蒙特利尔认知评估量表在轻度认知功能障碍筛查中的应用

目的 探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)在轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者筛查中的应用.方法 应用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、MoCA对32例MCI患者和50例健康对照者进行神经心理评估,比较二者筛查MCI的效果.结果 以26分为分界值,MoCA筛查MCI的敏感性为96.87%、特异性为76%,MMSE筛查MCI的敏感性为56.25%、特异性为96%;MoCA中除抽象思维、地点定向两项外,其余各亚项的评分在MCI组和对照组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05):MMSE中仅计算与注意力、延迟回忆两项在MCI组和对照组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其余各项差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 MoCA为高敏感性的MCI筛查工具,能全面评估MCI患者的认知功能.且可用于筛查MMSE得分正常的MCI患者.     

绿茶对血管性认知功能障碍患者氧化应激反应的影响

目的探讨饮用绿茶对血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)患者体内氧化应激反应的影响。方法将入选的VCI患者依据饮用绿茶的习惯分为两组,即饮茶者组和非饮茶者组,采用简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认识评估量表(Mo CA)检测认知功能,取肘静脉血测定丙二醛(MDA)、4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)及8-羟化脱氧鸟苷(8-OHd G)的含量。结果所入选的VCI患者中,饮茶者组的MMSE评分(26.62±0.41)稍高于非饮茶者组(26.17±0.38),统计学分析显示两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但饮茶者组的Mo CA评分(23.29±0.61)高于非饮用绿茶者组(21.12±0.50),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。饮茶者外周血的MDA含量(2.345±0.3697)低于非饮茶者(4.437±0.3710),以及饮茶者外周血4-HNE含量(4.919±0.9378)低于非饮茶者(8.660±0.7883),差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01),而饮茶者8-OHd G浓度(1845±121.5)虽低于非饮茶者(2322±203.4),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论常饮绿茶可能具有抑制VCI患者的氧化应激反应,改善认知功能的作用,但绿茶对抑制氧化性DNA损伤的作用较弱。     

多系统萎缩的认知功能障碍特点分析

目的通过对多系统萎缩患者(MSA)进行认知功能评估,明确其是否存在认知功能障碍,并分析两种亚型(MSA-C型和MSA-P型)的认知功能障碍特点,以期为临床诊断提供参考。方法采用简易智能量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)和阿尔茨海默病评定量表-认知分量表(ADAS-cog)分别测评23例MSA患者(MSA-C型13例;MSA-P型10例)和25例健康志愿者的认知功能。结果 MSA组MMSE和Mo CA评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ADAS-cog评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在视空间/执行能力、注意力、语言、抽象思维和延迟记忆方面,MSA组的Mo CA评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);在记忆、语言和视空间/执行能力方面,MSA组的ADAS-cog评分高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。MSA-P型Mo CA评分低于MSA-C型,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MSA-P型ADAS-cog评分高于MSA-C型,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MSA-P型在抽象思维和延迟记忆两项目的评分低于MSA-C型,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MSA-P型在记忆和视空间/执行能力方面的评分高于MSA-C型,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MSA患者存在一定程度的认知功能障碍;MSA-P型认知损害较MSA-C型更加广泛和严重。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者的神经心理学研究

目的 探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者神经心理学的特点. 方法 对42例MCI患者和55例健康对照者进行多项神经心理学检查,包括简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)、语言流畅性测验(RVR)、韦氏智力测验(WAIS-RC)[包括数字广度测验(DS)、积木测验(BD)、相似性测验]、韦氏记忆测验(WMS-R)(包括逻辑记忆、联想学习、视觉再认、图片回忆)、日常生活能力量表(ADL),比较2组患者上述量表评分和MMSE、MoCA量表各亚项评分的差异.结果 与对照者比较,MCI患者MMSE、MoCA总分和RVR、WAIS-RC、WMS-R分测验,MoCA量表各亚项(地点定向力除外),MMSE量表中计算与注意、延迟回忆两亚项评分较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 MCI患者不仅记忆受损,其计算与注意力、命名、视空间结构能力、执行功能也可受损,尤以延迟回忆、计算与注意力受损明显.MoCA涵盖了重要的认知领域,能较全面评估MCI患者的认知功能,值的临床推广应用.     

