气囊辅助内镜技术诊治消化道复杂手术后胰胆疾病的初步探索

目的 探索消化道复杂手术后胰胆系统疾病内镜诊治的方法.方法 回顾性总结4例复杂消化道手术(2例Roux-en-Y术、2例Whipple术)后进行气囊辅助内镜检查的患者资料,其中1例患者为单纯双气囊小肠镜探查手术后胆肠吻合口,3例为气囊辅助内镜检查结合ERCP技术.结果 1例患者成功实施治疗性ERCP,其余3例患者明确了诊断.4例患者术后均无明显出血、穿孔等操作相关并发症.结论 气囊辅助内镜检查法结合ERCP技术是消化道复杂手术后胰胆疾病重要的诊治手段.     

Comparison between double-balloon and single-balloon enteroscopy in therapeutic ERC after Roux-en-Y entero-enteric anastomosis

AIM: To compare the efficacy of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE) in therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in patients with Roux-en-Y entero-enteric anastomosis.METHODS: Retrospective analysis of our patient cohort revealed 4 patients with enterobiliary anastomosis and Roux-en-Y entero-enteric anastomosis who underwent repeated ERC with DBE and SBE because of recurrent cholangitis.RESULTS: A total of 38 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures were performed in 25 patients with Roux-en-Y entero-enteric anastomosis. DBE was used in 29 procedures and SBE in 9. The 4 patients who underwent repeated ERC with DBE and SBE suffered from recurrent cholangitis due to stenosis of the enterobiliary anastomosis. ERC was performed repeatedly to achieve balloon dilation with/without biliary stone extraction and multiple stent placement at the level of the enterobiliary anastomosis. In all 4 patients DBE and SBE were equally successful. Compared to DBE, SBE was equally effective in passing the Roux-en-Y entero-enteric anastomosis, reaching the enterobiliary anastomosis and performing therapeutic ERC.CONCLUSION: This retrospective comparison shows that DBE and SBE are equally successful in the performance of therapeutic ERC at the level of the enterobiliary anastomosis after Roux-en-Y entero-enteric anastomosis.     

Update in enteroscopy: New devices and new indications

The present review provides an update of the currently available (proto‐) types of device‐assisted enteroscopy (DAE). In recent years, newly designed double‐ and single‐balloon enteroscopes have emerged. They aim to improve insertion depth into the small bowel, and they also allow more efficient endoscopic interventions. Nowadays, almost all conventional endoscopic procedures are feasible using DAE, opening the door to new indications. Recently, more data have become available on pediatric DAE, DAE‐assisted colonoscopy, and DAE in patients with altered anatomy, including DAE‐assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and direct cholangioscopy. Although new enteroscopes are being developed, few comparative studies are available in order to define which DAE suits best for each indication. It is the duty of the international endoscopy community to set up clinical research projects to provide answers to these open questions.     

Clinical comparison of TAC anesthetic solutions with and without cocaine

Two preparations of a topical anesthetic solution were compared with regard to their relative effectiveness, the incidence of side effects, and the occurrence of wound infection. Solution A contained tetracaine 0.5%, adrenalin 1:2,000, and cocaine 11.8%; solution B contained the same amounts of tetracaine and adrenalin but no cocaine. Children less than 10 years old who presented with facial or scalp lacerations were randomized into the A and B groups. Solution A was significantly more effective (P = .01) in producing adequate anesthesia; 8.9% of these patients required supplemental xylocaine injection, compared with 27.5% of B patients. Clinical evidence of wound infection, manifested by erythema at the time of suture removal, occurred in 7% of group A patients; none of the group B patients showed these signs. Drowsiness or excitability following the use of solutions A and B occurred in 10.7% and 7.8%, respectively. There was no convincing evidence, however, that these were causally related, nor was there any statistical correlation. Because of the effectiveness of cocaine-based topical anesthetics in the pediatric population and the relatively low incidence of side effects, including wound infection, it is recommended that topical anesthesia for dermal laceration repair be considered as an alternative to injectable xylocaine.     

