妊娠期糖尿病的孕期管理与妊娠结局的分析

目的　探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕期管理与妊娠结局的关系。方法　比较妊娠期糖尿病孕妇82例与正常对照组82例的妊娠结局,包括孕产妇并发症、剖宫产率、早产率、胎儿生长迟缓(FGR)、巨大儿发生率、围产儿死亡率及新生儿病率等。82例GDM孕妇中包括经治疗者67例和未经治疗者15例。结果　GDM组的孕产妇并发症、围产儿死亡率及新生儿病率与正常对照组相比无差异,剖宫产率、早产率、巨大儿发生率与正常对照组相比有差异,尤其未经系统治疗者发生率高。结论　GDM孕妇经过及时诊断,加强管理,用饮食疗法或胰岛素治疗有效控制血糖,适时终止妊娠,可有效降低母婴并发症的发生。     

孕妇妊娠中期糖脂代谢紊乱对不良妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨孕妇妊娠中期的糖脂代谢异常对不良妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2013年4月～2014年4月在西安市第四医院产科就诊并分娩的孕妇1　685例,于24～28周检测糖脂等代谢指标并进行常规75　g口服葡萄糖耐量试验的结果。根据国际妊娠并发糖尿病研究组织(IADPSG)推荐的诊断标准分为妊娠糖尿病组(GDM)和糖耐量正常组;根据三酰甘油(TG)水平分为TG增高组(TG≥3.23　mmol/L)和TG正常组(TG＜3.23　mmol/L),随访并比较妊娠并发症和妊娠结局。统计学分析采用t检验,χ2检验和Logistic回归分析。结果1　685例孕妇中GDM组孕妇占11.69%,TG增高组孕妇占14.01%。①GDM组与糖耐量正常组相比,三酰甘油［(3.61±1.85)　vs　(2.98±1.34)mmol/L,t=5.73］,总胆固醇［(5.07±1.22) vs (4.60±0.99) mmol/L,t=6.03］显著升高,高密度脂蛋白［(1.28±0.61) vs (1.72±0.93) mmol/L,t=-6.47］明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01);GDM组的妊娠高血压(10.66% vs 4.54%)、子痫/子痫前期(7.11% vs 3.29%)、巨大儿(12.18% vs 5.85%)、新生儿窒息(4.57% vs 1.41%)的发生率均显著高于糖耐量正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。②TG增高组与TG正常组相比,BMI(27.3±3.1 kg/m2 vs 20.4±2.3 kg/m2,t=40.59),空腹血糖［(4.65±0.71) vs (4.27±0.62)mmol/L,t=8.64］,空腹胰岛素［(20.16±10.53) vs (14.35±8.46) mU/L,t=9.86］,稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗指数(3.95±1.14 vs 2.72±0.89,t=18.92)明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。TG增高组的妊娠高血压(10.59% vs 4.42%)、子痫/子痫前期(6.36% vs 3.31%)、巨大儿(11.44% vs 5.80%)、新生儿窒息(4.66% vs 1.31%)的发生率均显著高于TG正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。③Logistic回归分析显示:TG和FPG的异常增高发生妊娠高血压(OR=1.805和1.179,95%CI:1.314～2.249和0.926-1.451),巨大儿(OR=3.011和2.194,95%CI:2.317～3.526和1.562～2.927),新生儿窒息(OR=2.529和2.103,95%CI:1.208～5.246和1.591～2.493),妊娠糖尿病(OR=3.446和2.214,95%CI:1.472～8.254和1.578～3.006)的风险均升高(P值均＜0.05)。结论妊娠中期FPG,TG水平的代谢紊乱,可能造成妊娠不良结局风险增加。     