成年起病的癫痫患者认知损害的影响因素研究

目的评估患者性别、教育水平、发作频率、持续时间、抗癫痫药物和视频脑电图(VEEG)尖波出现对成年起病的癫痫患者认知能力的影响。方法 50例成年起病的癫痫患者接受VEEG检查后行简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)检查获得认知分数,按照上述6种因素分别分组,应用SPSS16.0软件进行差异统计学分析。结果 VEEG尖波出现明显降低癫痫患者两种量表得分(MMSE P0.01;Mo CA P0.05),而性别、发作频率和持续时间均不影响两种量表的得分(均P0.05)。丙戊酸钠治疗组两种量表的得分低于非丙戊酸钠(拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平和苯妥英钠)治疗组(MMSE P=0.097;Mo CA P=0.061)。研究还发现,较高教育程度癫痫人群Mo CA得分明显高于较低教育水平患者,Mo CA量表评分P0.05,而MMSE量表评分P0.05,提示Mo CA量表对于认知能力影响的评估更加敏感。结论 VEEG尖波出现提示成年发病癫痫患者的认知损害,丙戊酸钠治疗也可能损害癫痫患者的认知水平。另外,教育程度较高的成年发病癫痫患者认知能力较高。而癫痫发作频率、持续时间和患者性别不影响成年发病癫痫患者的认知水平。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表识别首次卒中后轻度血管性认知障碍的作用

目的 探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)识别首次卒中后轻度血管性认知障碍(mVCI-FS)的作用,并与简易智能精神状态量表(MMSE)比较. 方法 选取mVCI-FS患者60例.首次卒中后非血管性认知障碍(nVCI-FS)25例,于发病后(12+1)周由不知情的神经科医师进行MoCA及MMSE评估. 结果 MoCA总平均分为(19.78±4.573)分,MMSE为(25.48±3.148)分,偏相关分析间.r=9,P=0.000.MoCA除计算力和言语流畅性外,其余各项在mVCI-FS和nVCI-FS间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MMSE的即刻记忆、计算力、命名和阅读理解在2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).应用ROC曲线和Youden指数最大值初步确定MoCA识别mVCI-FS与nVCI-FS的最佳分界值为21分.以21分为分界值.MoCA筛查mVCI-FS的敏感度和特异度分别为84.6%和76.0%,明显优于MMSE(敏感度59.6%和特异度57.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 初步确定MoCA识别mVCI-FS与nVCI-FS的最佳分界值为21分.MoCA筛查mVCI-FS的敏感度和特异度均高,是一种有效的mVCI.FS筛查量表;MMSE对mVCI.FS的敏感度低,识别mVCI-FS的作用有限.     

阿尔茨海默病与轻度认知障碍患者血浆sCD40及sCD40L浓度研究

目的 探索阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)及遗忘型轻度认知障碍(amenstic mild cognitive impairment,a MCI)患者血浆可溶性CD40(soluble CD40,s CD40)和可溶性CD40配体(soluble CD40 ligand,s CD40L)浓度变化特点及其临床意义。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法检测20例AD患者、35例a MCI患者和32名正常对照者血浆s CD40和s CD40L浓度水平,简易精神状态检查表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评估患者认知功能。结果 AD组、a MCI组和对照组血浆s CD40浓度中位数(上下四分位数)分别为[123.3(97.4,149.5)pg/m L]、[102.9(63.6,124.0)pg/m L]和[70.66(51.0,90.8)pg/m L],3组间s CD40浓度差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。AD组、a MCI组和对照组血浆s CD40L浓度中位数(上下四分位数)分别为[537.0(316.0,1134.0)pg/m L]、[316.0(190.0,546.0)pg/m L]和[167.0(107.5,478.0)pg/m L],3组间s CD40L浓度差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。a MCI组血浆s CD40L浓度与MMSE得分呈负相关(r=-0.74,P0.01)。结论 s CD40和s CD40L浓度水平在AD和a MCI患者血浆中异常增高,因此s CD40和s CD40L可作为AD的早期检测指标,并提示CD40-CD40L信号可能参与AD的发生发展。     

