Pre- to post-immigration sexual risk behaviour and alcohol use among recent Latino immigrants in Miami

Retrospective pre-immigration data on sexual risk and alcohol use behaviours was collected from 527 recent Latino immigrants to the USA, aged 18–34. Two follow-up assessments (12 months apart) reported on post-immigration behaviours. Using a mixed model growth curve analysis, a six-level sexual risk change variable was constructed combining measures of sexual partners and condom use. The mixed model growth curve was also used to examine associations between changes in sexual risk behaviour and changes in alcohol use and for testing interaction effects of gender and documentation status. Results suggest that individuals with high sexual risk behaviour at pre-immigration converge to low/moderate risk post-immigration, and that those who were sexually inactive or had low sexual risk at pre-immigration increased their risk post-immigration. Individuals with moderately higher initial but decreasing sexual risk behaviour showed the steepest decline in alcohol use, but their drinking at Time 3 was still higher than individuals reporting low sexual risk at Time 1. On average, men drank more than women, except women in one of the highest sexual risk categories at Time 1 – who seemed to drink as much, if not more, than men. Undocumented men reported more frequent drinking than documented men. In contrast, undocumented women reported lower alcohol use than documented women.     

Changes in expectation of relationship permanence,pregnancy acceptability and desire,and contraceptive use over time among young Latino/a women and men: An exploratory analysis

ObjectiveWe longitudinally assess associations between changes in expectation of relationship permanence—a measure that incorporates both relationship duration and commitment—pregnancy desire and acceptability, and highly effective contraception use among young U.S. Latino/as.Study designWe used multivariable logistic regression to analyze associations between changes in relationship factors, pregnancy acceptability and desire, and contraceptive method use over 6 months among 299 U.S. Latino/a women and men (ages 18–34) in relationships in a longitudinal study (retention rate: 32.4%).ResultsRespondents who found a pregnancy less acceptable at endline than at baseline were more likely to use highly effective contraception at endline (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.09, 8.08). Respondents estimating an increase in relationship permanence more than one standard deviation of the mean were 4.90 (95% CI 1.17, 20.55) times more likely to use highly effective contraception at endline, compared to those without a change in estimation of relationship permanence.ConclusionIn this longitudinal study of young adult Latino/as in relationships, we found associations between changes in respondents’ perceptions of the acceptability of a pregnancy and expectation of the permanence of their relationship and highly effective contraceptive use. Our findings reiterate the complicated, intertwined links between relationship dynamics, pregnancy orientation, contraception, and time.ImplicationsThe significance of decreased pregnancy acceptability (but not desire) for using highly effective contraception suggests the importance of acknowledging pregnancy acceptability in contraceptive counseling, particularly because providers are more likely to direct Latino/a young adults towards methods that may not fulfill their contraceptive desires. Including discussion of young people’s expectations of relationship permanence may also be meaningful in counseling.     

Cross-sectional analysis of factors associated with prior contraceptive use among hospitalized obstetric patients in Kabul, Afghanistan

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess prevalence and correlates of prior contraceptive use among hospitalized obstetric patients in Kabul, Afghanistan. STUDY DESIGN: Medically eligible (e.g., conditions not requiring urgent medical attention, such as eclampsia, or not imminently delivering [dilation > or =8 cm]) obstetric patients admitted to three Kabul public hospitals were consecutively enrolled in this cross-sectional study. An interviewer-administered questionnaire assessed demographic information, health utilization history, including prior contraceptive use, and intent to use contraception. Correlates of prior contraceptive use were determined with logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 4452 participants, the mean age was 25.7 years (SD, +/-5.7 years), 66.4% reported pregnancy before the presenting gestation, 88.4% had > or =1 prenatal care visit and 82.4% reported the current pregnancy was desired. Most (67.4%) had no formal education. One fifth (22.8%) reported using contraception before this pregnancy. Among women with any pregnancy before the current gestation (98.6% of prior users), prior contraceptive use was independently associated with having lived outside Afghanistan in the last 5 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.63), having a skilled attendant at the last birth (AOR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07-1.71), having a greater number of living children (AOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20-1.41), longer mean birth interval (years) (AOR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11-1.38) and higher educational level (AOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.09-1.22). Immediate desire for another pregnancy and spousal disapproval were the most common reasons for not utilizing contraception. CONCLUSION: Prior contraceptive use is low among the women in Kabul, Afghanistan, particularly for younger less educated women. Programming in Kabul to strengthen postpartum contraceptive counseling should address barriers to contraceptive use, including immediate desire for pregnancy and spousal attitudes.     

