4株胰腺癌细胞株表达ELA3B,而CFPAC仍不表达。正常胰腺组织和PANC1 ELA3B基因部分甲基化,而其他4株胰腺癌细胞株则高甲基化。结论ELA3B基因启动子的高甲基化是导致该基因在胰腺癌中表达下降的主要原因之一。     

胰腺癌细胞株HOXA7基因表达及其启动子区甲基化状态

目的 检测HOXA7 mRNA在胰腺癌细胞株中的表达及其启动子区的甲基化状态,探讨两者的相关性.方法 采用RT-PCR法检测人胰腺癌细胞株BxPC3、CFPAC1、PANC1和SW1990细胞的HOXA7 mRNA的表达水平.采用重亚硫酸盐测序PCR(bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP)和结合重亚硫酸盐的限制性内切酶法(combined bisulfite restriction analysis,COBRA)检测启动子区域甲基化状态.应用去甲基化药物5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-aza-2-deoxycytidine,5-aza-dC)处理各细胞株,检测处理前后细胞HOXA7 mRNA表达和甲基化状态的变化.结果 胰腺癌细胞株BxPC3、CFPAC1和SW1990细胞均表达HOXA7 mRNA,而PANC1细胞不表达HOXA7 mRNA.CFPAC1、BxPC3、PANC1和SW1990中HOXA7启动子甲基化率分别为93.16%、90.65%、90.09%、52.30%,SW1990细胞的HOXA7甲基化率较其他三株细胞均明显降低(P值均＜0.01).经5-aza-dC处理后,PANC1细胞的HOXA7 mRNA重新表达,BxPC3的HOXA7 mRNA表达增强;而CFPAC1和SW1990细胞的HOXA7 mRNA在5-aza-dC处理前后无明显变化.结论 胰腺癌细胞株BxPC3和PANC1细胞的HOXA7mRNA表达与启动子区甲基化状态密切相关,而CFPAC 1和SW1990细胞两者无明显相关性.     

胰腺癌细胞株原钙黏附蛋白8基因的甲基化状态

目的 分析原钙黏附蛋白8(protocadherin 8,PCDH8)基因在胰腺癌细胞株的甲基化状态.方法 抽提6株胰腺癌细胞株PANC1、ASPC1、BxPC3、CFPAC、PaTu8988、SW1990和2例正常胰腺组织的总RNA,以甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)法检测PCDH8甲基化情况.应用DNA甲基化转移酶(DNMT)抑制剂5-氮杂2'-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza-dC)处理6株胰腺癌细胞株,采用实时定量PCR法检测处理前后细胞的PCDH8 mRNA表达.结果 2例正常胰腺组织PCDH8基因未发生甲基化,PANC1、BxPC3、CFPAC胰腺癌细胞株PCDH8基因部分甲基化,而PaTu8988、ASPC1、SW1990细胞完全甲基化.PCDH8mRNA在PANC1、SW1990、PaTu8988胰腺癌细胞株中有表达,表达的相对值(RQ)分别为1.576±0.648、0.013±0.008、0.002±0.001;BxPC3、CFPAC、ASPC1细胞株无PCDH8 mRNA表达.5-Aza-dC处理后,胰腺癌细胞株PANC1、ASPC1、BxPC3、CFPAC、PaTu8988、SW1990均有PCDH8 mRNA表达,表达量较处理前明显升高,相对表达量分别为7.463±2.628、10.696±1.539、7.852±2.762、421.815±1.493、118.595±4.089、6.690±1.884.结论 PCDH8基因启动子高甲基化是导致该基因在胰腺癌细胞株表达下降的主要原因之一.     

五株胰腺癌细胞株的 PTCH 和 SMO mRNA 表达

目的 研究胰腺癌细胞株SW1990、PaTu8988s、PANC-1、BxPC3、CFPAC中PTCH和SMO mRNA表达及相关关系.方法 用RT-PCR法测定5株胰腺癌细胞株和正常胰腺组织的PTCH和 SMO mRNA表达.结果 正常胰腺组织无PTCH和SMO mRNA表达;胰腺癌细胞株SW1990、PaTu8988s、PANC-1、BxPC3有PTCH mRNA的表达;胰腺癌细胞株PaTu8988s、PANC-1、BxPC3有SMO mRNA表达,而SW1990无SMO mRNA表达;胰腺癌细胞株CFPAC无PTCH及SMO mRNA表达.结论 正常胰腺组织无PTCH和 SMO mRNA表达;胰腺癌细胞株PTCH和SMO mRNA表达有差异,这可能与其生物学特性不同有关.     

胰腺癌细胞系BxPC3及胰腺癌组织Ras相关区域家族1A启动子CpG岛的甲基化状态

目的 检测Ras相关区域家族1A(Ras association domain family 1A,RASSF1A)在胰腺癌细胞株BxPC3及胰腺癌组织中的甲基化状态,探讨其启动子异常甲基化在胰腺癌发病机制中的可能作用.方法 采用结合重亚硫酸盐的限制性内切酶法(combined bisulfite restriction analysis,COBRA)检测胰腺癌细胞株BxPC3、5例正常胰腺组织、13对胰腺癌及相应癌旁正常胰腺组织中RASSF1A启动子CpG岛的甲基化状态,计算其甲基化率.以甲基化酶抑制剂5-Aza-dC(5-Aza-2-deoxycitydine)处理BxPC3,观察处理前后甲基化率变化情况及RASSF1A mRNA表达变化.结果 在BxPC3细胞株中,RASSF1A启动子的CpG岛甲基化率为62.90%;正常胰腺、癌旁及癌组织中平均分别为9.14%、53.79%和55.82%.与正常胰腺组织相比,胰腺癌旁及癌组织的RASSF1A启动子甲基化率明显增高(P值<0.01),而癌旁及癌组织之间无明显差异(P>0.05).BxPC3经5-Aza-dC处理后,RASSF1A的CpG岛甲基化率显著下降至42.50%(P<0.05),同时RASSF1A mRNA表达增强.结论 RASSF1A启动子CpG岛异常甲基化是胰腺癌发生发展中的早期事件,可能参与胰腺癌的发病过程.     

