西安市卫生杀虫剂使用现状调查分析

目的了解西安市病媒生物防治相关行业卫生杀虫剂的使用现状,为科学合理使用卫生杀虫剂和有效延缓抗药性的发展提供理论依据。方法采用走访和问卷调查的方法对西安市病媒生物防治相关单位卫生杀虫剂的种类、数量、使用方法及杀灭效果等情况进行调查,对所获得数据进行统计分析。结果西安市病媒生物防治相关行业卫生杀虫剂主要使用于蚊、蝇、鼠、蟑的防治,品种以拟除虫菊酯类(68.3%)、有机磷类(22.1%)和氨基甲酸酯类(4.7%)为主。结论西安市病媒生物相关行业目前使用的卫生杀虫剂仍以拟除虫菊酯类为主,针对不同的卫生害虫均产生了不同程度的抗药性,应结合当地具体情况,进一步加强卫生杀虫剂的质量监督与使用管理,使卫生杀虫剂的使用更加规范、合理、安全。     

2018年广州市卫生杀虫剂使用情况调查

目的了解广州市卫生杀虫剂的使用现状,为合理使用卫生杀虫剂提供科学依据。方法采用问卷调查的方法对广州市病媒生物防治相关单位(疾病预防控制中心、爱卫办、街道消杀站、PCO公司等)使用卫生杀虫剂的种类、数量和方法等情况进行调查,并对所获得的数据进行统计分析。结果广州市病媒生物防治相关行业卫生杀虫剂主要用于蚊、蝇、鼠、蟑螂等的防治,其中大部分用于登革热媒介白纹伊蚊的防治。卫生杀虫剂品种及使用量以拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类和有机磷类为主。灭鼠药物以第二代抗凝血剂为主。结论广州市卫生杀虫剂使用总的来说比较合理,今后仍需进一步加强卫生杀虫剂使用的管理和指导,使卫生杀虫剂的使用更加科学、有效、安全。     

特异性等位基因PCR扩增技术检测家蝇击倒抗性相关钠通道的基因突变

城市家蝇（Musca domestica）的化学防制多以混配或复配拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂为主，近10年来国内各城市均有家蝇对拟除虫菊酯产生抗药性的报道。昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性主要是击倒抗性（knockdown resistance，kdr），Farnham发现kdr在家蝇对拟除虫菊酯的抗性中具有重要作用。     

蚊虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性研究进展

由于拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的大量应用,蚊虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性发展日趋严重,目前已经成为最难防治的卫生害虫之一。本研究主要介绍蚊虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性现状、抗性遗传及风险评估和抗性机制等内容。     

山东省卫生杀虫剂应用现状

卫生害虫的防制方法有多种,如物理防制、化学防制、生物防制和综合防制,其中化学防制具有快速、高效、经济、简便的特点,成为目前使用最广泛、最有效的防制方法。化学防制的核心是用卫生杀虫剂以适宜的形式对卫生害虫进行作用,从而有效地控制害虫的繁衍及疾病的传播。山东省应用卫生杀虫剂防制媒介昆虫已有几十年的历史,随着科学技术的不断进步及化学合成农药的不断创新,卫生杀虫剂应用的种类由过去的有机氯、有机磷占主导地位,逐步转化为以拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂为主流;杀虫剂剂型由过去的几种,发展为目前的几十种。现将近年来我省卫生杀虫剂…     

云南省本地产茶叶中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留情况及健康风险评估

目的 分析云南省本地产茶叶中拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留情况,评估居民通过茶叶摄入拟除虫菊酯类农药对人体的健康风险。方法 采用气相色谱质谱法对2019—2021年采集的云南省本地产茶叶中10种拟除虫菊酯类农药含量进行测定,对其残留情况进行统计分析,采用世界卫生组织（world health organization,WHO）和联合国粮食及农业组织（food and agriculture organization of the united nations,FAO）提出的模型评估其慢性和急性暴露健康风险,并利用国际生命科学学会环境与健康科学研究所开发的RISK21工具以图形展示其健康风险。结果 287份样品中拟除虫菊酯类农药总检出率为43.55%,超标率为0.70%,其中联苯菊酯检出率（37.28%）和平均值（0.033 mg/kg）最高;普洱熟茶拟除虫菊酯类农药检出率较高,为56.10%;不同包装、年份茶叶间拟除虫菊酯类农药的检出率差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;检出的5种拟除虫菊酯类农药的慢性膳食暴露量占每日允许摄入量（acceptable daily intake,ADI）...     