Impact of recent welfare and immigration reforms on use of Medicaid for prenatal care by immigrants in California

This study investigates the impact of the recent welfare and immigration changes on the use of Medicaid by low-income pregnant immigrant women in California. The study presents findings from interviews with government officials, safety-net prenatal care providers, and immigrant advocates who serve low-income pregnant Asian and Latina immigrants at the national, state, or local levels. These informants spoke of policy actions that affect immigrants' abilities to use Medicaid for coverage of prenatal care. These actions include (1) the sharing of information between the California Department of Health Services and the federal Immigration and Naturalization Service, (2) the slow and confusing implementation of the reforms, and (3) the intimidating Medicaid eligibility process. The findings demonstrate how the policies changed the immigrant women's relationship with safety-net prenatal care providers, and sparked intense actions on the part of their advocates to sustain the women's access to perinatal care.     

Self pregnancy testing in an urban family planning clinic: promising results for a new approach to contraceptive follow-up

BACKGROUND: Immediate initiation of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) increases continuation and decreases pregnancies compared to conventional (next menstrual period) initiation. A drawback is the need to return in 4 weeks for a repeat pregnancy test to identify any pregnancy that was too early to diagnose on the day of injection. If women can perform home pregnancy tests (HPTs) to detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine, the need for this follow-up visit may be eliminated. This study assesses whether women can perform their own HPT. STUDY DESIGN: This is a single-visit observational trial of an HPT kit. Subjects recruited from a waiting room in an urban family planning clinic received an HPT kit with standard instructions to use immediately. Subjects and a research assistant each interpreted the test. Their results were then compared to a standard cassette type test for detection of hCG performed by clinic staff. kappa was calculated to assess the level of agreement. RESULTS: Three hundred ten subjects enrolled. They were young (mean age, 25.2 years), mostly Hispanic (91%) women. A change in the font and explicitness of the instructions decreased the incidence of invalid tests from 12.7% to 4.8%. The subject and research assistant's interpretation of the test had a high level of agreement, kappa=0.95 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92-0.99]. There was also a high level of agreement between the subjects' results and the standard test, kappa=0.88 (95% CI, 0.82-0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Women presenting for pregnancy testing at an urban clinic are able to perform HPTs with a high level of accuracy. The appearance of the instructions influenced the incidence of false-negative and invalid tests. Home pregnancy tests may be useful in follow-up protocols when immediate initiation of DMPA is employed.     

Computer-assisted motivational interviewing for contraceptive use in women leaving prison: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectivesRates of unintended pregnancies in women with a history of incarceration are high and access to contraception before and after arrest can be limited. Individualized counseling can better prepare women for healthy pregnancy or provide an opportunity for contraceptive education and access within correctional facilities. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of motivational interviewing as an individualized intervention to increase the initiation of contraceptive methods while incarcerated and continuation after release in female inmates who wanted to avoid pregnancy for at least one year after release.Study designWe performed an RCT in a population of incarcerated women who wanted to avoid pregnancy. Women were randomized to either a computer-assisted motivational interviewing intervention group (n = 119) or an educational video with counseling control group. (n = 113). The primary outcome was initiation of a method of birth control prior to release from the correctional facility.ResultsInitiation of contraception was higher in the intervention group (56% vs. 42%, p = 0.03), but this difference was not significant after controlling for number of male partners within the year prior to incarceration. There was no difference between the groups in the rates of pregnancies or STIs or continuation of contraception after release, which was generally low (21%).ConclusionComputer-assisted motivational interviewing did not improve uptake or continuation of contraception in this study.ImplicationsPeriods of incarceration provide an opportunity to offer contraceptive services to women who want to avoid a pregnancy. Motivational interviewing may not be an effective method to affect contraceptive behaviors in this population. Future research should explore the family planning values and preferences of women who become involved with the correctional system.     

