手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜肾上腺手术的方法和临床价值。方法：采用手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺肿瘤4例。肿瘤最大直径6～11cm。结果：4例手助腹腔镜手术均获成功，无术中和术后并发症发生。手术时间190～220min，平均205min；术中出血50～100m1．平均73ml；术后住院时间8～9d。结论：手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤是一种可选择的新的手术方式，与开放手术相比，具有损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

脐部单切口三孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中的应用

目的 总结脐部单切口三孔腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中的应用经验. 方法脐部单切口三孔腹腔镜手术32例.男10例,女22例.平均年龄22(16～35)岁.其中精索静脉曲张7例、单纯性肾囊肿12例、双侧肾囊肿1例、多囊肾1例、左侧肾上腺肿瘤3例、右侧肾上腺肿瘤1例、左侧输尿管上段结石1例、重度肾积水2例、萎缩无功能肾4例.在脐部作1.0～3.0 cm切口,置入3只10 mm或5 mm套管作为视孔及操作孔,腹腔镜下常规操作,完成泌尿外科手术. 结果精索静脉曲张手术时间平均15(10～20)min,术中无明显出血;肾囊肿手术时间平均40(30～53)min,术中无明显出血;肾上腺肿瘤手术时间平均68(57～120)min,术中出血量平均30(20～60)ml;输尿管切开取石86 min,术中出血50 ml,肾切除手术时间平均65(45～135)min,术中出血量平均110(90～150)ml.术后排气时间平均8.5(4～12)h.住院时间平均5.5(3～8)d.32例平均随访时间2(1～3)个月,脐部切口愈合好,腹部无可见瘢痕,无脐疝等并发症. 结论脐部单切口三孔腹腔镜治疗泌尿外科疾病安全有效,可使泌尿外科手术成为一种无瘢痕的美容手术.     

后腹腔镜及手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺肿瘤(附21例报告)

目的 :探讨腹腔镜微创手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的适应证及手术方法。方法 :对 18例直径小于 6cm的肾上腺肿瘤患者行后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术 (后腹腔镜组 ) ;对 3例最大直径为 10～ 17cm的肾上腺肿瘤患者行手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术 (手助腹腔镜组 ) ,并观察手术时间、术中出血量、胃肠功能恢复时间和住院时间。结果 :2 1例患者中 ,2 0例成功。其中后腹腔镜组手术时间 2 5～ 135min ,平均 (82 .8± 31.1)min ,术中出血量 6 5～ 16 0ml,平均 (113.4± 31.8)ml,均未输血。手助腹腔镜组手术时间 180～ 2 10min ,术中出血量 80～ 6 0 0ml。两组患者均于术后 2天排气 ,1～ 3天下床活动 ,术后住院 3～ 7天。结论 :与开放手术相比 ,后腹腔镜肾上腺手术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点 ;手助腹腔镜为巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除提供了微创手术的新方式。     

内镜辅助下小切口在泌尿外科手术中的应用(附35例报告)

目的:总结内镜辅助下小切口在泌尿外科手术中的临床应用经验.方法:应用内镜辅助下小切口施行泌尿外科手术35例,其中根治性肾切除术2例,单纯性肾切除术(结核肾、无功能肾)3例,肾上腺肿瘤切除术15例,盂管成形术3例,肾盂输尿管切开取石术2例,肾囊肿去顶减压术10例.结果:①根治性肾切除或单纯性肾切除手术时间平均120 min,术中出血约100 ml;②肾上腺肿瘤切除手术时间平均110 min,术中出血50～80ml;③盂管成形术、肾盂输尿管切开取石术、肾囊肿去顶减压术手术时间平均60～90 min,术中出血50～80 ml.结论:内镜辅助下小切口泌尿外科手术具有创伤小、价格低、无需专门设备及人员培训的特点,易于在基层医院推广普及,为泌尿外科微创手术提供了新方式.     