45例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩方式与分娩结局分析

目的为了提高妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇分娩服务质量及护理经验。方法通过对2004年1月-2005年12月来我院产科住院分娩的45例GDM孕妇及40例健康孕妇的分娩情况进行回顾性分析。结果GDM孕妇病理妊娠、母婴并发症发生率明显增高,因此糖尿病孕妇大多选择剖宫产结束分娩,但由此而导致一系列并发症。结论早期诊断GDM及控制血糖是促进糖尿病孕妇自然分娩,减少母婴并发症的关键。     

45例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩方式与分娩结局分析

目的为了提高妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇分娩服务质量及护理经验。方法通过对2004年1月-2005年12月来我院产科住院分娩的45例GDM孕妇及40例健康孕妇的分娩情况进行回顾性分析。结果GDM孕妇病理妊娠、母婴并发症发生率明显增高,因此糖尿病孕妇大多选择剖宫产结束分娩,但由此而导致一系列并发症。结论早期诊断GDM及控制血糖是促进糖尿病孕妇自然分娩,减少母婴并发症的关键。     

妊娠期糖尿病对妊娠分娩结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)对于妊娠分娩结局的影响。方法选取2014年1月至2015年10月在南京六合区人民医院产检并分娩的孕妇,根据其在妊娠24~28周行75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果,将278例GDM孕妇设为GDM组,同期选取278例健康孕妇作为对照组,并对2组孕妇妊娠分娩结局进行统计分析及比较。结果 GDM组孕妇的OGTT 3个时间点的血糖[空腹血糖(FPG)、服糖后1h(1hPG)、服糖后2h(2hPG)]值分别为(5.08±0.56)、(9.22±1.71)、(7.62±1.48)mmol/L,均高于对照组孕妇OGTT 3个时间点的血糖值,分别为(4.45±0.43)、(7.76±1.35)、(6.34±0.96)mmol/L,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);GDM组妊娠期高血症、胎膜早破、早产、胎儿窘迫、产后出血、巨大儿发生率及剖宫产率均高于对照组,差异有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 GDM对妊娠结局有较大影响,可导致母婴严重的并发症,应加强妊娠期糖代谢监测及相关知识的宣教以改善母婴结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇酮体、肌醇含量变化与胎儿畸形的相关性

目的对孕早期孕妇酮体含量及肌醇代谢水平进行分析,了解妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇酮体与肌醇含量的变化与胎儿出现畸形的相关性,从而达到在孕早期对胎儿畸形进行预防的目的。方法选取2010年1月~2013年6月间于我院确诊为GDM孕妇并在我院分娩产出畸形胎儿的患者19例,设为GDM组;另选取同期在我院进行常规检查并正常分娩的健康孕妇19例设为对照组。分别于两组研究对象怀孕3个月内时测定其体内酮体、肌醇和空腹血糖含量,并追踪统计畸形胎儿的类型,分析GDM孕妇酮体与肌醇含量的变化对胎儿出现畸形的影响。结果两组研究对象在年龄、孕周、BMI等一般资料比较中差异不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）。经过对各项检测指标的分析发现,GDM组的孕妇酮体和空腹血糖含量显著高于对照组,而肌醇的含量水平则低于对照组。两组之间的比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。GDM组的孕妇娩出的畸形胎儿主要有无脑儿、脊柱裂、肾脏畸形及其他神经中枢缺损。结论GDM孕妇酮体的含量和肌醇的代谢水平能够影响胎儿的正常发育,在孕早期胎儿是否存在畸形的预测中具有一定的价值,以此为指标可以在临床上对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇及时的进行补救或终止妊娠,减少畸形胎儿的发生率。       