Barriers and facilitators related to mammography use among lower educated Mexican women in the USA

This study explores barriers to and facilitators of breast cancer screening and how people in a woman's social network influence these screening behaviors. A total of 40 semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted in rural Washington State (USA) among Mexican women aged 50 and over. Eligible women reported either having had a mammogram within the last two years, over two years ago, or never. We found that lack of health insurance, the perception that the mammogram is painful, and fear of finding cancer were cited as barriers to participation in mammography screening. Women who had lived in the US for a shorter period were more likely to report never having had a mammogram than women who had lived in the US for a longer period. Women often cited daughters and female friends as those from whom they received advice or encouragement to receive a mammogram. Few differences were found related to network size and mammography use among the groups. These findings may be useful in designing interventions to promote mammography use. Including daughters in intervention activities may help facilitate mammography use among Mexican women.     

广州市外籍人员网络社交特征及临时性行为的相关因素分析

目的 分析广州市外籍人员的社会支持、网络社交、性行为特征及相关因素,为有效开展外籍人员干预活动提供参考依据。方法 采用横断面调查研究设计,在2019年11月至2020年1月,对符合标准的研究对象采用线下和线上相结合的方式开展调查,收集人口学特征、社会支持、网络社交行为、性行为等信息。采用统计学方法对可能影响临时性行为的因素进行分析。结果 纳入研究的434名外籍人员中,线下调查241人,线上调查193人。男性占68.4%（297/434）;年龄（31.0±8.8）岁;来源地为非洲地区的占79.0%（343/434）;经商占46.5%（202/434）,学生占48.2%（209/434）;在中国有生意伙伴、家人陪伴的比例分别为59.4%（258/434）和28.1%（122/434）;在中国有关系密切的朋友<10人的比例为57.1%（248/434）;每日使用社交软件时间为1~3 h的占43.3%（188/434）;最近3个月发生临时性行为占15.2%（55/363）。Logistic多元回归分析结果显示,与每日使用社交软件时间<1 h者相比,>6 h者更有可能最近3个月发生临时性行为（OR=3.63,95%CI：1.31~10.08）。结论 广州市外籍人员中每日使用社交软件时间较长者更有可能发生临时性行为。合理运用社交软件进行艾滋病宣传教育可促进外籍人员的健康意识。     

Risk factors for overweight in five- to six-year-old Hispanic-American children: A pilot study

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of and possible risk factors for overweight in a sample of 5- to 6-year-old Hispanic (predominantly Mexican American) children in Chicago, Illinois, to see if overweight is more common in more highly acculturated immigrant families. There were 250 kindergarten students (92% of those eligible) attending two public elementary schools serving primarily Mexican American neighborhoods measured for height and weight. Consenting mothers were interviewed (n=80) and measured (n=38). The interview tool covered demography, acculturation, infant and toddler feeding practices, current cating patterns and food preparation habits, physical activity, and psychosocial family characteristics. Overweight was conservatively defined as weight-for-height at or above the National Center for Health Statistics 95th percentile. The data were used to describe the prevalence of overweight. Overweight and nonoverweight children were compared on all survey variables using appropriate statistical tests, with significance set at .05. There were 23% of the total sample of children (n=250) and 26% of the subsample of children (those whose mothers were interviewed) who were overweight. Analysis limited to children in the subsample explored risk factors. The median score on the Acculturation Scale was 4.0 (range 2.4–10.4) on a scale of 2.4 (entirely not acculturated) to 12 (fully acculturated). There was no significant association between overweight and Acculturation Scale score. Overweight children were more likely than those not overweight to watch television for more than 3 hours during weekend days (48% vs. 22%, P=.03). Overweight children were also more likely to consume sweetened beverages (powdered drinks, soda pop, atole) daily (67% vs. 39%, P=.03). There was a trend indicating that free access to food at home increased the risk of overweight (P=0.06). No other family- or child-level variables were related to overweight. Only 40% of mothers with an overweight child correctly assessed these children as overweight. Approximately one quarter of the children in the study were overweight. Our hypothesis that their obesity was linked to acculturation was not confirmed. Longer hours of child television viewing on weekends and higher levels of sweetened beverage consumption were important behaviors associated with the occurrence of overweight. These data should be considered when designing future studies in this population. Presented in part at the 11th meeting of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición (SLAN), Guatemala City, Guatemala, November 1997.     