不同类型脑白质疏松症患者轻度认知功能障碍认知域损害特点分析

目的探讨不同类型脑白质疏松症(LA)患者轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)认知域损害特点。方法LA患者256例,根据MCI诊断标准筛选出MCI患者181例,按入院时头颅磁共振成像(MRI)的脑白质疏松部位分为三组:脑室周围型(第一组)72例、皮质下型(第二组)56例、混合型(第三组)53例。分析比较三组认知域损害类型、Mo CA量表检测比较认知损害内容。结果 1LA患者MCI检出情况:256例LA患者进入MCI筛查,有181例诊断为MCI(70.70%);其中脑室周围型LA 72例(39.78%),皮质下型56例(30.94%),混合型53例(29.28%),三组比较差异无统计学意义;2三组MCI认知域损害类型比较:第一组以遗忘型单认知域损害MCI(a MCI-s)型、遗忘型多认知域损害MCI(a MCI-m)型为主(51.40%、25.00%);与非遗忘型单认知域损害MCI(na MCI-s)型(13.88%)、非遗忘型多认知域损害MCI(na MCI-m)型(9.72%)比较差异有统计学意义(p<0.01);且a MCI-s与a MCI-m比较,p<0.01。第二组以a MCI-m及a MCI-s较多见(42.86%、30.35%),与na MCI-s(8.93%)、na MCI-m(17.86%)比较,p<0.01;且a MCI-m与a MCI-s比较,p<0.05;第三组以a MCI-m及a MCI-s较多见(52.83%、26.41%),与na MCI-s(7.55%)、na MCI-m(13.21%)比较,p<0.01;且a MCI-m与a MCI-s比较,p<0.05;3三组Mo CA量表检测认知损害内容比较:三组在延迟记忆项得分最低:1.39±1.42、1.44±1.06、1.51±1.32,但组间比较差异无统计学意义;第二、三组Mo CA总分分别为20.43±3.01、20.66±3.14,较第一组21.52±2.68明显降低(p<0.05);其中抽象功能项第二、三组分别为0.58±0.56、0.59±0.51,较第一组(0.78±0.67)降低最显著(p<0.01);视空间与执行功能项第二、三组分别为2.92±0.92、3.04±1.03,较第一组(3.71±0.75)亦有降低(p<0.05);第二、三组认知损害内容比较,P>0.05。结论三种类型LA与MCI存在相似的相关性,提示对于任何一种LA均需严密筛查、预防MCI的发生、发展;不同类型LA所致MCI的认知损害类型各有特点:脑室周围型以a MCI-s最多,记忆障碍为其主要表现,皮质下型、混合型LA更多表现为a MCI-m,即包括记忆障碍在内的多个认知功能损害;在MCI认知损害内容方面,延迟记忆障碍是各型LA相关性MCI最显著的共同特点;皮质下型、混合型LA对认知功能的影响更显著,尤其在抽象功能方面,视空间与执行功能也存在一定影响。认识这样的差异有助于早期识别LA相关MCI、有针对性地选择干预方式,以规范LA的二级预防。     

不同类型轻度认知障碍的认知损害及精神行为症状的比较分析研究

目的探讨不同类型的轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患者人口统计学、认知损害和精神行为症状特点。方法对86例MCI患者和40例认知正常对照者进行多项神经心理学量表测试,按照诊断标准确定单领域遗忘型轻度认知功能障(amnestic mild cognitive impairment with single domain,a MCI-SD)组(n=24);多领域遗忘型轻度认知功能障(amnestic mild cognitive impairmen with multiple domain,a MCI-MD)组(n=41);单领域非遗忘型轻度认知功能障(non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment with single domain,na MCI-SD)组(n=6);多领域非遗忘型轻度认知功能障(non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment with multiple domain,na MCI-MD)组(n=15).比较5组的人口统计学、认知损坏及精神行为症状特点.结果与对照组比较,各亚型的MCI女性患病率、起病年龄均偏高,教育程度偏低(P<0.05),在a MCI-SD和a MCI-MD表现明显痴呆家族史(P<0.05)。4种亚型MCI的整体认知功能评分无差异但较对照组均有受损,the Montreal Cognitive Assessment(Mo CA)总分在na MCI-SD组和a MCI-SD最高,其次为na MCI-MD组;其中a MCI-MD组的最低.Mo CA亚项视空间与执行能力测试中,a MCI-SD与对照组无差异,而a MCI-MD组和na MCI-MD均较na MCI-SD受损严重且和对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05).各型MCI的NPI与HAMD评分均高于对照组(P<0.05).a MCI-SD抑郁发病率高于na MCI-MD(P<0.05);a MCI-MD组分别高于na MCI-MD和na MCI-SD(P<0.05).淡漠发病率在a MCI-MD最高,a MCI-SD次之,而na MCI-SD和na MCIMD较前两者低.结论不同MCI亚型的认知损坏特点及精神行为症状特征存在差异,进一步揭示了MCI的临床异质性特点,为MCI的正确诊断及病因分型提供详尽的临床依据。     

