Ultrasound biomicroscopic appearances of eyelid lesions at 50 MHz

PURPOSE: To correlate the ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) appearance of eyelid lesions with the results of histopathologic examination. METHODS: Fifty-two patients with eyelid lesions were evaluated using 50-MHz UBM, and the UBM scans were compared with the histopathologic findings. The obscuration of the normal lid sonographic layers and invasion into adjacent tissues were criteria suggesting malignancy. RESULTS: UBM characteristics of different eyelid lesions are presented. The sensitivity of UBM in detecting malignancy ranged from 78% to 86%, whereas the specificity ranged from 37% to 69%. CONCLUSION: This study of eyelid lesions shows that UBM can help differentiate between various benign and malignant lid lesions.     

超声生物显微镜技术在原发性急性闭角型青光眼晶体半脱位诊断中的应用

目的应用超声生物显微镜（UBM）技术检查原发性急性闭角型青光眼晶体半脱位的特点,探讨UBM在原发性急性闭角型青光眼晶体半脱位的临床诊断中的应用。方法选取2010年1月至2011年12月我科收治的12例（12眼）原发性急性闭角型青光眼晶体半脱位患者的临床资料,对这些患者进行裂隙灯、眼底镜、非接触眼压及UBM检查,用UBM测量晶体半脱位的范围和程度,分析UBM技术在本组患者诊断方面的应用。结果所有患者的诊断明确,12例（12眼）中,晶体半脱住范围为90～120;眼压21—29mmHg者2眼,眼压大于30mmHg者10眼。最佳矫正视力0．1以下者4眼,0．1—0．3者7眼,0．3以上者1眼。结论UBM作为一种客观检查方法,在急性闭角型青光眼晶体半脱位患者的诊断过程中发挥着重要的作用,利用其可以有效检查和判断出患者晶体半脱位的程度和范围。     

Liver transplant rejection: value of hepatic vein Doppler waveform analysis

Background: To determine whether abnormal hepatic vein Doppler tracings can be used to predict liver transplantation rejection. Methods: A total of 158 hepatic vein Doppler tracings were obtained on 93 postliver transplant patients (63 patients without rejection and 30 patients with biopsy-proven rejection). Hepatic vein Doppler tracings were scored according to an established grading system (0 = normal triphasic waveform, 1 = dampened waveform, with loss of flow reversal, 2 = completely flat waveform). The hepatic vein Doppler tracings were then correlated with biopsy findings. Results: In the group of 63 patients without rejection, 124 Doppler examinations were performed and graded as follows: 0 = 87 (70%), 1 = 31 (25%), and 2 = 6 (5%). In the group of 30 patients with biopsy-proven rejection, 34 Doppler examinations were performed and graded as follows: 0 = 16 (47%), 1 = 14 (41%), and 2 = 4 (12%). The sensitivity of abnormal hepatic vein Doppler tracings for detection of rejection was 53% and the specificity was 70%. The positive predictive value of an abnormal hepatic vein Doppler tracing was 33% and the negative predictive value of a normal Doppler tracing was 84%. Conclusions: Abnormal hepatic vein Doppler tracings are observed in patients with and without liver transplant rejection. Abnormal tracings cannot be used to predict liver transplant rejection. Received: 7 January 1997/Revision accepted: 17 April 1997     

实验性前部增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的超声生物显微镜观测

目的：探讨实验性前部增生性玻璃体视网膜病变（anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy,aPVR)的超声生物显微镜表现,从影像学揭示其引起低眼压的发病机理。方法：用培养的同种兔皮肤皮纤维细胞制作aPVR的动物模型,于术后不同时间点别行超声生物显微镜（ultrasound biomicroscopy,UBM)检查,并做大体标本及组织病理学观察。结果：UBM显示术后2周、4周和8周实验组睫状体水肿,术后4周实验组虹膜后睫状体内侧条形回声;术后4周及8周实验组周边视网膜牵引性脱离。大体标本改变与UBM相似,光镜检查发现实验组术后2周、4周、8周睫状体水肿,术后4周及8周睫状体无色素上皮萎缩、缺失。结论：超声生物显微镜能动态观察aPVR形态改变,与大体及组织病理改变相似,是认识aPVR病变状况及研究其引起低眼压发病机理的一种理想工具。     