山东省男男性行为人群新型毒品滥用和HIV新发感染的相关因素分析

目的 分析MSM新型毒品滥用和HIV新发感染的相关因素,为制定艾滋病防控措施提供参考依据。方法 2021年4-7月在山东省9个城市监测哨点招募MSM,每个城市招募样本量为400人。开展面对面问卷调查,收集MSM社会人口学特征、行为学和接受HIV干预服务等信息,采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。采用限制性抗原亲和力酶联免疫法进行HIV新发感染检测,并计算HIV新发感染率指标。结果 共调查MSM 3 624人,年龄（32.70±9.33）岁,以≥30岁（59.52%,2 157/3 624）、高中及以下文化程度（55.99%,2 029/3 624）、未婚/离异/丧偶（57.70%,2 091/3 624）和性取向为同性恋者为主（86.26%,3 126/3 624）。最近6个月发生无保护肛交占32.95%（1 194/3 624）;曾使用新型毒品占27.48%（993/3 613）;HIV抗体阳性率为3.12%（113/3 624）,HIV新发感染率为2.61%（95%CI：1.73%~3.49%）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,MSM新型毒品滥用的相关因素包括未婚/离异/丧偶（相比于已婚/同居,aOR=1.43,95%CI：1.22~1.69）、大专及以上文化程度（相比于高中及以下文化程度,aOR=1.47,95%CI：1.25~1.72）、主要寻找男性性伴场所为互联网/交友软件（相比于酒吧/浴池/公园等,aOR=1.76,95%CI：1.41~2.19）、最近6个月发生无保护肛交（相比于未发生无保护肛交,aOR=1.33,95%CI：1.13~1.57）、最近1年患过性病（相比于未患性病,aOR=2.77,95%CI：2.04~3.76）。MSM HIV新发感染的相关因素包括最近6个月发生无保护肛交（相比于未发生无保护肛交,aOR=2.51,95%CI：1.25~5.01）、最近1年未接受HIV干预服务（相比于接受HIV干预服务,aOR=3.89,95%CI：1.30~11.60）、梅毒阳性（相比于梅毒阴性,aOR=8.18,95%CI：2.98~22.48）、曾使用新型毒品（相比于未使用新型毒品,aOR=4.75,95%CI：2.32~9.70）。结论 山东省MSM新型毒品滥用现象较为普遍,新型毒品滥用会增加HIV新发感染风险。     

A review of the use of US-derived aetiological fractions in an Australian setting for antenatal problems related to cocaine use

Aetiological fractions are often used as an indirect measure of morbidity and mortality related to a specific risk factor. Aetiological fractions previously used in Australia for cocaine-related antenatal haemorrhage and low birth weight newborns have relied on risk ratios calculated from US-based studies. As outlined in this paper, there are several differences in the use and prevalence of cocaine and its associated harms between the two nations. As such, it is recommended that any use of these aetiological fractions with Australian data should occur with caution.     