抚顺市城区德国小蠊对5种杀虫剂的抗性调查

目的掌握抚顺城区德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的抗性情况,以便合理用药,提高防治效果,为城市卫生害虫防治提供技术保障。方法采用药膜接触法测定抗药性。结果德国小蠊对拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类属低抗水平,抗性系数在3.34~5.46之间;对敌敌畏抗性系数>9.5,属于中抗水平。结论抚顺城区今后开展灭蟑工作用药时,应以拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯为主、辅以有机磷,利用杀虫剂各品种的特点相互轮换使用,最大程度上减少抗性产生,使杀虫剂在今后全市大面积灭蟑工作中发挥出最大的作用。     

人体生物材料中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂残留检测方法研究进展

近年来,由于拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的广泛使用,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对人体健康的影响不可忽视.因此,如何准确高效地检测人体拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的残留已成为人们研究的热点.但拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂人体残留量较低,代谢较快,检测也较难.本文回顾了近年来对人体生物材料中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂残留检测的研究,详细罗列了对不同生物材料的预处理方法...     

急性有机磷与拟除虫菊酯类农药混合中毒26例报告

急性有机磷与拟除虫菊酯类农药混合中毒２６例报告河北省藁城市卫生防疫站（０５２１６０）李振选，夏研科有机磷与拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂是目前农村应用最广的两大类农药。现将２６例有机磷与拟除虫菊酯类农药混合中毒报告如下。１一般情况男２０例，女６例，年龄１６～６３...     

嘉兴市蚊、蝇、蜚蠊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性监测

近年来,由于化学杀虫剂使用品种较多、使用量越来越大,以及一些药物使用不规范,导致卫生害虫对常用杀虫剂的抗性逐渐增强.为掌握其抗性程度及筛选敏感药物,笔者选择嘉兴市的蚊、蝇、蜚蠊对常用的有机磷类、有机氯类、氨基甲酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类等药物进行了抗性测定.     

北京市丰台区德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性调查

目的了解北京市丰台区德国小蠊对高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷、残杀威、溴氰菊酯5种常用杀虫剂的敏感性,为指导科学合理用药提供依据。方法在丰台区某农贸市场大量采集德国小蠊成虫,经实验室获得子一代试虫;用WHO推荐的药膜接触法,测定德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的敏感性,获得德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的半数击倒时间（KT50）及其95%置信区间（95%CI）、击倒率和死亡率,评价其抗药性程度。结果德国小蠊对高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷、残杀威、溴氰菊酯5种常用杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性,抗性系数（R/S）分别为7.91、2.06、2.79、4.56、30.52;24 h致死效果下降率分别为100%、13.33%、20.00%、73.33%、90.00%。结论丰台区德国小蠊已对溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯等菊酯类杀虫剂产生较高的抗药性,但对毒死蜱、残杀威等有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类的抗药性水平较低,可能与杀虫剂的使用频率和方式不同有关。     

浙江省淡色库蚊种群密度和抗药性研究

目的了解浙江省淡色库蚊种群密度变化情况和对常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平,为蚊虫防制提供依据。方法采用诱蚊灯法检测淡色库蚊密度,采用幼虫浸渍法检测淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平。结果淡色库蚊全年密度呈现单峰曲线变化,高峰在6月,此时各种生境中以农户的淡色库蚊平均密度最高;各地淡色库蚊种群对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性在1.31～20.43倍之间,对有机磷杀虫剂的抗性在1.88～10.14倍之间,对氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂抗性在0.82～4.96倍之间。大部分现场淡色库蚊种群对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生了抗药性。结论 6月是浙江省淡色库蚊成蚊密度的高峰,也是防制的关键月份;针对蚊虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂普遍产生抗药性的问题,应该提倡蚊虫的综合防制,延缓蚊虫抗药性的发展。     

Current internal exposure to pesticides in children and adolescents in Germany: urinary levels of metabolites of pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides

Aim Pesticides are widely used throughout the world, in agriculture to protect crops and in public health to control diseases transmitted by vectors or intermediate hosts. After the prohibition of organochlorines such as DDT, today, mainly pyrethroids and organophosphorus insecticides are used. Whereas many studies have been published on background exposure of the population to organochlorines, data on internal exposure of the population to pyrethroids and organophosphorus insecticides are scarce. Here, we report on internal exposure of children and young people, in an urban area in Germany, to pyrethroids and organophosphorus acids, assessed by the analysis of urinary levels of their corresponding specific metabolites.Methods Approximately 673 children and adolescents took part in this voluntary investigation, including 331 children <6 years of age. Their parents stated that they and their children had never used pyrethroids or organophosphorus acids in their homes or for medical reasons. We analysed their spot urine samples for six metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides [dimethyl-phosphate (DMP), diethyl-phosphate (DEP), dimethyl-thiophosphate (DMTP), diethyl-thiophosphate (DETP), dimethyl-dithiophosphate (DMDTP) and diethyl-dithiophosphate (DEDTP)] and for four metabolites of pyrethroids [cis-3-(2,2-dibromo-vinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (Br2CA), cis-3-(2,2-dichloro-vinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-Cl2-CA ), trans-3-(2,2-dichloro-vinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-Cl2-CA) and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxy-benzoic acid (F-PBA)] using gas chromatographic methods with mass-selective detection. The limit of detection was 0.1–0.2 g/l for pyrethroid metabolites and 1 g/l for metabolites of organophosphorus acids; in DMP it was 5 g/l.Results The 95th percentiles of the urinary metabolite concentrations were, in microgrammes per litre, DMP 158, DMTP 180, DMDTP 12, DEP 17, DETP 8, DEDTP <1; Br2CA 0.30, cis-Cl2-CA 0.44, trans-Cl2-CA 1.22, F-PBA 0.30. There were no correlations between urinary metabolite levels and the age of the children.Conclusion Current background levels of internal exposure to pyrethroids and organophosphorus insecticides in children and adolescents in Germany are shown. Exposure to these substances in the general population is thought to occur mainly via residues in the diet. The level of background internal pyrethroid exposure in the children is orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding acceptable daily intake (ADI) values published, but the level of internal organophosphate exposure may reach and even exceed ADI values. This observation demands further investigation.     

桂林市售蔬菜农药残留状况分析

目的对桂林市农贸市场零售部分蔬菜农药残留的品种和残留量进行监测和分析,了解零售蔬菜农药的污染状况。方法 2006-2011年在桂林市同一农贸市场随机采集蔬菜和鲜食用菌样品253份,检测有机磷、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸类农药和三氯杀虫螨共34种农药,结果与国家标准对照。结果蔬菜中农药残留的检出率和超标率分别为54.9%和22.9%,椰花菜的农药检出率和超标率最高,分别为73.9%和56.5%。结论桂林市2006-2011上零售蔬菜农药污染较为严重,在蔬菜中有违规使用甲胺磷、氧乐果、甲基对硫磷、三氯杀虫螨现象,拟除虫菊酯类农药在蔬菜中的使用有上升趋势,在蔬菜中有联合使用几种农药情况。     

天津市家蝇对常用杀虫剂抗药性调查及趋势分析

目的 调查2013年天津市家蝇对溴氰菊酯、敌敌畏和残杀威3种常用杀虫剂抗药性水平,与历史数据进行比对,了解天津市家蝇对杀虫剂抗药性的发展趋势。方法 采用生物测定方法研究2013年天津市家蝇对溴氰菊酯、敌敌畏和残杀威3种常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平,比对历史数据得到天津市家蝇抗药性趋势。结果 天津市家蝇对敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯和残杀威均产生不同程度的抗药性,其中对敌敌畏的抗药性水平最高,达19.33倍,对残杀威抗药性水平最低,为2.34倍。其中对残杀威的抗药性与其他2种药物相比差异有统计学意义。通过与历史数据进行比对分析发现,在过去的10余年中天津市家蝇的抗药性水平均有不同程度的下降。结论 开展家蝇抗药性常规监测,筛选及合理使用化学杀虫剂,可以有效抑制和延缓家蝇对杀虫剂高抗性的产生。     

A method for confirmation of organophosphorus compounds at the residue level

Conclusions Additional information concerning the identity of organophosphorus insecticides may be obtained using the hydrolysis procedures described in this paper. A variety of conditions were used to produce the most favorable hydrolysis. Limitations encountered in other methods have been largely eliminated through improved conditions of hydrolysis and the use of a more efficient gas chromatographic system for resolving trialkyl phosphates.     