妊娠期糖尿病高危孕妇血糖再筛查的临床研究

目的：探讨糖尿病高危孕妇妊娠晚期血糖再筛查的临床价值.方法：选取妊娠24～28周50 g葡萄糖筛查试验（glucose challenge test,GCT）阴性但有糖尿病高危因素的孕妇600例,于妊娠32～34周再行50 g GCT筛查,阳性者再作100 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT）.根据检查结果,将600例孕妇分为4组,并对这4组孕妇及围产儿结局进行比较.结果：首次GCT阴性的600例孕妇中,妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）和妊娠期糖耐量受损（gestational impaired glucose tolerance,GIGT）的患病率分别为2.3％和5.2％.GDM组的年龄、分娩前体质量指数、合并羊水过多者、巨大儿发生率与GCT（-）组差异有统计学意义.GDM组、GIGT组及GCT（＋）组孕妇的孕前体质量、妊娠高血压发生率、手术分娩率、新生儿病率的差异有统计学意义.结论：妊娠期糖代谢异常能增加孕产期并发症和围产儿的患病率.因此,对首次GCT阴性者在妊娠晚期再次血糖筛查与管理是非常必要的.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇糖化血红蛋白水平与不良母婴结局的相关性

目的:通过分析妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)孕妇分娩前糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)水平与不良母婴结局的关系,探讨HbAlc在血糖监测及预判母婴结局中的价值。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月至6月在安徽医科大学附属妇幼保健院住院分娩的593例GDM孕妇的临床资料。根据分娩前HbAlc水平将其分为3组:229例孕妇HbAlc<5.5%为A组,284例孕妇HbAlc 5.5%~6.0%为B组,80例HbAlc>6.0%为C组。比较3组母婴结局情况,采用二分类logistic回归分析不良母婴结局的高危因素,采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析HbAlc水平预测不良母婴结局的价值。结果:1)C组孕妇妊娠期高血压疾病、巨大儿发生率及新生儿体重指数(body mass index,BMI)高于A组、B组(均P<0.05),A组与B组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。C组羊水过多、胎膜早破、胎儿窘迫发生率最高,与A组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与B组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。C组早产发生率最高,与B组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与A组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组剖宫产、产后出血、新生儿窒息及胎死宫内发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。Pearson积矩相关分析显示新生儿BMI与HbAlc水平呈正相关(r=0.167,P<0.05)。2)二分类logistic回归分析显示HbAlc水平升高是不良母婴结局的危险因素(B组OR=1.477,95%CI:1.011~2.158,P<0.05;C组OR=1.848,95%CI:1.022~3.344,P<0.05)。HbAlc水平有预测不良母婴结局的价值,曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.601(P<0.001)。结论:分娩前HbAlc水平可作为GDM孕妇孕期血糖监测及预测不良母婴结局的辅助指标。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕期干预对妊娠结局的影响

目的：探讨妊娠期糖尿病的孕期干预对妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者120例,将孕期通过干预后血糖控制良好的76例孕妇为干预实验组,将未予孕期干预、血糖控制不佳者44例为干预对照组,同时,随机抽取110例血糖正常的分娩孕妇为正常对照组,比较三组孕妇妊娠结局及围生儿结局。结果干预实验组早产、羊水过多、巨大儿、FGR、糖尿病酮症、新生儿低血糖、新生儿窒息及高胆红素血症的发生率及剖宫产率均低于干预对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而其与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论妊娠期糖尿病孕期有效干预可明显降低母婴并发症的发生率,改善母婴结局,甚至达到正常孕妇水平。     

孕早期脂代谢异常对妊娠期糖尿病发病率的影响

[目的]孕早期脂代谢异常对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发病率的影响.[方法]选取120例孕早期脂代谢异常的孕妇为观察组,另选120例孕早期脂代谢正常的孕妇为对照组.检测两组血清脂代谢指标:胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)以及脂肪细胞因子:瘦素、游离脂肪酸;血糖及胰岛素抵抗指标:空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)水平.分析TG、瘦素与血糖及胰岛素抵抗指标的相关性,并统计两组GDM发生率、妊娠结局、胎儿及相关并发症发生情况.[结果]观察组孕妇TG、TC、LDL-C、瘦素、游离脂肪酸水平明显高于对照组,HDL-C水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组血糖指标FBG、HbAlc、HOMA-IR高于对照组,胰岛素抵抗指标FINS低于对照组(P<0.05).单因素相关分析显示TG、瘦素水平均与FBG、HbAlc、HOMA-IR呈正相关,与FINS呈负相关(P<0.05).观察组GDM发生率为35.00%,显著高于对照组16.67%(P<0.05);与对照组相比,观察组剖宫产率明显增高(P<0.05),观察组分娩后胎儿窘迫、巨大儿发生率明显增高(P<0.05).     