激光周边虹膜成形术对角膜内皮细胞影响的临床观察

目的观察激光周边虹膜成形术对角膜内皮细胞的影响并分析相关影响因素。方法对16例（30眼）高褶虹膜综合征及闭角型青光眼患者行激光周边虹膜成形术。于术前及术后1周应用非接触角膜内皮显微镜进行观察及对比分析,测量指标包括：角膜中央区域内测量的最大细胞面积（MAX）、最小细胞面积（MIN）、平均细胞面积（AVE）、细胞面积标准差（sD）、变异系数（CV）及细胞密度（CD）。结果手术前后比较,患者角膜内皮细胞在术后1周时,角膜内皮细胞的丢失率为2．13％±9．57％。角膜内皮细胞密度和平均细胞面积均有变化,差异具有统计学意义（t=2．42,-2．24,P〈0．05）。经统计学分析,单次激光能量、激光击射次数、激光总能量与角膜内皮细胞丢失率呈正相关（r=0．59,0．69,0．66;P〈0．05）。结论激光周边虹膜成形术可能对角膜内皮细胞造成一定损伤,并损伤与单次激光能量的大小、激光击射次数和激光总能量呈正相关。     

Endoscopic findings predict the histologic diagnosis in gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) of the gastrointestinal tract is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Whether endoscopic findings predict the histologic diagnosis of GvHD in the gastrointestinal tract remains controversial. We performed a study to determine the diagnostic accuracy of macroscopic endoscopy findings in the diagnosis of acute and chronic histologically proven gastrointestinal GvHD (GI-GvHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endoscopic images from the intestinal mucosa of post-BMT patients were blindly graded as positive or negative for GI-GvHD and compared with corresponding histological findings, which were used as the gold standard. RESULTS: 44 BMT patients were referred for 96 endoscopic evaluations. Using 162 endoscopy-biopsy pairs, a positive association between endoscopic grading and histologic grading of GI-GvHD (odds ratio [OR] = 11.97, 95% CI 3.86, 37.16) was observed. Endoscopic diagnosis correctly predicted histologic diagnosis in both acute and chronic GI-GvHD (OR = 9.3 vs. 23.1, P = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy was high in both acute and chronic histologically proven GI-GvHD. Accurate diagnosis of GI-GvHD might be obtained with mucosal biopsies from either the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy may play a significant role in establishing early diagnosis and treatment for GI-GvHD in patients following BMT, but histologic evaluation of the gastrointestinal mucosa is needed to confirm the final diagnosis.     

应用Pentacam眼前节测量分析系统和UBM对比评估激光周边虹膜切开术干预可疑房角关闭的疗效

目的 探讨应用Pentacam眼前节测量分析系统和超声生物显微镜（UBM）定量分析可疑房角关闭（PACS）患者激光周边虹膜切开术（LPI）术前、术后前房深度（ACD）、周边房角（ACA）、前房容积（ACV）的动态变化.方法 前瞻性非随机对照临床研究.临床选取行LPI术的33例PACS患者,术前、术后1周分别用Pentacam和UBM测量眼前节数据.比较两种方法测量结果的差异.结果 ①Pentacam 测量结果,术后ACD 无显著性变化（t=-0.170,P〉0.05）,ACA 加宽（t=-2.218,P〈0.05）,ACV加大（t=-4.879,P〈0.05）.②UBM 测量结果,术后ACD 无显著性变化（t=0.1,P〉0.05）,ACA 加宽（t=-8.258,P〈0.05）.③Pentacam 与UBM在测量术前、术后ACD、ACA值时,差异有统计学意义（t=-7.050,t=-15.038,t=10.451,t=2.274,P均〈0.05）.在测量ACD时呈正相关,测量ACA时不具有相关性.应用Bland-Altman分析,两种方法测量ACD、ACA具有较好的一致性.结论 Pentacam 作为一种新型、无创的三维眼前节分析系统,可以定量分析PACS患者LPI术后前房结构的变化,与UBM比各有优势,其值有一定差异,ACD值和ACA值有良好的一致性.在临床工作中可发挥两种仪器各自优势使用.     

