成批大面积瓦斯烧伤21例临床护理

目的:探讨成批大面积瓦斯烧伤患者的护理特点.方法:对21例大面积瓦斯烧伤患者采取综合治疗护理措施,观察患者创面愈合情况,积极预防和控制感染,合理控制饮食,并做好心理护理.结果:患者创面愈合良好,感染率明显降低,除1例因瘢痕挛缩需整形治疗而转院外,其余均治愈.结论:良好的综合治疗和护理措施是救治成批大面积瓦斯烧伤患者成功的关键.     

成批烧冲复合伤的早期抢救

目的探讨成批特重烧冲复合伤早期救治和转运分流的组织实施经验。方法总结和分析抢救一批16例特重烧冲复合伤伤员临床资料和转运分流的组织管理做法。结果本组伤员中1例伤后5d死于重度肺爆震伤,1例伤后20d因全身多脏器功能衰竭死亡,其余14例生命征平稳,恢复顺利,烧伤创面愈合良好。伤员抢救的组织实施严密,后勤保障及时有力,转运分流过程安全顺利。结论在严密临床观察基础上进行个体化补液,早期气管切开,选择合适的机械通气模式,重视改善通气换气功能是早期治疗特重烧冲复合伤的有效方法。制定有针对性的应急抢救预案,有力的后勤保障,及时分流转运伤员有助于提高成批伤员的救治成功率。     

成批大面积瓦斯烧伤21例临床护理

目的：探讨成批大面积瓦斯烧伤患者的护理特点。方法：对21例大面积瓦斯烧伤患者采取综合治疗护理措施，观察患者创面愈合情况，积极预防和控制感染，合理控制饮食，并做好心理护理。结果：患者创面愈合良好，感染率明显降低，除1例因瘢痕挛缩需整形治疗而转院外，其余均治愈。结论：良好的综合治疗和护理措施是救治成批大面积瓦斯烧伤患者成功的关键.     

综合治疗手段进步促进烧伤创面愈合——近20年大面积烧伤治疗结果回顾

有效控制并发症的发生 ,缩短创面愈合时间一直是烧伤工作者追求的两大目标。近 10年来 ,我们在积极防治并发症提高生存率的同时 ,注重了创面局部处理措施的改进 ,将国内外最新的创面修复观念和技术应用于临床治疗 ,使大面积烧伤患者创面愈合时间明显提前。减轻了患者痛苦和家庭负担。1　病例与方法1.1　一般资料 :1970年 1月～ 1999年12月我科治愈了大面积〔>30 %全身体表面积 (TBSA)〕烧伤患者 6 5 7例。其中男 5 42例 ,女 115例 ;年龄 14～ 5 5岁 ,平均 (2 4± 12 )岁 ;烧伤面积 30 %～ 10 0 % ,平均 (5 6 .2± 2 8.5 ) % TBSA。以 19…     

成批烧伤病人的救治体会

目的 总结成批烧伤病人的救治经验。方法 对1986～2001年16批共109例成批烧伤病人。从伤员的分类及转运、休克的处理、复合伤的诊治、抗感染早期手术等几个方面的体会。结果 16批109例病人中治愈103例，治愈率达94．5％。结论 只要组织得力，安排合理，治疗及时，成批烧伤病人的救治会收到好的效果。     

大面积烧伤的治疗(《烧伤讲座》第三讲)

面积烧伤都是危重或较严重的烧伤。治疗应抓住三个主要环节,即抗休克、抗感染和处理创面。这三方面相互联系、相互影响,现分别介绍如下: 一、烧伤休克问题 (一)烧伤休克的主要原因: 大面积烧伤伤员在伤后2～3天内,都可能出现休克,这段时间称为休克期。烧伤后,由于热力刺激等因素的影响,小     

烧伤伤员的体位

烧伤,尤其是大面积深度烧伤伤员,常常必须采取合理体位和经常变动体位。其主要目的是使伤员舒适不疲乏,减轻疼痛;使创面充分暴露,不长时受压,以防创面感染,促进创面愈合,也便于创面观察和处理;又能预防因长期卧床而发生的褥疮和肺内感染等并发症。一、烧伤伤员的一般体位一般伤员要根据烧伤创面部位不同而采取不同体位。身体腹侧烧伤,如额面、胸腹和四肢前侧,创面位居体前。卧床时伤员可平仰位或左右侧卧位,常是平仰与侧卧结合,根据需要交替轮换,翻身活动。而背侧烧伤,如肩背腰臂和四肢后侧,创面位于体后,卧床时伤员应俯卧位,头偏向一侧或左右侧卧,往往是俯卧与侧卧结合,也按需要交换     

成批重度烧伤患者的急救护理管理

成批烧伤是指一次接收患者在10例以上或严重烧伤超过5例者[1],具有伤员多、病情重、任务重,人力、物力需求量大等特点,早期抢救的及时准确,为提高治愈率提供了条件.……     

浸浴疗法与表皮细胞生长因子在大面积深度烧伤修复期的应用

目的:观察浸浴疗法与重组人表皮细胞生长因子(rhEGF)在大面积深度烧伤修复期对残余创面的愈合及功能康复的影响。方法:127例病人随机分为二组,试验组66例应用浸浴疗法及rhEGF,外加皮维碘软膏(PVP-I)处理残余创面,对照组61例单用皮维碘软膏,比较二组创面总有效率、创面细菌清除率、创面愈合时间和肢体功能恢复情况。结果:试验组的创面总有效率和创面细菌清除率分别为91.7%和89.1%,明显高于对照组的64.3%(P<0.01)和57.5%(P<0.01);创面愈合时间试验组为(16.32±3.14)天,明显短于对照组的(23.25±4.56)天(P<0.01);愈合后肢体的功能康复,试验组也明显优于对照组。结论:浸浴疗法配合重组人表皮细胞生长因子能明显加快烧伤残余创面的愈合,同时有利于肢体功能的康复。     

提高成批烧伤救治成功率的临床研究

目的　探讨进一步提高成批烧伤临床救治水平的措施和方法。方法　按不同时期治疗措施的不同 ,将 16批12 3例烧伤病人分成 1990 - 0 1～ 1992 - 12 (第一阶段 )和 1995 - 0 1～ 2 0 0 1- 12 (第二阶段 )两个阶段 ,进行比较分析。第二阶段重视院前急救与入院后早期处理 ,包括 :早期综合复苏与内脏器官功能保护、早期胃肠营养、早期切 (削 )痂、早期应用广谱抗生素、早期气管切开等。结果　第二阶段的休克纠正时间、创面愈合时间缩短 ,治愈率明显提高 ,MODS、休克、脓毒症、应激性溃疡出血等并发症的发生率下降 (P <0 0 1～ 0 0 5 )。结论　对成批烧伤病人实施院前急救与入院早期处理可明显提高成批烧伤病人的救治成功率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.