辽宁省东港市三带喙库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性

目的研究辽宁省东港市三带喙库蚊幼虫和成蚊对常用杀虫剂的敏感性,了解其对常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平,探讨我国三带喙库蚊幼虫和成蚊间的抗药性关系,为该蚊的化学控制提供理论依据。方法在三带喙库蚊的发生高峰期,大量采集野外三带喙库蚊成蚊,用小白鼠供血获得子一代为试虫。用WHO推荐的浸渍法、药膜接触法,分别测定三带喙库蚊幼虫和成虫对常用杀虫剂的敏感性。获得幼虫对常用杀虫剂的LC50及其95%置信限（95%CI）、成蚊的击倒率和死亡率,比较其抗药性程度。结果三带喙库蚊幼虫对溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯的LC50及其95%CI分别为0.002098（0.001575～0.002866）、0.01380（0.01143～0.01664）和0.01651（0.01400～0.01949）mg/L,敌敌畏、双硫磷和杀螟硫磷LC50及其95%CI分别为25.3479（21.4949～28.3828）、48.3763（31.7172～92.4088）和0.1685（0.1085～0.2679）mg/L,仲丁威的LC50及其95%CI为0.2874（0.1803～0.4268）mg/L。与已发表文献的敏感品系比较,三带喙库蚊幼虫对溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯相对抗性倍数分别为5.3、2.3和3.3倍,对敌敌畏、双硫磷和杀螟硫磷的相对抗性倍数分别为396.1、40313.6和34.0倍;三带喙库蚊成虫对0.05%溴氰菊酯（接触1h）、0.25%氯菊酯（3h）、1%杀螟硫磷（1h）24h后的死亡率分别为15.9%、27.7%和8.2%。结论辽宁省东港市的三带喙库蚊幼虫对有机磷产生了极高抗药性,对拟除虫菊酯处于低抗水平,但是成虫对溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和杀螟硫磷具有较高的抗药性,针对拟除虫菊酯三带喙库蚊幼虫和成蚊的抗药性表现不同。     

Magnitude and Frequency of Pesticide Residues in Farmgate Samples of Cauliflower in Punjab, India

Fifty samples of cauliflowers were collected from intensive vegetable growing areas in Punjab during 2007–08 to determine the magnitude and frequency of pesticidal contamination. The estimation of pesticide residues representing three major chemical groups i.e. organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroids was done by using a multiresidue analytical methodology employing GC-ECD and GC-FTD systems with capillary columns and confirmed by GC–MS. Forty-two per cent samples were found to be contaminated with low but measurable amounts of residues. Among the three chemical groups, the organophosphates were dominant followed by organochlorines and pyrethroids. However, none of the samples were found to contain the residues of these insecticides above their respective maximum residue limits (MRL). On the basis of these limited observations, it is suggested that more extensive surveillance studies covering major cauliflower growing areas in the state be carried out to know the status of contamination, which may serve as a base for the national regulatory authorities to decide future policy of chemical use on vegetables.     

Influence of pretreatment with various insecticides on the N-demethylation of dimethylnitrosamine

The effects of various classes of insecticides were studied on the N-demethylation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) by mouse liver enzymes. Organochlorine insecticides, represented by lindane, DDT, and endrin, increased the activities of DMN demethylase I and II. The latter enzyme was more susceptible to the inducive action of the tested chlorinated insecticides. On the other hand, the synthetic pyrethroids, fenvalerate and flucythrinate, did not alter the activity of either enzyme. While pretreatment with carbaryl, a carbamate derivative, was without effect, moderate elevation in the activity of both demethylases was observed following administration of carbofuran. Dimethoate, representing organophosphorus compounds, was the only insecticide tested to inhibit the N-demethylation of DMN, with more pronounced effect on DMN demethylase I. Since DMN requires metabolic activation for its hepatotoxic and carcinogenic actions, alterations in the activities of its metabolizing enzymes as a sequela of exposure to certain insecticides may change susceptibility to its toxicity and/or carcinogenicity.     

Determination of Multi-residue Insecticides of Organochlorine,Organophosphorus, and Pyrethroids in Wheat

The undesirable effects of green revolution include residues of extensively used pesticides in various food commodities. Several studies showed that pesticides could cause health problems. Keeping in view the problem of pesticide residues in various food commodities, the present study was conducted on domestic stored wheat as well as on imported wheat for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroids. Among the imported wheat, 22.5% samples were found contaminated by organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos 0.073–0.230 μg/g, malathion 0.0419–0.1003 μg/g) and pyrethroids (cypermethrin 0.1404–0.2005 μg/g, permethrin 0.0140–0.0480 μg/g) while in domestic wheat 6.7% samples were found contaminated by pyrethroids (deltamethrin 0.0650–1.2903 μg/g) only. Method used for extraction and analysis of insecticides was validated both by recovery studies and inter laboratory comparison proficiency test. The method recovery results show that the average recovery of the fortified wheat samples was in the range of 73.77%–100.17% with the RSD in the range of 2.21–9.27 whereas, the Z-scores of the inter laboratory comparison proficiency test’s result was less than 2.