MRI对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的分度诊断价值

目的：探讨MRI对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）的分度诊断价值。方法：对比分析临床确诊的120例HIE病例的临床资料（轻度51例,中度46例和重度23例）和颅脑MRI资料的关系。结果：大脑半球脑叶受累及的数量、重要灰质功能区域受累及的范围以及脑实质和脑室内出血管等MRI征象与临床的病情程度具有显著的相关性（P≤0．1）。结论：根据MRI征象可以准确的判断HIE的病情程度。     

Digital retinal images and teleophthalmology for detecting and grading diabetic retinopathy

OBJECTIVE: Detecting and grading of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by means of digital retinal images sent via the Internet. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Four nonstereoscopic digital retinal images (45 degrees field each) of 126 eye fundus images from 70 diabetic patients were obtained with a nonmydriatic camera at two peripheral units. The images were sent via the Internet using a web-based system to a reference center, where they were diagnosed and graded by one ophthalmologist. These results were compared with those obtained by two other ophthalmologists, one at each peripheral unit, after direct examination of the patients. A modified severity scale of Airlie House was used for grading DR in all cases. Agreement between observers was assessed using unweighted kappa for categorical data and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for continuous data. RESULTS: Presence of DR was detected in 69 eyes (55%). All eyes with DR (69 of 69, 100%) were correctly identified (kappa = 1) by inspecting the digital images. In 118 eyes (118 of 126, 94%), 57 with no DR and 61 with DR, there was an agreement between the gradation made after the direct examination and the gradation made after the inspection of the images (ICC = 0.92). In eight eyes with DR (8 of 126, 6%), there was disagreement in the grading made with both techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Inspection of digital retinal images sent via the Internet allowed diagnosis and grading of DR. The presence or absence of DR was correctly assessed by inspection of the images in all instances. We also found agreement, in most cases, between retinopathy gradation made from the images and the gradation made by direct examination of the eyes. These findings suggest that this technique is suitable for screening procedures.     

Three‐Dimensional Color‐Coded Duplex Sonography for Assessment of the Vertebral Artery Origin and Vertebral Artery Stenoses

Objective . The aim of the study was to assess the potential of 3‐dimensional (3D) color‐coded duplex sonography (CDS) for evaluation of the vertebral artery origin and stenoses in this location. Methods. To compare 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3D CDS, both techniques were performed in 25 healthy volunteers and in 18 patients with 21 stenoses of the vertebral artery origin. Stenoses were graded in line with hemodynamic criteria on 2D CDS and according to North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria on 3D CDS. In 6 patients, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed additionally. Stenoses were graded according to North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria and compared with 2D and 3D sonographic data. Results. Overall correlation of both sonographic techniques concerning the grading of the stenoses was good (r = 0.69; P < .01). The interobserver correlation for assessment of stenoses by means of 3D CDS was high (r = 0.94; P < .01). Three‐dimensional CDS correlated excellently with DSA in 3 of 6 patients but showed only intermediate or no correlation in the remaining 3 patients. In contrast, spatial information on the stenotic morphologic characteristics was always very comparable with the results obtained by DSA. Conclusions. Three‐dimensional CDS represents a valuable tool for assessment of the origin of the vertebral artery, allowing important morphologic information on stenoses in this location. For grading of stenoses of the vertebral artery origin, 3D information should be combined with hemodynamic criteria obtained by spectral Doppler imaging in 2D CDS. Three‐dimensional CDS could be a valuable tool before interventional procedures of the proximal vertebral artery, saving time and avoiding iodinated contrast agents.     