护理干预应用于妊娠合并糖尿病患者的分析研究

妊娠糖尿病患者血糖水平的高低直接影响到孕妇及胎儿的健康，而护理干预效果的好坏，直接关系到妊娠糖尿病患者血糖的控制。在孕期需加强护理干预，鼓励其坚持饮食治疗、适当的体育锻炼和必要的胰岛素治疗等，以防止低血糖反应、高血糖及酮症酸中毒的发生。完善的孕期护理，积极有效的护理干预，对减少母婴各种并发症、确保母婴健康具有重要意义。本文旨在探讨护理干预在控制妊娠糖尿病孕妇孕期血糖和改善妊娠结局中的作用；摸索针对妊娠糖尿病孕妇的孕期护理方法和教育模式；如何使GDM孕妇顺利度过妊娠期，确保母婴健康。     

First-Trimester Fasting Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

OBJECTIVE

The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study found strong associations between higher levels of maternal glucose at 24–32 weeks, within what is currently considered normoglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our aim was to evaluate the associations between first-trimester fasting plasma glucose level and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Charts of all patients who delivered at our hospital between June 2001 and June 2006 were reviewed. Only subjects with singleton pregnancy and a recorded first-trimester fasting glucose level were included. Women with pregestational diabetes, fasting glucose level >105 mg/dl, or delivery <24 weeks were excluded. Fasting glucose levels were analyzed in seven categories, similar to the HAPO study. The main outcomes were development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), large-for-gestational-age (LGA) neonates and/or macrosomia, and primary cesarean section. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used; significance was <0.05.

RESULTS

A total of 6,129 women had a fasting glucose test at median of 9.5 weeks. There were strong, graded associations between fasting glucose level and primary outcomes. The frequency of GDM development increased from 1.0% in the lowest glucose category to 11.7% in the highest (adjusted odds ratio 11.92 [95% CI 5.39–26.37]). The frequency of LGA neonates and/or macrosomia increased from 7.9 to 19.4% (2.82 [1.67–4.76]). Primary cesarean section rate increased from 12.7 to 20.0% (1.94 [1.11–3.41]).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher first-trimester fasting glucose levels, within what is currently considered a nondiabetic range, increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Early detection and treatment of women at high risk for these complications might improve pregnancy outcome.Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk for adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes, including macrosomia, cesarean section, birth trauma, and later diabetes. The Toronto Tri-Hospital Gestational Diabetes Project (1) and the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Research Group (2) studied the relationship between plasma glucose levels, less severe than overt GDM, and pregnancy outcomes. They found graded relation between increasing levels of fasting, 1-h, and 2-h plasma glucose obtained on oral glucose tolerance testing at 24–32 weeks and a wide variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including increased birth weight, primary cesarean section, neonatal hypoglycemia, and precclampsia.Using fasting plasma glucose as a screening test for adverse pregnancy outcomes early in gestation offers some advantages compared with glucose challenge tests (GCTs). Glucose tolerance tests are poorly reproducible, are time consuming and expensive, require extensive patient preparation, are inconvenient to administer, and are unpleasant for the patient, and in pregnant women vomiting is a common problem. Fasting plasma glucose is easy to administer, well tolerated, inexpensive, reliable, reproducible, and has been reported to vary little throughout gestation (3). However, there is no universally agreed definition for normal fasting glucose level in pregnancy. In pregnant women, similar to the nonpregnant state, fasting plasma glucose >125 mg/dl is considered diagnostic for diabetes (4). In nonpregnant adults, impaired fasting glucose is diagnosed with fasting glucose levels of 100–125 mg/dl (4). However, there is no definition for impaired fasting glucose during pregnancy: in the 3-h 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a fasting glucose value >105 mg/dl was considered abnormal by the National Diabetes Data Group''s criteria (5), whereas the Carpenter and Coustan criteria (6) for the diagnosis of GDM set the normal fasting glucose, in the OGTT, to <95 mg/dl.Detection of women at higher risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes early in pregnancy is a desirable goal because interventions such as diet, medication, and exercise may be applied earlier and have a positive effect on maternal and fetal outcomes (7–9). Therefore, we wanted to evaluate, retrospectively, the associations between fasting glucose level in the first trimester within what is currently considered normoglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes.     

