生活饮用水细菌总数检测观察时间的探讨

细菌总数是评价水质污染程度的主要卫生指标。我国现行的生活饮用水标准检验方法GB5750—85规定水样中细菌总数测定是1ml水样在普通营养琼脂培养基中37℃经24小时培养所生长的细菌菌落的总数。我们在检测实验中发现水样培养时间的长短对菌落计数结果影响很大．为此开展本专题实验。     

两种培养基方法对医院空气检测结果的比较观察

目的：为了探索简便实用的采样与检测方法。方法：用普通营养琼脂和兔血营养琼脂两种平板对医院环境空气进行沉降采样检测,并对结果进行比较。结果：用普通营养琼脂平板进行采样和检测,细菌总数超标率为16.91%,未检出金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌;用兔血营养琼脂平板进行采样和检测,细菌总数超标率为15.44%,检出金黄色葡萄球菌5株,溶血性链球菌1株。细菌总数超标率两者间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,两种平板上生长的平均菌落数在≤1 cfu/皿至〉5 cfu/皿各区间分布的样品个数无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,致病菌的检测后者优于前者。结论：用兔血营养琼脂平板对医院环境空气进行监测,结果优于用普通营养琼脂平板进行监测。     

沛县350所村卫生室消毒质量现状调查

为进一步了解和掌握我县村卫生室消毒质量现状,于1992年10月对全县350所村卫生室进行了消毒质量现状调查,共取样1957份,合格率57.23％,现将结果报告如下。 1 调查方法 1.1 使用中消毒液的细菌污染 对使用中消毒液进行细菌污染检测,被检消毒液混匀后,用无菌针管取样1ml加至9ml含相应中和剂的稀释液试管内,取0.02ml接种于营养琼脂平板上,培养于36±1℃温箱内,72hr观察结果。     

对再制废水进行细菌学评价时鲎试验与标准倾注平板法计数和总大肠菌群滤膜法计数的比较

作者对48份再制废水水样进行细菌学评价时,将鲎内毒素试验(Limulus endotoxinassay)与标准倾注平板法计数及总大肠菌群滤膜法计数进行了比较。水样来源于得克萨斯州 Dallas 一家高级废水处理试验厂。水样用已灭菌无热原的塑料管采集。细菌总数及总大肠菌群数分别用标准倾注平板法及滤膜法测定。鲎试验方法:水样总内毒素的测定是将水样用无菌无热原的蒸馏水经不同的稀释度稀释后与鲎变形细胞溶解物进行反应。游离内毒素     

TTC琼脂平板涂抹法测定医院物体表面细菌总数的探讨

营养琼脂中加入TTC指示剂倒平板,对医院内物体表面细菌总数测定采取涂抹法培养,具有操作简单,受影响少,计数菌落清晰,检出率高等特点。1 方法:将营养琼脂溶化待冷切约45℃时,每100ml营养琼脂中加入0.15％TTC指示剂1ml(最终浓度为0.0015％)充分混匀后,倾注灭菌平皿,凝固后备用。 试验时用1ml无菌吸管吸取标本液0.2ml,注入制备好的TTC琼脂平板中心部,然后用无菌棒涂抹均匀,37℃18h后计数菌落并与琼脂平板倾注法作对照。2 结果2.1 TTC最佳浓度的选择:将不同浓度的TTC溶液配制系列不同含量的琼脂平板,对某一份标本作细菌     

关于水中细菌总数检测方法研究概况

细菌总数是指1毫升水样在营养琼脂培养基中,经37℃24小时培养后,所生长的细菌菌落的总数。细菌总数或标准平板计数是进行水中卫生细菌学评价的常用指标之一。我国规定生活饮用水的标准是每毫升水中细菌总数不得超过100个。国外除印尼规定每100毫升水中不得超过100个外,大部分国家与我国标准相同。美国自1914年制定水质细菌标准,经多次修改,细菌总数仍为每毫升水样不得超过100个。     

北京市三级综合医院口腔综合治疗台水路污染调查及改进措施探讨北大核心CSCD

目的了解口腔综合治疗台水路的污染现状,探讨改进措施。方法选择某市60所三级综合医院口腔科,对口腔医疗机构综合治疗台牙科手机和洁牙机出水端水样进行采样,分析微生物污染状况。结果口腔综合治疗台牙科手机水样120份,细菌总数范围为0~1.61×105 CFU/ml,合格率为15.00%;洁牙机水样118份,细菌总数范围为0~1.56×105 CFU/ml,合格率为18.00%。结论口腔综合治疗台水路存在严重的微生物污染,建议尽快制定相关标准规范,加强医护人员培训指导,规范口腔综合治疗台水路的清洗消毒管理,切实改善口腔治疗用水的卫生质量。     

北京市三级综合医院口腔综合治疗台水路污染调查及改进措施探讨

目的了解口腔综合治疗台水路的污染现状,探讨改进措施。方法选择某市60所三级综合医院口腔科,对口腔医疗机构综合治疗台牙科手机和洁牙机出水端水样进行采样,分析微生物污染状况。结果口腔综合治疗台牙科手机水样120份,细菌总数范围为0~1.61×105 CFU/ml,合格率为15.00%;洁牙机水样118份,细菌总数范围为0~1.56×105 CFU/ml,合格率为18.00%。结论口腔综合治疗台水路存在严重的微生物污染,建议尽快制定相关标准规范,加强医护人员培训指导,规范口腔综合治疗台水路的清洗消毒管理,切实改善口腔治疗用水的卫生质量。     

薄膜过滤法监测口腔综合治疗台水路污染的研究

目的比较倾注平板法和薄膜过滤法监测口腔综合治疗台水路(DUWL)细菌污染结果,探讨薄膜过滤法监测口腔DUWL细菌污染状况的可行性。方法采用倾注平板法和薄膜过滤法,分别监测口腔DUWL各个出水口和供水系统水源水细菌菌落数,数据采用SPSS10.0软件进行统计分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果倾注平板法监测手机水、漱口水、三用枪水、洗涤用水、水源水的细菌菌落数分别为(556.22±45.31)(50.44±5.23)(370.67±28.24)(77.54±35.25)(30.46±5.42)CFU/ml,薄膜过滤法分别为(587.36±47.43)(52.17±6.28)(487.36±39.46)(87.39±32.28)(47.39±6.80)CFU/ml,两种方法监测水源水细菌菌落数,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),监测其他出水口细菌菌落数差异无统计学意义;口腔DUWL监测合格率倾注平板法为22.7%~83.3%,薄膜过滤法为27.2%~88.9%,两种方法监测水源水合格率均为100.00%。结论采用薄膜过滤法监测口腔DUWL细菌污染,操作简便可靠,可替代倾注平板法。     

酶底物法定量检测嗜肺军团菌的应用研究

目的开展嗜肺军团菌检测新方法的应用研究,利用酶底物法定量检测技术应用于辖区公共场所不同水样的嗜肺军团菌检测中。方法 2018年—2021年收集辖区公共场所淋浴热水、水龙头水样以及集中空调冷凝水、冷却水样,采用酶底物法进行检测,对检出的阳性样本经细菌分离技术与TaqMan荧光定量PCR实验验证确认。结果应用酶底物定量检测法在336件水样中检出阳性样本81件,阳性率为24.1%。嗜肺军团菌计数结果在<1 MPN/100 ml～2 272.6 MPN/100 ml。对81件阳性样本经细菌分离培养、血清分型实验、荧光定量PCR实验加以验证确认,无假阳性,方法特异度为100%。结论通过应用酶底物法检测嗜肺军团菌,操作简便、结果快速、定量、灵敏,具有推广应用的价值。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.