国产UBM测量闭角型青光眼前段结构的准确性

目的探讨国产超声生物显微镜（UBM）对闭角型青光眼眼前段结构测量的准确性。方法应用BME-300型UBM对40例（80只眼）闭角型青光眼的角膜厚度、前房深度、晶状体厚度进行测量,计算校正值,并与A超测量结果进行比较。结果未进行校正之前,UBM与A超的角膜厚度、前房深度、晶状体厚度测量值之间均存在显著性差异（t=8.853～2.777,P〈0.01）。校正之后前房深度、晶状体厚度与A超测量结果比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但UBM所测角膜厚度明显大于A超所测结果（t=23.508,P〈0.01）。结论UBM测量所得眼前段数据应根据公式进行校正;在前房深度、晶状体厚度的测量中UBM与A超一致性较好,角膜厚度测量两者之间差异较大。     

Repeatability and Reliability of Quantified Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Image Analysis of the Ciliary Body at the Pars Plicata

Most of the ciliary body and ciliary processes of the eye cannot be directly visualized in vivo because of the posterior location of the pars plicata to the posterior chamber and iris. However, ciliary anatomy can be effectively imaged using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) by placing the probe close to the limbus, perpendicular to this structure. Previous studies measuring ciliary body parameters in meridian UBM images found that these parameters were measured with poor reliability and repeatability. This study evaluates the intra-observer reliability and inter-observer agreement of a standardized protocol for measuring six ciliary parameters in transverse or quadrant UBM images that capture an entire row of ciliary processes. All six ciliary parameters have high intra-observer reliability, with ciliary body thickness, ciliary process length and ciliary process density measurements being the most consistent for each observer. The coefficient of variation for each observer ranged from 1.4%–15%. Inter-observer agreement was also high for all six parameters, with an intra-class correlation coefficient >0.8. Utilizing transverse UBM images of the pars plicata allows for consistent quantitative analysis in control subjects.     

Subclassification of Indeterminate Pelvic Ultrasonograms: Stratifying the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy

Objective : To determine whether the subclassification of indeterminate ultrasound readings can identify patients who are at high, intermediate, or low risk for ectopic pregnancy.
Methods : A retrospective review was made of consecutive ED patients presenting to an urban teaching hospital from August 1991 to December 1994 with abdominal pain and/or vaginal bleeding and a positive β-hCG. Patients who had transvaginal ultrasonograms obtained during the ED visit that were read as indeterminate (no extrauterine findings of ectopic pregnancy and no intrauterine fetal pole or yolk sac) were eligible. Ultrasonograms were subclassified into 5 groups (empty uterus, nonspecific intrauterine fluid, echo-genic debris within endometrial cavity, abnormal sac, normal sac) based on predetermined criteria. Patients were excluded if the final diagnosis could not be definitively determined.
Results : 248 patients were identified. 20 patients were excluded because a final diagnosis could not be determined. Patients with an empty uterus [25/94 = 27% (95% CI 18–36%)] had the highest frequency of ectopic pregnancy. Patients with nonspecific intrauterine fluid collections [4/30 = 13% (95% CI 4–31%)] had the next highest frequency of ectopic pregnancy. Patients with intrauterine echogenic debris [2/39 = 5% (95% CI 1–11%)], abnormal sacs [1/36 = 3% (95% CI 1–9%)], or normal-appearing sacs [0/29 = 0% (95% CI 0 -8%)] had low frequencies of ectopic pregnancy.
Conclusion : Subclassification of indeterminate ultrasound readings identifies patients at high, intermediate, or low risk for ectopic pregnancy and should improve the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Key words: ectopic pregnancy; tubal pregnancy; intrauterine pregnancy; ultrasound; diagnosis.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者评估测试评分与肺功能及6min步行试验相关性分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）患者评估测试（COP Dassessment test,CAT）评分与肺功能和6min步行试验的相关性。方法应用CAT（中文版）对170例稳定期COPD患者生活质量进行评估,同时测定常规肺功能、支气管扩张试验、6min步行试验。根据CAT评分对患者生活质量进行分级,同时根据肺功能、支气管扩张试验、6min步行试验进行分级,对结果进行符合度及相关性分析。结果170例COPD患者CAT分值在各级分组中比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;CAT评分与COPD全球倡议（GOLD）分级、6min步行试验间呈正相关（r=0．339,P=0．000;r=0．334,P=0．000）,重度、极重度患者的符合度较高。结论cAT评分与肺功能、6min步行试验相关性低,适用于评价重度、极重度COPD患者。     