加强妊娠期糖尿病管理对妊娠期糖代谢异常患者的影响分析

目的比较不同时期糖代谢异常孕妇的妊娠期并发症及妊娠结局变化。方法选择1996～2007年糖代谢异常孕妇718例与糖代谢正常孕妇11239例进行比较,第一阶段1996～2001年糖代谢异常孕妇122例为观察组1,糖代谢正常孕妇5967例为对照组1;第二阶段2002～2007年糖代谢异常孕妇596例为观察组2,糖代谢正常孕妇5272例为对照组2。第一阶段未开展葡萄糖筛查,产检生化空腹血糖≥5.6mmol/L,则进行餐后2h血糖检查或葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT);第二阶段对产检孕妇均在妊娠24～28周行50g葡萄糖筛查,对筛查值≥7.8mmol/L者进行OGTT,并实行妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)管理。结果第一阶段妊娠期糖代谢异常122例,发病率为2.00%,其中糖尿病合并妊娠0.84%,GDM为0.84%,GIGT为0.32%;第二阶段妊娠期糖代谢异常596例,发病率为10.16%,其中糖尿病合并妊娠0.78%,GDM为4.29%,GIGT为5.08%,第一阶段观察组1早产、巨大胎儿、羊水过多及胎儿畸形的发生率分别为12.30%、13.93%、4.10%及3.28%,明显高于对照组1的5.33%、3.62%、0.96%及0.72%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组1的妊娠期高血压疾病、胎儿生长受限(FGR)、死胎及新生儿高胆红素血症的发生率分别为9.02%、0.82%、2.46%、8.20%,对照组1分别为6.37%、2.26%、0.99%、13.09%,两组差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。第二阶段观察组2早产的发病率11.24%,高于对照组2的8.61%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组2妊娠期高血压疾病、巨大胎儿、羊水过多、胎儿畸形、FGR、死胎及新生儿高胆红素血症的发生率分别为7.05%、5.37%、2.68%、1.34%、1.34%、0.67%、6.04%,对照组2分别为5.46%、4.36%、1.99%、2.12%、1.35%、1.23%、5.16%,两组差异没有统计学意义。结论加强妊娠期糖尿病的管理,可减少妊娠并发症,改善妊娠结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病营养干预对围生期预后的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）营养干预对围生期预后的影响。方法对62例GDM孕妇进行营养干预，并与62例正常孕妇的妊娠结局比较。结果62例GDM孕妇中有55例（88．71％）经营养干预后血糖控制良好，7例（11．29％）需要营养干预加胰岛素治疗方能将血糖控制在正常范围内。经营养干预及临床治疗，62例GDM孕妇，除早产发生率及剖宫产率高于非糖尿病孕妇组外（P〈0．05）．妊高征、羊水过多、巨大儿、胎儿生长受限（FGR）、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、感染及新生儿黄疸等发病率与非糖尿病妊娠期组比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论加强对GDM营养干预，能有效控制GDM孕妇的血糖，降低围生期不良结局的发生。     