广州市2005年成年人慢性非传染性疾病相关危险因素调查

为掌握广州市慢性非传染性疾病（慢病）相关危险因素的主要发生、发展趋势及其规律，于2005年启动了成年人慢病相关危险因素监测工作，监测结果报告如下。     

青岛市35岁及以上暗娼安全套使用影响因素的三水平logistic回归分析

目的 运用三水平logistic回归模型分析青岛市大龄暗娼的安全套使用影响因素。方法 采用同伴推动抽样方法于2014年3-6月在青岛市招募和调查35岁及以上暗娼（OFSWs）收集每名OFSWs及最近1个月5名性伴（不包括丈夫）的相关信息。拟合三水平logistic回归模型结合大龄暗娼工作场所、OFSWs和性伴水平分析安全套使用的影响因素。结果 共对420名OFSWs完成问卷调查,获得2 100名性伴的信息。结果显示,OFSWs的安全套使用情况在招揽客人的场所水平和自身水平上存在有聚集性。三水平logistic回归结果显示,初中文化程度（OR=1.450,95%CI：1.054~1.994）、高中及以上（OR=2.264,95%CI：1.215~4.222）的OFSWs安全套使用率高于小学及以下文化程度者;认为安全套能预防艾滋病（OR=2.004,95%CI：1.273~3.154）的安全套使用率高;认为性伴之间信任不需要使用安全套（OR=0.796,95%CI：0.745~0.849）、既往感染梅毒（OR=0.657,95%CI：0.478~0.902）的安全套使用率较低。OFSWs与熟客及一般客人的安全套使用率高于和男朋友的安全套使用率（OR=15.291,95%CI：8.441~27.700;OR=29.032,95%CI：15.413~54.682）。结论 青岛市OFSWs安全套使用情况受自身及其性伴的共同影响,要对OFSWs及其性伴同时开展干预,重点关注文化程度低、与信任性伴之间、既往感染梅毒的OFSWs。     

河池市2011—2015年女性性工作者安全套使用的影响因素

目的了解河池市女性性工作者安全套使用情况及其影响因素,为制定艾滋病防控策略和措施提供依据。方法对河池市辖区内不同场所档次女性性工作者进行匿名问卷调查,采用卡方检验和Kruskal Wallis H检验推断安全套使用情况,用logisitic回归分析对安全套使用状况的影响因素进行分析。结果共调查2011—2015年河池市女性性工作者10 867人,艾滋病相关知识总知晓率95.69%,2011—2015年艾滋病知识知晓率随场所档次提高而增大（趋势χ2=53.72,P<0.01）。安全套使用频率影响因素分析显示,来自高档场所（OR=3.034,95.0%CI=2.410~3.818）和中档场所（OR=1.807,95.0%CI=1.639~1.992）者较低档场所者坚持使用安全套的可能性较大,文化程度为高中及以上者（OR=1.403,95.0%CI=1.183~1.665）较初中及以下者坚持使用安全套的可能性较大。另外,艾滋病知识作答全对（OR=2.521,95.0%CI=2.291~2.773）、接受过安全套宣传和发放/艾滋病咨询与检测服务（OR=2.019,95.0%CI=1.568~2.599）、接受过同伴教育（OR=1.538,95.0%CI=1.365~1.733）均为安全套使用的促进因素。而年龄在40岁以上（OR=0.835,95.0%CI=0.737~0.945）则为影响安全套使用的危险因素。 结论安全套的使用主要受调查对象自身文化程度及其对艾滋病相关知识知晓程度等因素的影响,加强针对低档场所以及中年女性性工作者艾滋病知识宣传教育和行为干预,有利于提高安全套的使用率。     

A systematic review of the evolution of GPS use in active living research: A state of the evidence for research,policy, and practice

This is the first systematic review to comprehensively capture Global Positioning Systems’ (GPS) utilization in active living research by investigating the influence of physical contexts and social environment on all intensities of physical activity and sedentary behavior among all age groups. An extensive search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using six databases. Out of 2026 articles identified, 129 studies met the inclusion criteria. After describing the evolution of GPS use across four themes (study designs and methods, physical contexts and social environment, active transportation, and behaviors), evidence-based recommendations for active living research, policy, and practice were generated.     