Quantification of blood echogenicity: Evaluation of a semiquantitative method of grading spontaneous echo contrast

Spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) is an echogenic, swirling pattern of blood flow which may be observed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the left atrium in low flow states, such as atrial fibrillation (AF). The presence of SEC has been proposed as a marker of increased thromboembolic risk. Evaluation of the severity of SEC might be useful in stratification of thromboembolic risk. The aim of this study was to validate a semiquantitative method of grading SEC against quantitative videodensitometric analysis. TEE studies were performed in 50 patients with AF. The severity of left atrial SEC was graded by three independent observers and by videodensitometry. There was a strong, positive correlation between the semiquantitative grades of SEC and quantitative videodensitometric scores (r = 0.85, P < 0.0001). Inter- and intraobserver correlations in the grading of SEC were very high (observer 1 vs. 2: r = 0.98, P = 0.0001; observer 1 vs. 3: r = 0.93, P = 0.0001; observer 1 vs. 1: r = 0.97, P = 0.0001). Semiquantitative grading of SEC can be performed rapidly and reliably by experienced observers. These results support the use of semiquantitative grading in studies of the pathogenesis and prognostic implications of SEC.     

Real-time risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism by grading the reflux of contrast into the inferior vena cava on computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography

Summary.  Objective: To investigate whether fast grading of reflux of contrast to the inferior vena cava (IVC) on computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is a potential biomarker for real-time risk stratification. Methods: We retrospectively identified 343 patients investigated for possible pulmonary embolism (PE) by CTPA at our medical center between September 2004 and March 2006. A total of 145 consecutive patients with PE (age 67 ± 19 years) and 168 consecutive ones with negative CTPAs (age 64 ± 20 years) fulfilled entry criteria. CTPAs were evaluated for retrograde reflux of contrast to the IVC by fast visual grading from 1 to 6 using the original axial images. Pulmonary obstruction index, the diameters of right and left ventricles and pulmonary artery, and patient survival data were recorded as well. Results: Twenty-nine (20.0%) patients with positive CTs and 23 (13.7%) patients with negative CTs had substantial degrees (≥4) of reflux of contrast to the IVC ( P  = 0.14). The Kaplan–Meier 30-day survival curves demonstrated significant reduction in survival in individuals with PE and grade ≥4 reflux of contrast to the IVC compared with lower grades ( P  = 0.008), but not in patients with grade ≥4 and no PE on CTPA ( P  = 0.26). The other cardiovascular parameters showed no significant correlation with survival in patients with and without PE. Conclusion: Substantial grades of reflux of contrast to the IVC during CTPA could predict early mortality in patients with acute PE. Rapid grading of reflux of contrast from the original axial CTPA images can be used for real-time risk stratification in patients with acute PE.     

Intraobserver and interobserver variation in the sonographic grading of placental maturity.