Direct cholangioscopy combined with double-balloon enteroscope-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Double-balloon enteroscope (DBE)-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an effective endoscopic approach for pancreatobiliary disorders in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy. Endoscopic interventions via DBE in these postoperative settings remain difficult because of the lack of an elevator and the use of extra-long ERCP accessories. Here, we report the usefulness of direct cholangioscopy with an ultra-slim gastroscope during DBE-assisted ERCP. Three patients with choledocholithiasis in postoperative settings (two patients after Billroth II gastrojejunostomy and one patient after Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy) were treated. DBE was used to gain access to the papilla under carbon dioxide insufflation, and endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed with a conventional sphincterotome. For direct cholangioscopy, the enteroscope was exchanged for an ultra-slim gastroscope through an incision in the overtube, which was inserted directly into the bile duct. Direct cholangioscopy was used to extract retained bile duct stones in two cases and to confirm the complete clearance of stones in one case. Bile duct stones were eliminated with a 5-Fr basket catheter under direct visual control. No adverse events were noted in any of the three cases. Direct cholangioscopy with an ultra-slim gastroscope facilitates subsequent treatment within the bile duct. This procedure represents another potential option during DBE-assisted ERCP.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术镇静/麻醉的临床研究进展

为了改善行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)患者的舒适度、满意度与安全性,麻醉在ERCP术中起到至关重要的作用。本文对镇静/麻醉下行ERCP的术前评估、术中监测以及麻醉方法等进行了综述。     

静注依托咪酯无痛纤维支气管镜的临床应用

目的评价依托咪酯脂肪注射液静脉麻醉用于无痛纤维支气管镜检查的效果及耐受性。方法选择92例纤维支气管镜患者,观察患者检查前、检查中及完全清醒后的Bp、R、HR、SaO2,记录给药至完全清醒的时间。结果所有患者血压、血氧饱和度呈下降,检查结束后3～8min清醒。结论依托咪酯脂肪乳注射液麻醉镇静效果好,无痛苦、安全,值得推广。     

肠镜下高频电治疗结肠息肉（附286例临床分析）

目的 探讨肠镜下高频电治疗结肠息肉的疗效、安全性及治疗方法评价。方法 对息肉的蒂部情况、大小、所在部位、形态综合考虑而采取恰当的肠镜下息肉切除方法。结果 治疗结肠息肉286例，切除362个息肉，均全部切除，无严重并发症。结论 充分的术前准备、恰当选择息肉切除的方法，对确保切除成功及防治出血、穿孔等并发症有重要意义。     

'Short' double-balloon enteroscope endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with a surgically altered upper gastrointestinal tract

BACKGROUND:

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains a challenge for endoscopists in patients with surgically altered anatomy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Double-balloon enteroscopes (DBEs) have revolutionized the ability to access the small bowel. The indication for its therapeutic use is expanding to include ERCP for patients who have undergone small bowel reconstruction. Most of the published experiences in DBE-assisted ERCP have used conventional double-balloon enteroscopes that are 200 cm in length, which do not permit use of the standard ERCP accessories. The authors report their experience with DBE-assisted ERCP using a ‘short’ DBE in patients with surgically altered anatomy.

METHODS:

A retrospective review of patients with previous small bowel reconstruction who underwent ERCP with a ‘short’ DBE at the Centre for Therapeutic Endoscopy and Endoscopic Oncology (Toronto, Ontario) between February 2007 and November 2008 was performed.

