前内侧入路解剖重建单束前交叉韧带的临床评估

目的评估关节镜下经前内侧入路解剖重建单束前交叉韧带(ACL)的位置、形态及临床效果。方法对25例ACL断裂患者在关节镜下经前内侧入路应用解剖重建技术行单束ACL重建术,移植物应用自体腘绳肌腱。术后行X线、MRI检查,了解骨道情况,观察移植物形态及张力,并与11例健侧膝关节的正常ACL进行对比。应用Lysholm评分系统评估膝关节功能。结果术后X线片显示股骨隧道内口位于髁间窝顶与股骨后缘皮质线交叉点前缘,胫骨隧道内口位于髁间窝顶后方。MRI显示所有重建ACL张力良好,ACL上倾角为50.82°±4.57°,胫骨平台止点至前缘距离与平台纵径比值为0.50±0.04,两项与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。患者均获得随访,时间为13~44个月。Lysholm评分术后为92.20分±4.29分,明显高于术前的64.76分±7.16分(P0.01)。结论关节镜下经前内侧入路解剖重建ACL的位置及形态接近解剖结构,早中期临床效果满意。     

膝关节前交叉韧带胫骨止点的软组织解剖标记

背景：膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）重建时,胫骨骨道定位不准会产生重建韧带与髁间窝的撞击或起不到维持膝关节稳定性的作用。因此,确定ACL胫骨止点的位置非常重要。目的：研究膝关节ACL胫骨止点前内束（AMB）和后外束（PLB）与软组织标记后交叉韧带（PCL）和外侧半月板前角的距离,从而明确ACL胫骨止点在胫骨平台的位置,为ACL损伤双束重建提供理论支持。方法：解剖18个膝关节尸体标本（左膝10个,右膝8个）,测量ACL中点、AMB中点、PLB中点与PCL和外侧半月板前角的距离,并分析左、右膝关节是否存在差异。结果：AMB中点与PCL和外侧半月板前角的距离分别为（15.00±3.97）mm和（19.78±4.10）mm;PLB中点与两者的距离分别为（10.17±5.56）mm和（19.50±4.40）mm;ACL中点与两者的距离分别为（12.67±4.52）mm和（19.61±3.87）mm。左右膝关节ACL中点、AMB中点、PLB中点与软组织解剖标记的距离无明显统计学差异。结论：膝关节ACL损伤行手术重建时,可采用PCL和外侧半月板前角作为定位标记。     

Arthroscopic anatomical double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A prospective longitudinal study

Background:

Single bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been the current standard of treatment for ACL deficiency. However, a significant subset of patients continue to report residual symptoms of instability with a poor pivot control. Cadaveric biomechanical studies have shown double bundle (DB) ACL reconstructions to restore the knee kinematics better. This study evaluates the outcome of DB ACL reconstruction.

Materials and Methods:

30 consecutive patients who underwent anatomic DB ACL reconstruction were included in this prospective longitudinal study. There were all males with a mean age of 25 ± 7.45 years. All patients were prospectively evaluated using GeNouRoB (GNRB) arthrometer, functional knee scores (International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] and Lysholm) and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for comparing the graft orientation and footprint of the reconstructed ACL with that of the normal knee.

Results:

The average followup was 36.2 months. At the time of final followup the mean Lysholm score was 93.13 ± 3.31. As per the objective IKDC score, 26 patients (86.6%) were in Group A while 4 patients (13.3%) were in Group B. The mean differential anterior tibial translation by GNRB, arthrometer was 1.07 ± 0.8 mm (range 0.1-2.3 mm). All cases had a negative pivot shift test. MRI scans of operated and the contralateral normal knee showed the mean sagittal ACL tibial angle coronal ACL tibial angle and tibial ACL footprint to be in accordance with the values of the contralateral, normal knee.

Conclusion:

The study demonstrates that DB ACL reconstruction restores the ACL anatomically in terms of size and angle of orientation. However, long term studies are needed to further substantiate its role in decreasing the incidence of early osteoarthritic changes compared to the conventional single bundle reconstructions.     