秦皇岛地区803例男男性接触者人口学及艾滋病相关高危行为状况调查

目的探讨秦皇岛地区男男性接触者(MSM)人群的人口学特征及与艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染、传播相关的性行为状况等,为制定有针对性的干预措施提供依据。方法对2008—2011年期间秦皇岛市疾病预防控制中心自愿咨询检测和监测到的MSM进行问卷调查,并对其人口学特征及艾滋病相关高危行为状况资料进行统计分析。结果 2008—2011年共调查MSM 803名,并对其进行了血清学检测。被调查时平均年龄为25.60岁,以未婚者居多(86.67%),经常寻找性伴的场所以网络居多(68.12%),有89.41%的人在近6个月内与同性发生过性行为,最近1次在同性肛交中使用安全套的占80.50%。近4年内该人群中发现HIV抗体阳性病例逐年增多,4年感染率为2.37%。结论秦皇岛地区MSM人群年龄偏年轻,同性性行为比较活跃,HIV感染率相对较低,宜以此为契机,做好该人群的干预工作,有效遏制艾滋病的蔓延。     

广西高校新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的使用意愿及关注因素调查

目的 了解广西高校新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的使用意愿及关注因素,为进一步在高校开展HIV尿液自我采样传递检测提供依据和参考。 方法 采取整群随机抽样方法,分别选取广西A、B两所高校新生进行匿名问卷调查,其中,A校在健康教育讲座前问卷调查,B校在健康教育讲座后问卷调查。 结果 本次调查中,共发放问卷500份,A、B两所高校新生的问卷回收率分别是88.0%(132/150),96.9%(339/350),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。A、B两所高校新生艾滋病基本知识平均知晓率分别为73.7%,87.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。受访的大学新生中有2.3%(11/471)曾接受过HIV检测。A、B两所高校新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的使用意愿率分别是63.6%(84/132),88.5%(300/339),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。男生对HIV尿液自助采样包的使用意愿率均要稍高于女生,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在阻碍HIV尿液自助采样包的使用因素调查中,54.0%(47/87)认为操作流程不方便,37.9%(33/87)怀疑结果的准确性,8.1%(7/87)认为容易污染。此外,在大学新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的关注因素调查中,首要关注的是保密性(85.4%,402/471),其次是准确性(72.4%,341/471)。超过一半的新生认为100~150元是HIV尿液自助采样包的可接受价格范围,高达97%的新生认为检测结果的反馈时长应小于7 d。 结论 广西高校新生对HIV尿液自助采样包的态度积极,使用意愿较高,对HIV尿液自我采样传递检测持相对开放态度。HIV尿液自助采样包的保密性和准确性是大学新生最为关注的两个因素。举办健康教育讲座对HIV尿液自助采样包进行适当的介绍和宣传,可有效提高使用意愿。     

Individual,social, and physical environmental factors related to changes in walking and cycling for transport among older adults: A longitudinal study

To date, no longitudinal studies examined the change in walking and cycling for transport as distinct outcomes over time and investigated the predictors of those changes. Therefore, this present study examined the change in odds of engagement in walking and cycling for transport as distinct outcomes among Belgian older adults over a three-year follow-up period, and examined factors (i.e. socio-demographics, psychosocial, perceived social and physical environmental characteristics) related to these changes in engaging in walking and cycling for transport. Against our expectations, we found significantly higher odds of engaging in cycling for transport among older adults at follow-up compared to baseline and no significant differences in the odds of engaging in walking for transport. Interventions should assist older adults to increase their self-efficacy towards PA, their perceived benefits of PA, and their perception of land use mix diversity in their neighborhood in order to increase the engagement in walking/cycling for transport over time, or help to decrease their perceived barriers towards PA or their perception to have a lot of physical barriers to walk/cycle in their neighborhood. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples are warranted investigating interaction effects between different predictors at various levels to find out which factors can be further integrated into active transport interventions in older adults.