妊娠期糖耐量异常对新生儿血糖水平影响的前瞻性对照研究

目的通过对妊娠期糖耐量异常和妊娠期血糖正常产妇所分娩的新生儿出生后24 h内5个时点血糖水平的动态监测对比,分析妊娠期糖尿病对新生儿血糖水平的影响。进一步完善妊娠期糖尿病的系统管理方法,避免新生儿低血糖的发生。方法选择我院产科2003年6月~2004年6月住院孕妇所分娩的新生儿,妊娠糖尿病孕妇所分娩的新生儿66例,其中妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)47例,妊娠期糖耐量异常(GIGT)的19例与同期正常孕妇所分娩的新生儿66例比较。结果两组新生儿血糖值24 h内5个时点的比较,差异无统计学意义。新生儿体重比较差异无显著性意义。结论观察分析新生儿低血糖的发生率并能及时治疗,纠正低血糖,减少合并症的发生,反映了系统管理妊娠期糖尿病及糖耐量受损的治疗效果,对临床治疗和护理有指导意义。     

南充地区妊娠期糖尿病危险因素及妊娠结局分析

目的 探讨南充地区妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的危险因素及妊娠结局,为南充地区育龄妇女GDM防治提供参考依据。方法 选取2018年7月1日至2019年9月30日在川北医学院附属医院产检并住院分娩的孕产妇1 800例,其中确诊GDM 537例(GDM组),血糖正常1 263例(NGT组),分析GDM的发病率、危险因素及妊娠结局。结果 南充地区GDM发病率为29.83%。年龄、居住地、产前体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)、乙型病毒性肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)、妊娠期甲状腺功能、瘢痕子宫、体外受精(IVF)、流产史及分娩史与GDM发病相关;GDM与剖宫产、HDP、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)、产后出血、早产、巨大儿发病相关(均P<0.05)。年龄、居住地、产前BMI、PCOS、HBsAg、HDP、妊娠期甲状腺功能、IVF及流产史是GDM发病的危险因素;GDM是剖宫产、HDP、ICP、产后出血及巨大儿发病的危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论 南充地区GDM发病率可能与年龄、居住地、产前BMI、PCOS、HBsAg、HDP、妊娠期甲状腺功能、IVF及流产史有密切联系;GDM孕产妇剖宫产、HDP、ICP、产后出血及分娩巨大儿的风险较高。     

孕前体质量指数及孕期增重对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨孕妇孕前体质量指数(BMI)、孕期增重对孕妇妊娠结局的影响。方法选取本院1427例孕妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据孕前BMI情况,将孕妇分为消瘦组(BMI<18.5 kg/m 2)、正常组(BMI 18.5 kg/m 2~<25.0 kg/m 2)、超重、肥胖组(BMI≥25.0 kg/m 2)。根据2009年美国医学研究院推荐的孕期增重标准将孕妇分为增重不足组、增重正常组、增重过多组。比较不同组别的妊娠结局,并观察调整孕期增重范围后对不良妊娠结局的影响。结果超重、肥胖组妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、产后出血、巨大儿、低出生体质量儿、早产及剖宫产不良妊娠结局的发生率较高,其中3组妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、产后出血及剖宫产不良妊娠结局的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);增重过多组妊娠期高血压疾病、产后出血、巨大儿及剖宫产不良妊娠结局发生率较高,其中3组妊娠期高血压疾病、产后出血及巨大儿不良妊娠结局发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。孕前超重、肥胖预测早产的受试者工作曲线(ROC)下面积为0.712,预测效果尚可,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);孕期增重过度预测巨大儿的ROC曲线下面积为0.684,预测效果尚可,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。BMI正常范围孕期增重值调整为10.5~15.0 kg时,增重正常组妊娠期糖尿病、贫血、产后出血和巨大儿不良妊娠结局发生率明显下降。结论孕前BMI超重和孕期体质量增长异常均会增高不良妊娠结局风险,孕前BMI及孕期增重可预测孕妇不良妊娠结局。     