Partial tears of anterior cruciate ligament: Results of single bundle augmentation

Background:

Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are common and usually present with symptomatic instability. The remnant fibers are usually removed and a traditional ACL reconstruction is done. But with increased understanding of ACL double bundle anatomy, the remnant tissue preservation along with a single bundle augmentation of the torn bundle is also suggested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of selective anatomic augmentation of symptomatic partial ACL tears. Our hypothesis is that this selective augmentation of partial ACL tears could restore knee stability and function.

Materials and Methods:

Consecutive cases of 314 ACL reconstructions, 40 patients had intact ACL fibers in the location corresponding to the anteromedial (AM) or posterolateral (PL) bundle and were diagnosed as partial ACL tears perioperatively. All patients underwent selective augmentation of the torn bundle, while keeping the remaining fibers intact using autogenous hamstring graft. A total of 38 patients (28 males, 10 females) were available with a minimum of 3 years followup. 26 cases had AM bundle tears and 12 cases had PL bundle tears respectively. Patients were assessed with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) 2000 Knee Evaluation Form, Lysholm score; instrumented knee testing was performed with the arthrometer (KT 2000). Statistical analysis was performed to compare the preoperative and postoperative objective evaluation.

Results:

At 3 years followup, 31.6% patients were graded A, 65.8% were graded B and 2.6% was graded C at IKDC objective evaluation. Manual laxity tests, Lysholm''s score, mean side to side instrumental laxity and Tegner activity score improved significantly. 76% patients returned to preinjury level of sports activity after augmentation.

Conclusion:

The results of anatomic single bundle augmentation in partial ACL tears are encouraging with excellent improvement in functional scores, side to side laxity and return to sports activity.     

关节镜下保留残端手术与常规手术重建前交叉韧带疗效比较

目的比较关节镜下保留残端手术与常规手术重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的疗效。方法采用关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱单束重建治疗66例膝关节ACL断裂患者,其中采用常规手术方法重建治疗37例,保留残端手术方法重建治疗29例。结果 66例均获随访,时间12~28个月。常规手术组及保留残端手术组术后前抽屉试验和Lachman试验比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);采用Lysholm、IKDC评分评价膝关节功能:两组术后比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),保留残端组优于常规手术组。结论关节镜下保留残端手术与常规手术行自体腘绳肌腱单束重建治疗膝关节ACL损伤都能获得满意的临床疗效,但关节镜下保留残端手术有利于移植物的再血管化及本体感受器的恢复。     

前交叉韧带断裂的关节镜下保留残端重建手术治疗

[目的]探讨关节镜下保留残端纤维前交叉韧带重建的手术方法及其与标准手术方法的疗效比较.[方法]回顾性分析采用关节镜技术重建前交叉韧带293例,其中ACL完全断裂253例,男187例,女66例,平均年龄28岁.2004年5月～ 2007年12月,采用标准重建技术对85例ACL完全断裂患者进行关节镜下ACL重建手术,2007年1月～2010年5月,采用保留残端技术对168例ACL完全断裂患者进行关节镜下ACL重建手术.[结果]在术后第12个月时有211例患者得到随访.Lachman试验:标准组患者术后阴性55例,弱阳性7例,阳性2例;保残组患者中132例阴性,10例弱阳性,阳性5例.采用两组比较秩和检验,P=0.438.通过Lysholm评分表对两组患者术前及术后患膝关节进行评分,标准组术后评分为90.84;保残组术后评分为92.09,两组评分相比,P=0.462.采用被动活动察觉阈值评估两组术后患膝本体感觉功能,标准组TTDPM(被动活动察觉阈值)为2.099°±0.159°,保残组TTDPM为1.683° ±0.218°,两组比较P=0.001,两组患者术后被动活动察觉阈值的差异具有统计学意义.[结论]保留残端纤维关节镜下前交叉韧带重建,术后患者膝关节本体感觉功能恢复更好.     

The all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a double socket approach

The all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique places an anterior ligament substitute within twobone sockets rather than true bone tunnels. This approach is accomplished through arthroscopy portals which avoids the surgical exposure and morbidity associated with creating traditional bone tunnels.     