OBJECTIVES: The appearance of Grannum Grade III changes in the placenta at around 34-36 weeks is a predictor of adverse perinatal outcome, which may be reduced by reporting to the clinician. This has led to the suggestion that the placental grade should be noted during any third-trimester scan. There are no published data on the reproducibility of sonographic Grannum grading of the placenta; the objective of this study was to evaluate intra- and interobserver variation. METHODS: Fifty-five placental images from normal and complicated pregnancies of several different gestational ages were collected between April and October 2001. Three fetal medicine consultants and three experienced sonographers graded the images as 0, I, II, III or ungradeable. They then regraded the same images, presented in a different order and with different codes, 4-6 weeks later. Observers were blinded to their previous grading and to each others'. Weighted kappa (kappa), with linear weights, was used to look for strength of agreement. RESULTS: There was good agreement between the two observations of each placental image for five observers (kappa = 0.61 to 0.90), and moderate agreement for one observer (kappa = 0.56). However, the kappa-values for comparisons between the 15 pairs of observers ranged from 0.24 to 0.69 with six values below 0.41, indicating only fair agreement. This was confirmed by the overall kappa-value of 0.24 between all six observers. The agreement between the observers for Grade III placenta was poor, with an overall kappa-value of 0.09. CONCLUSIONS: Although intraobserver agreement was generally good, interobserver agreement was only fair for all grades and poor for Grade III placenta. This may be an indication that Grannum grading is not reproducible or it may reflect a need for training in those performing grading. Such variation may limit the effectiveness of reporting Grannum grades in clinical practice.     

北京某社区老年高血压患者分级管理效果分析

目的探讨分级管理在社区老年高血压的应用,以提高对老年高血压的有效管理。方法对北京某社区的年龄大于60周岁的369名高血压患者实行危险度分层及分级管理。监测患者血压达标率,依从性及满意度等指标。结果经过1年分级管理,老年高血压中危组及高危组收缩压及舒张压较之前均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),低危组患者血压值有轻度下降,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。另外,分级管理前后血压达标率、依从性及满意度均差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对社区老年高血压患者应推广及采用分级管理。     

二维超声及超声弹性成像对类风湿关节炎股四头肌肌腱的评估

目的:探讨超声弹性成像(Ultrasound elastography,UE)在类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)活动期中评估股四头肌肌腱损伤的应用价值。方法:选取40例健康志愿者(对照组)及40例RA患者,参照跟腱分段方法将股四头肌腱分为近段、中段、末段。分别使用二维超声和UE对两组的股四头肌肌腱进行检查,记录结果并进行分级,可分为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级及Ⅲ级,Ⅰ级肌腱视为正常肌腱,Ⅱ级及Ⅲ级肌腱视为异常或受损肌腱。通过两位评估者对肌腱超声诊断分级进行一致性检验。应用SPSS 22.0对数据进行统计分析。结果 :二维超声在对照组和RA活动组股四头肌肌腱各段分级异常数目中无统计学差异(P=0.173,P=0.072,P=0.242);UE股四头肌肌腱近段分级异常数目在两组中无显著的统计学差异(P=0.093),在中段和末段分级异常数目中有显著的统计学差异(P=0.002,P=0.001)。两组在评估肌腱二维超声诊断分级的一致性较好,对照组(k=0.794,k=0.851,k=0.726),RA活动组(k=0.707,k=0.709,k=0.703);两组在UE诊断分级近段肌腱一致性中等,对照组(k=0.576),RA活动组(k=0.574),两组在中、末段肌腱一致性较好,对照组(k=0.739,k=0.717),RA活动组(k=0.710,k=0.723)。结论:UE在评估RA活动期患者中、末段股四头肌肌腱损伤中有良好的应用价值;UE可以提供RA活动期中股四头肌肌腱硬度信息,可做为二维超声的补充检查方法。     

消炎痛栓联合小剂量度冷丁用于上腹部术后镇痛效果观察

目的 研究消炎痛栓联合小剂量度冷丁在上腹部手术后的镇痛效果。方法 将１２６例患随机分入三组,实验组（４３例）用消炎痛栓１００mg（４１例）、度冷丁５０mg(42例）术后痛。观察术后疼痛分级及相关症状。结果 镇痛效果上,实验组与单用度冷丁组无显差异,单用消炎痛组明显差于上述两组;副作用 上,实验组和单用消炎痛组类似,与单用度冷丁组比较,呕吐、排尿困难明显减少,肛门排气时间提前,结论 消炎痛栓联合小剂量度冷丁用于上腹部手术后镇痛效果确切,副作用少。