Ethnic differences in perinatal outcome of gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: Despite the high rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among certain Pacific Islander and Asian ethnic groups in the U.S., little is known about the risk for adverse perinatal outcomes in these populations. We sought to examine ethnic differences in perinatal outcome among Asian and Pacific-Islander women with GDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all women referred to the largest outpatient GDM program in the state of Hawai'i from 1995 to 2005 was conducted. Patients of Native-Hawaiian/Pacific-Islander, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, and Caucasian ethnicity were included (n = 2,155). Treatment of all patients consisted of an outpatient education class, dietary management, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and insulin instruction (if indicated). Demographics, maternal and neonatal characteristics, and delivery information were evaluated. RESULTS: Neonates born to Native-Hawaiian/Pacific-Islander mothers and Filipino mothers had 4 and 2 times the prevalence of macrosomia, respectively, compared with neonates born to Japanese, Chinese, and Caucasian mothers. These differences persisted after adjustment for other statistically significant maternal and fetal characteristics. Ethnic differences were not observed for other neonatal or maternal complications associated with GDM, with the exception of neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia. CONCLUSIONS: Significant ethnic differences in perinatal outcomes exist across Asian and Pacific-Islander women with GDM. This finding emphasizes the need to better understand ethnic-specific factors in GDM management and the importance of developing ethnic-tailored GDM interventions to address these disparities.     

Early postpartum metabolic assessment in women with prior gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To present the results of early postpartum metabolic assessment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), to determine predictive factors for subsequent diabetes, and to investigate the association of postpartum glucose tolerance with other components of the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 788 women were evaluated 3-6 months after a GDM pregnancy. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, BMI, and body fat distribution were assessed. Clinical and obstetric history, baseline variables at the diagnosis of GDM, metabolic control during pregnancy, and index pregnancy outcome were compared in women with diabetes and women without diabetes (American Diabetes Association [ADA] criteria) after pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain independent predictors of subsequent diabetes. Correlation coefficients were assessed between postpartum glucose tolerance and lipid levels, blood pressure, BMI, and body fat distribution. RESULTS: According to ADA criteria, 588 (74.6%) women were normal, 46 (5.8%) had impaired fasting glucose, 82 (10.4%) had impaired glucose tolerance, 29 (3.7%) had both impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, and 43 (5.4%) had diabetes. Prepregnancy obesity, recurrence of GDM, gestational age at diagnosis of GDM, glucose values in the 100-g OGTT, number of abnormal values in the 100-g OGTT, fasting C-peptide levels in pregnancy, C-peptide/glucose score in pregnancy, insulin requirement in pregnancy, 3rd trimester HbA1c levels, and macrosomia differed significantly in women with subsequent diabetes. Independent predictors of postpartum diabetes were prepregnancy obesity, C-peptide/glucose score during pregnancy, and the number of abnormal values in the 100-g diagnostic OGTT. The area under the postpartum glucose curve was positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, triglycerides, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Low C-peptide/glucose score during pregnancy together with prepregnancy obesity and severity of GDM (number of abnormal values in the 100-g diagnostic OGTT) are independent predictors of subsequent diabetes. Our data suggest that regardless of obesity and severity of GDM, a beta-cell defect increases the risk of postpartum diabetes. The association of postpartum glucose tolerance with triglyceride levels, blood pressure, obesity, and regional distribution of body fat suggests that postpartum glucose intolerance anticipates a high-risk cardiovascular profile that comprises other risk factors besides diabetes.     

血糖控制对妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨血糖控制对妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠结局的影响。方法对104例妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者给予糖尿病规范化治疗,依据血糖控制情况分为观察组73例和对照组31例。比较两组治疗后的妊娠并发症发生率和围生儿结局情况。结果观察组妊高症、羊水过多和巨大儿、早产儿、新生儿窒息发生率明显降低,与对照组比较,差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）;而孕妇感染、产后出血、剖宫产及胎儿窘迫、新生儿低血糖发生率组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论良好的血糖控制对GDM患者妊娠结局有着积极有利的影响,应重视GDM的早期治疗和血糖的定期检测。