轻度认知障碍患者认知水平与血清"淀粉样蛋白42磷酸化Tau同型半胱氨酸水平相关性分析

目的探讨轻度认知障碍患者认知水平与血清"淀粉样蛋白42、磷酸化Tau、同型半胱氨酸水平的相关性。方法选择2008-2011年济宁各社区近1 100例50~80岁的中老年人,筛选出MCI患者36例,并选取年龄、学历相匹配的健康对照组36例。检测MCI组与对照组的认知功能水平与血清Aβ-42、p-tan、Hcy水平,使用相关性分析MMSE水平与血清指标的关系。结果 2组患者性别比例、平均年龄、受教育年限方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),对照组平均MMSE明显高于MCI组,差异有统计学意义(P≤0.05),MCI组平均Aβ-42、p-tan、Hcy水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P≤0.05),MCI组及对照组的Aβ-42、p-tan、Hcy均与患者的MMSE得分呈相关性(P≤0.05),其中MMSE得分与Aβ-42、p-tan、Hcy为负相关。结论血清Aβ-42、p-tan、Hcy可指示认知功能水平。     

Frontotemporal mild cognitive impairment

Mild Cognitive Impairment appears to be a heterogeneous clinical entity comprising patients in the initial phases of distinct neurological disorders. Since frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a relatively common neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset, it might be possible to detect the patients in the initial phases of the disorder, before being demented. In the present work we proposed a set of criteria to identify patients with mild cognitive impairment of the frontotemporal type (FT-MCI), applied these criteria retrospectively to a large patient database, and evaluated the progression of the patients. Seven subjects fulfilling the proposed criteria for frontotemporal MCI were identified. They had symptoms of apathy, disinhibition, irritability and aggressiveness, untidiness, difficulties in decision making, obsessions and lack of concern for the others, for 1.5 +/- 0.8 years before the diagnosis of FT-MCI. Brain CT or MRI scan displayed fronto-temporal atrophy in five. Neuropsychological examination revealed deficits in tests dependent upon the frontal lobe, namely attention, verbal, motor and graphomotor initiatives and conceptual thinking. The patients kept their professional and daily activities, and were not demented. It was possible to have the follow-up of all patients. All but one patient diagnosed FT-MCI developed dementia of the frontotemporal type within 1.8 +/- 1.0 years. Application of the proposed criteria for FT-MCI, at least in this clinical neurological setting, can identify a group of patients with a high probability of further cognitive decline to dementia of the frontotemporal type.     

Impact of cognitive impairment on mild dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment patients and their informants

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify key aspects of the impact of cognitive impairment on patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild probable Alzheimer disease (AD) and their informants, and identify overlap and differences between the groups. METHODS: Structured focus group discussions were conducted with MCI patients, AD patients, MCI informants, and AD informants. Participants were recruited from memory clinics in the U.K. and the U.S.A. A total of 20 AD and 20 MCI patients and 16 AD and 11 MCI informants participated. Sessions were content reviewed to identify key impacts of cognitive impairment; results were compared across diagnostic groups and for patients and informants. RESULTS: Seven key themes emerged: uncertainty of diagnosis, skill loss, change in social and family roles, embarrassment and shame, emotionality, insight, and burden. Patients were able to discuss the impact of cognitive impairment on their lives and reported frustration with recognized memory problems, diminished self-confidence, fear of embarrassment, concerns about changing family roles due to cognitive impairment, and anxiety. Informants reported more symptoms and more impairment than did patients and indicated increased dependence on others among patients. CONCLUSION: MCI and mild AD exert substantial burden on patients' lives and the lives of those close to them.     

Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

As our society ages, age-related diseases assume increasing prominence as both personal and public health concerns. Disorders of cognition are particularly important in both regards, and Alzheimer's disease is by far the most common cause of dementia of aging. In 2000, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States was estimated to be 4.5 million individuals, and this number has been projected to increase to 14 million by 2050. Although not an inevitable consequence of aging, these numbers speak to the dramatic scope of its impact. This article focuses on Alzheimer's disease and the milder degrees of cognitive impairment that may precede the clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease, such as mild cognitive impairment.     

Pharmacoeconomics of mild cognitive impairment

There is little written about the pharmacoeconomics of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), particularly with regard to intervention. The aim of the paper is to highlight methodological issues and to present some results that are of importance when drug interventions of MCI are discussed. There is a relationship between severity of dementia and costs, but to what extent such results can be extrapolated to MCI is not known. Even if it is logical to consider a postponement of the shift from MCI to dementia as cost effective, this statement must be proven, particularly in light of the insufficient knowledge about the effects of antidementia drugs on survival. From the Kungsholmen project in Sweden, there are indications that the postponement between MCI and manifest dementia may result in short-term benefits (a few years) of about SEK50 000 (US$5300).     

Pharmacotherapy of mild cognitive impairment

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be considered as a state with a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease within 5 years, or as a prodromal stage of this condition. Randomized clinical trials comparing the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil with placebo have shown some symptomatic benefit on (i) cognition in one short-term (6-month) study; and (ii)conversion to dementia in one long-term (3-year) study, but not for the full duration of the study, except in subjects with the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE-4) mutation, in whoom the benefit was sustained throughout the 3 years. Results from studies on galantamine are still being analyzed; and a rivastigmine study will close in the fall of 2004. It is premature to recommend that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors be used systematically in amnestic MCI. However, important lessons have been learned from studies in this prodromal stage of AD, allowing the testing of hypotheses for disease modification.     

Neuropathology of mild cognitive impairment

We aim to investigate the pathological background of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The most recent 545 cases from the Brain Bank for Aging Research (BBAR) were studied, with a mean age of 80.7 years and male : female ratio of 324 : 221. Cases with clinical dementia rating scale (CDR) 0.5 were retrieved as the best substitute of MCI. CDR was retrospectively determined from clinical charts. Pathological examinations followed the BBAR protocol (JNEN 2004). Post mortem assessment of CDR was possible for 486 cases, and was 0 in 201 cases, 0.5 in 57 cases and 1–3 in 228 cases. CDR 0.5 group was clinicopathologically classified into 33 cases with degenerative changes, nine cases with vascular changes, four cases with combined degenerative and vascular changes, two with hippocampal sclerosis, two with trauma, one with metabolic disease and six with unremarkable changes. The degenerative group was further subclassified into groups with pure and combined pathology. The former consisted of six cases each with Alzheimer change (AC), argyrophilic grain change (AGC) and neurofibrillary tangle predominant change (NFTC), three each with Lewy body disease change without parkinsonism (DLBC) or Parkinson's disease (PDMCI) and one case with progressive supranuclear palsy. The latter consisted of three cases with AC plus AGC, two with AGC plus NFTC and one each with AC plus DLBC, DLBC plus amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and AGC plus DLBC. The pathological backgrounds of patients of class CDR 0.5 were varied and not restricted to AC.     

Update on mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to persons whose memory or other cognitive abilities are not normal, but who do not have clinically diagnosed dementia. MCI has received considerable attention in the medical literature over the past few years. There were 63 original reports in the English language literature with the term "mild cognitive impairment" in the title in 2001 and 2002, in contrast to only 26 articles in the prior decade. Although criteria for MCI are not a matter of secure agreement, a consensus is emerging that MCI is common, is associated with significant mortality and morbidity, particularly the development of AD, and is due, in large part, to the same pathologic processes responsible for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current research efforts are geared towards understanding factors that contribute to the development of dementia among persons with MCI and towards intervention studies aimed at preventing the development of dementia among persons with MCI.