RESULTS:

A total of 20 patients (10 men) with a mean age of 57.9 years (range 26 to 85 years) underwent 29 sessions of ERCP with a DBE. Six patients underwent Billroth II gastroenterostomy, seven patients Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, five patients Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, one patient Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy and one patient a Whipple’s operation with choledochojejunostomy. Some patients (n=12 [60%]) underwent previous attempts at ERCP in which the papilla of Vater or bilioenteric anastomosis could not be reached with either a duodenoscope or pediatric colonoscope. All procedures were performed with a commercially available DBE (working length 152 cm, distal end diameter 9.4 mm, channel diameter 2.8 mm). The procedures were performed under conscious sedation with intravenous midazolam, fentanyl and diazepam, except in one patient in whom general anesthesia was administered. Either the papilla of Vater or bilioenteric anastomosis was reached in 25 of 29 cases (86.2%) in a mean duration of 20.8 min (range 5 min to 82 min). Bile duct cannulation was successful in 24 of 25 cases in which the papilla or bilioenteric anastomosis was reached. Therapeutic interventions were successful in 15 patients (24 procedures) including sphincterotomy (n=7), stone extraction (n=9), biliary dilation (n=8), stent placement (n=9) and stent removal (n=8). The mean total duration of the procedures was 70.7 min (range 30 min to 117 min). There were no procedure-related complications.

CONCLUSION:

DBEs enable successful diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP in patients with a surgically altered anatomy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It is a safe, feasible and less invasive therapeutic option in this group of patients. Standard ‘long’ DBEs have limitations of long working length and the need for modified ERCP accessories. ‘Short’ DBEs are equally as effective in reaching the target limb as standard ‘long’ DBEs, and overcomes some limitations of long DBEs to result in high success rates for endoscopic therapy.     

麻醉肠镜在老年患者大肠息肉黏膜切除术中的应用

目的探讨麻醉肠镜在老年患者大肠息肉行黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)中的临床应用价值。方法将306例肠镜下发现大肠息肉的老年患者随机分为两组:麻醉肠镜组(156例);使用异丙酚和芬太尼行静脉麻醉;普通肠镜组(150例):仅给予肠道准备。观察两组患者EMR术前、中、后的血压[包括舒张压(SBP)、收缩压(DBP)]、心率(HR)、末梢血氧饱和度(Sp O2)和两组患者术中反应、并发症、手术操作时间及患者满意度。结果术中麻醉肠镜组SBP、DBP、HR均明显低于普通肠镜组(P均0.05),Sp O2无显著差异(P0.05);术前及术后两组患者SBP、DBP、HR、Sp O2均无显著性差异(P均0.05)。麻醉肠镜组患者满意度高。麻醉组手术操作时间(18.1±6.3)min,普通组(24.4±8.5)min,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论麻醉肠镜下对老年患者大肠息肉行EMR能够缩短操作时间,提高成功率,提高患者满意度,是一种治疗老年患者大肠息肉的简单、安全、有效的方法。     

A combination therapy of ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation under general anesthesia for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM： To summarize the effects of laparoscopic ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation （L-EI-RFA）, thoracoscopic （T-EI-RFA） and open-surgery assisted EI-RFA （O-EI-RFA） under general anesthesia for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. METHODS： Time-lag performance of RFA after ethanol injection （Time-lag PEI-RFA） was performed in all cases. The volume of coagulated necrosis and the applied energy for total and per unit volume coagulated necrosis were examined in the groups treated under general （group G） or local anesthesia （group L）. RESULTS： The results showed that the total applied energy and the applied energy per unit volume of whole and marginal, coagulated necrosis were significantly larger in group G than those in the group L, resulting in a larger volume of coagulated necrosis in the group G. The rate of local tumor recurrence within one year was extremely low in group G. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that EI-RFA, under general anesthesia, may be effective for the treatment of HCC because a larger quantity of ethanol and energy could be applied during treatment under painfree condition for the patients.     

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with a short double-balloon enteroscope

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) using a double-balloon enteroscope (DBE) in patients with bowel reconstruction due to a previous abdominal surgery is now widely accepted. In particular, a short DBE, which has a 2.8-mm working channel and 152-cm working length, is useful for ERCP because of its good rotational and straightening ability and the availability of various conventional ERCP accessories through the working channel. Herein we report a case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma via ERCP with a short DBE. This is the first report in which the pre-cutting and the brush cytological examination were performed successfully under a DBE to diagnose intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma pathologically. The short DBE allowed us to perform all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures accepted in conventional ERCP in patients with surgically altered anatomies.