简易手助腹腔镜下肾及肾上腺切除术(附37例报告)

目的　介绍简易手助腹腔镜下肾及肾上腺肿瘤切除术的方法和特点。　方法　 1999年 6月至 2 0 0 4年 4月采用简易手助装置实施手助腹腔镜下肾及肾上腺肿瘤切除术 ,共 37例。男 2 2例 ,女 15例 ,平均年龄 5 2岁。肾切除组 2 9例 ,其中肾癌 13例 ,肾盂癌 2例 ,肿瘤分期均为T1N0 M0 ,肿瘤大小平均 3cm× 3cm× 2cm ,巨大肾积水 (肾无功能 ) 8例 ,肾结核肾自截 2例 ,肾性高血压肾萎缩 4例 ;肾上腺肿瘤切除组 8例 ,肿瘤大小平均 4cm× 5cm× 6cm。　结果　除 1例肾癌患者改行开放手术外 ,36例患者手术成功 ,无损伤肠管及其他腹内重要脏器等并发症。肾切除术平均手术时间 14 5min ,平均出血量 115ml;肾上腺肿瘤切除术平均 12 5min ,平均出血量 10 5ml。术后恢复好 ,7～ 8d出院。术后随访 3个月～ 5年 ,健康存活 35例 ;死亡 2例 ,均为肾癌患者 ,其中 1例术后 2年死于脑血管意外 ,1例术后 3年死于肺及脑部转移。　结论　简易手助腹腔镜下肾及肾上腺肿瘤切除术具有简便易行、节省费用、手术时间短、术后恢复快等优点 ,值得推广。     

手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除19例报告

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的临床应用价值。方法：采用手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗肾肿瘤19例。结果：19例手助腹腔镜手术均获成功。手术时间75～300min，平均165．8min；术中出血15～250ml，平均97．4ml；病理结果均为肾细胞癌(透明细胞癌18例，嫌色细胞癌1例)；术后住院时间6～23d。结论：手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗肾肿瘤是个可选择的新的手术方式，与开放手术相比，具有损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿系疾病44例的总结

目的:探讨腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术中的临床应用价值。方法:用后腹膜腔和经腹腔(包括手辅式)术式治疗肾癌、肾盂癌、肾上腺肿瘤、无功能肾积水、乳糜尿、肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄、肾盂结石和肾囊肿。结果:41例手术均成功,手术时间30～140min,平均48min,术中出血10～100ml,平均40ml。术中患者生命体征平稳。3例中转开放手术。结论:只要术前做好充分准备,腔内操作技术熟练,腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿外科相关疾病不仅安全、微创,而且患者出血少、康复快,有些疾病可将腹腔镜手术作为首选的治疗方法。     

手助腹腔镜在上尿路移行细胞癌治疗中的应用

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜在肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术中的应用价值。方法：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术，加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞肿瘤7例(其中经腹腔途径5例，经腹膜后途径2例)。病理类型均为移行细胞癌(肾盂移行细胞癌5例，输尿管移行细胞癌1例，肾盂和输尿管多发性移行细胞癌1例)。结果：7例手助腹腔镜手术均获成功。手术时间50～150min，平均97．5min；术中出血50～300ml，平均111．4ml；术后住院时间7～53d。结论：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌，是一种可选择的新的手术方式，与开放手术相比，具有损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

手助腹腔镜下脾切除门奇断流术（附12例报告）

目的探讨手助腹腔镜脾切除门奇断流术的手术技术。方法用手助腹腔镜完成12例脾切除门奇断流术。结果12例手术全部成功。手术时间150～260min，平均200min。术中出血200～1500ml，平均580ml。切除脾重500～2000g，平均870g。住院时间8～18d，平均1ld。术后病人恢复顺利，疼痛少，5例术后用止痛剂，24～74h排气，平均52h。手助切口愈合良好，1例出现并发症，1例死亡。结论手助腹腔镜行脾切除门奇断流术不但安全可行，而且具有微创手术的优点，疗效满意。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜手术治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤的经验总结

目的:总结机器人辅助腹腔镜手术治疗巨大肾上腺肿瘤(6cm)的临床经验并观察疗效。方法:回顾性分析2015年2月～2018年2月我院22例行经腹腔途径机器人辅助腹腔镜巨大肾上腺肿瘤根治性切除术患者的临床资料。结果:22例经腹腔途径机器人辅助腹腔镜巨大肾上腺肿瘤(直径6.4～10.9cm,平均8.2cm)根治性切除手术均取得成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间85～220min,平均155min;术中出血10～500ml,平均158ml,术中无输血。术后住院时间4～7d,平均5.5d。术后病理诊断:嗜铬细胞瘤9例,肾上腺髓脂肪瘤4例,肾上腺皮质腺瘤4例,神经节细胞瘤2例,肾透明细胞癌肾上腺转移1例,原始神经外胚层肿瘤1例,肾上腺皮质癌1例。术后随访3～39个月,2例失访,1例肾透明细胞癌左肾切除术后肾上腺转移的患者于术后10个月因肿瘤复发转移死亡,其余患者在随访期间未发现复发。结论:机器人辅助腹腔镜巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除术切实可行、安全有效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.