五株胰腺癌细胞株的PTCH和SMO mRNA表达

目的 研究胰腺癌细胞株SW1990、PaTu8988s、PANC-1、BxPC3、CFPAC中PTCH和SMOmRNA表达及相关关系。方法用 RT—PCR法测定5株胰腺癌细胞株和正常胰腺组织的PTCH和SMOmRNA表达。结果 正常胰腺组织无PTCH和SMOmRNA表达；胰腺癌细胞株SW1990、PaTu8988s、PANC-1、BxPC3有PTCHmRNA的表达；胰腺癌细胞株PaTu8988s、PANC-1、BxPC3有SMOmRNA表达，而SW1990无SMOmRNA表达；胰腺癌细胞株CFPAC无PTCH及SMOmRNA表达。结论 正常胰腺组织无PTCH和SMOmRNA表达；胰腺癌细胞株PTCH和SMOmRNA表达有差异，这可能与其生物学特性不同有关。     

DNA甲基转移酶3b和microRNA-29b在胰腺癌细胞株中的表达及其相关性

目的 明确胰腺癌细胞株甲基转移酶( DNMT)3b和microRNA-29b(miR-29b)的表达,分析两者的相关性.方法 应用实时定量PCR法检测人胰腺癌细胞株PANC1、BxPC3、CFPAC、AsPC-1、Capan-2的DNMT3b mRNA和miR-29b表达.采用Pearson直线相关分析法分析两者表达量的相关性.结果 PANC1、BxPC3、CFPAC、AsPC-1、Capan-2的DNMT3b mRNA相对表达量分别为0.497±0.184、0.420±0.168、0.439±0.217、0.122 ±0.111和0.731±0.387;miR-29b的相对表达量分别为0.745±0.596、0.464±0.430、0.797±1.000、1.836±1.623和0.216 ±0.335,DNMT3b mRNA的表达量和miR-29b的表达量呈负相关关系(r=-0.922,P=0.026).结论 DNMT3b和miR-29b均参与了胰腺癌的发生发展,两者呈负相关关系.     

MUC2基因甲基化在胰腺癌细胞株、胰腺癌患者外周血中的检测及意义

目的 检测MUC2基因在胰腺癌细胞株、胰腺癌患者外周血中的甲基化情况,探讨MUC2基因甲基化对胰腺癌早期诊断的价值.方法 收集长海医院消化内科实验室保存的人胰腺癌细胞系SW1990、ASPC、PANC1、BxPC3、PaTu8988、CFPAC1及40例胰腺癌、15例慢性胰腺炎患者和25例正常对照者外周血标本,应用甲基化敏感性限制性内切酶(methylation-sensitive restriction endonuelease,MS-RE)为基础的PCR法检测MUC2基因甲基化.结果 人胰腺癌细胞系PANC1、BxPC3、PaTu8988未发生MUC2基因甲基化;ASPC、CFPAC1、SW1990胰腺癌细胞系发生MUC2基因甲基化.外周血标本中,40例胰腺癌标本甲基化率为40.0%(16例),15例慢性胰腺炎无甲基化,25例正常对照甲基化率4.0%(1例).胰腺癌与慢性胰腺炎、正常对照之间的甲基化率有显著差异(P＜0.01).外周血标本MUC2基因启动子CpG岛甲基化检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感性为40%、特异性为97.5%、诊断准确性68.8%、阳性预测值94.1%、阴性预测值61.9%.结论 用甲基化限制性酶切PCR法对外周血进行MUC2基因启动子区高甲基化检测可望成为新的胰腺癌诊断的重要实验室辅助手段.     

三种胰腺癌细胞株Mesothelin的表达及成瘤速度的比较

目的 比较3种人胰腺癌细胞株在体外和裸鼠体内Mesothelin的表达及裸鼠皮下种植瘤生长速度的差异.方法 培养人胰腺癌细胞株SW1990、BxPC3、PANC1,取对数生长期分别注射于裸鼠左腋窝皮下,每周测量裸鼠皮下种植瘤的长、短径,计算体积,SW1990、BxPC3组裸鼠观察3周,PANC1组裸鼠观察5周;用蛋白质印迹法分别检测3种细胞及裸鼠皮下种植瘤组织中的Mesothelin表达,用免疫组化染色检测3种裸鼠皮下种植瘤组织中Mesothelin表达.结果 人胰腺癌细胞株体外Mesothelin表达的强弱顺序是BxPC3＞ PANC1＞ SW1990,体内种植瘤组织表达的强弱顺序是SW1990＞ BxPC3＞ PANC1.3种人胰腺癌细胞种植于裸鼠皮下的成瘤率均为100％,各组肿瘤的生长速度顺序为SW1990＞ BxPC3＞ PANC1.结论 不同人胰腺癌细胞株Mesothelin的表达量不同,裸鼠皮下种植瘤的生长速度亦不同,两者无相关性.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.