单隧道双束腘绳肌腱双Intrafix固定重建前交叉韧带近期疗效观察

目的 探讨单隧道双束腘绳肌腱双Intrafix固定重建前交叉韧带(ACL)中应用的可行性及近期疗效.方法 对30例ACL损伤患者行关节镜下单隧道双束腘绳肌腱ACL重建术.采用膝关节镜前内侧入路(AM)建立股骨隧道,胫骨端用点对点ACL瞄准器建立隧道.隧道股骨端采用Femoral-Intrafix固定将腘绳肌腱分为前内侧束及后外侧束.通过旋转胫骨端移植物,将移植物调整为生理的双束位置,采用Bio-Intrafix固定胫骨端.结果 30例均获随访,时间6～8个月.根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分:术前为19～58(33.17±11.71)分;术后6个月为88～98(95.30±2.10)分(t=30.20,P<0.01).结论 单隧道双束腘绳肌腱双Intrafix固定重建ACL,手术操作简便,固定牢固,近期效果满意.     

人工韧带用于前交叉韧带修复重建：目前产品与经验

人工韧带产品自20世纪70年代开始用于临床重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL),经历了较为坎坷的发展历程。早期人工韧带产品重建ACL疗效欠佳,大多以失败告终。近20年来随着新人工韧带产品的出现,临床应用其重建ACL逐渐增多,常用人工韧带包括Leeds-Keio TM、LARSTM(Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System)、Trevira HochfestTM,其中LARSTM应用较多。上述人工韧带具有优越的力学性能,累积失败和并发症发生率较早期产品有显著改善,但也有各自不足之处。     

关节镜下膝关节前、后交叉韧带重建53例

目的总结关节镜下前、后交叉韧带（ACL、PCL）及膝内外侧复合体重建的经验。方法关节镜下移植中1/3骨-髌腱-骨组织、4股腘绳肌腱及LARS人工韧带重建膝关节ACL、PCL。合并膝内、外侧结构损伤患者在重建的同时进行膝关节侧副韧带和关节囊的修补。术后佩戴可调式膝关节固定带3个月行康复训练。结果53例随访2个月～5年4个月,Lysholm评分由术前平均（20±4.6）分提高到（85±7.3）分。所有患者术前抽屉试验及Lachman试验存在阳性体征,术后1例后抽屉试验阳性,4例Lachman试验弱阳性。所有患者关节功能明显改善。结论在关节镜直视下交叉韧带重建能准确定位ACL、PCL解剖止点,具有损伤小,关节粘连率低,恢复快的优点,能达到坚强固定,早期功能锻炼的目的。     

保留并牵张胫骨残端的前交叉韧带双束重建

目的探讨保留并牵张胫骨残端的前交叉韧带（ACL）双束重建方法的近期临床效果。方法对56例急性股骨附着端撕裂的ACL损伤患者,在外伤后6周之内进行保留残留纤维的ACL双束重建。双束重建方法为采用八股胭绳肌肌腱的反向构型的四隧道重建,术中残留纤维近端用PDS线穿缝,将缝线从深束股骨隧道拉出以维持张力。术后随访1年以上,按照IKDC和Lysholm膝关节评分标准评价疗效。结果所有患者均获得随访。最后随访时,55例患者（98．2％）Lachman试验阴性,1例患者Lachman试验I度阳性。KT－1000检查显示双侧膝关节前向松弛度差值平均为（－0．48mm±1．41mm）（术前8．09mm±1．86mm,t=36．09,P〈0．01）;其中29例（51．8％）〈0mm,即患侧关节稳定度高于健侧;26例（46．4％）为0～2mm;1例（1．8％）〉2mm。所有患者轴移实验检查均为阴性。活动度检查发现49例伸屈活动度均正常,1例有5°屈膝欠缺,1例患者有10°屈膝欠缺,4例有5°过伸欠缺。从膝关节稳定性方面分析,55例（98．2％）IKDC评级为正常,1例（1．8％）评级为接近正常。综合分析,51例（91．1％）IKDC评级正常,5例（8．9％）为接近正常。术后IKDC膝关节主观评分为（94．9±3．7）分,Lysholm评分为（93．71±3．3）分。受伤前Tegner评分平均为7．3,最后随访时为6．9。结论在亚急性期进行保留并牵张胫骨残端的ACL双束重建,能够建立具有高度稳定性的膝关节,使所有患者获得IKDC评级正常或者接近正常的结果。