迟发性运动障碍患者超氧化物歧化酶、ATP酶活性改变

目的探讨抗精神病药所致迟发性运动障碍（TD）患者体内自由基代谢状况与TD的关系。方法测定36例TD、36例非TD慢性精神分裂症患者及40名正常人血浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、红细胞ATP酶及丙二醛（MDA）浓度,并进行三组间方差分析;生化指标与异常不自主运动量表（AIMS）总分间的相关性采用直线相关分析。结果对照组血清SOD活性、ATP酶活性均高于TD组及非TD组,对照组MDA浓度低于TD组及非TD组,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）,TD患者血清SOD活性、ATP酶活性、MDA浓度与非TD组间的差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。AIMS总分与SOD、ATP酶、MDA均有显著相关（r=-0.225,r=0.225,均P〈0.05）。结论TD患者的血清抗氧化酶、ATP酶活性、脂质过氧化物异常,自由基代谢障碍可能与TD关系密切。     

精神分裂症迟发性运动障碍患者血清肌酸激酶水平的研究

目的　探讨血清肌酸激酶(CPK)水平变化与抗精神病药物所致迟发性运动障碍(TD)的关系。方法　测定3 0例TD、3 0例非TD精神分裂症患者及3 0名正常人血清CPK水平,并分析TD组CPK水平与不自主运动评定量表(AIMS)评分的相关性。结果　TD组患者血清CPK水平(4 4 2 . 2 8±165. 42 )U/L、非TD组(2 3 9 .5 4±97. 94)U/L与正常组(98. 0 6±3 0. 3 6)U/L比较,有显著性差异,TD组与非TD组比较,有显著性差异(P =0 . 0 0 0 )。3 0例TD患者血清CPK水平与AIMS总分的相关系数为0 .44 9,P =0 . 0 13。结论　迟发性运动障碍患者血清CPK水平升高,与TD的严重程度相关。     

阿尔茨海默病患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶-3水平的对照研究

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶-3(MMP-3)水平的变化。方法应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫法测定30例AD患者(AD组)、27例血管性痴呆(VD,VD组)患者及26名正常对照者(正常人组)的血浆MMP-3水平。根据简易精神状况检查量表(MMSE)评分将AD患者分为重度组(MMSE≤10分,8例)、中度组(MMSE>10分~≤20分,12例)和轻度组(MMSE>20分~<24分,10例)。血浆MMP-3水平采用方差分析进行统计学比较。结果AD组血浆MMP-3水平为(5.8±1.2)×104U/L,VD组为(5.3±0.8)×104U/L,正常人组为(4.8±0.8)×104U/L。AD组高于正常人组(P<0.001)及VD组(P<0.05),VD组亦高于正常人组(P<0.05)。AD重度组血浆MMP-3水平[(6.8±1.3)×104U/L]分别高于AD轻度组[(5.5±1.0)×104U/L]及AD中度组[(5.6±1.0)×104U/L],P均<0.05。AD组MMP-3水平与MMSE评分呈显著负相关(r=-0.450,P<0.05)。结论血浆MMP-3水平与AD严重程度相关;其水平增高可能与AD发病过程有关,其差异对AD与VD的鉴别可能有辅助价值。     

维生素E治疗迟发性运动障碍的效果及可能机制

目的观察维生素E(Vit E)治疗精神分裂症伴随的迟发性运动障碍(TD)的效果及可能的机制。方法将80例TD患者随机分成两组,每组40例,分别采用安慰剂(对照组)、Vit E(治疗组,剂量为1200IU/d)治疗12周。在治疗始末分别进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、异常不自主运动量表(AIMS)评定;并予分光光度法测定治疗前后血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果 1对照组治疗前后AIMS单项分及总评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组AIMS除表情肌、全身单项评分外,其余各项分值及总评分均下降(P0.05)。2Vit E可升高SOD活性[治疗前(85.8±18.3)U/ml、治疗后(101.5±25.1)U/ml]、CAT活性[治疗前(1.8±1.1)U/ml、治疗后(3.1±2.1)U/ml]、GSH-Px活性[治疗前(106.8±28.3)U/ml、治疗后(133.1±31.0)U/ml],降低MDA水平[治疗前(13.2±6.7)nmol/ml、治疗后(8.6±5.5)nmol/ml](P0.05);安慰剂则对上述指标无明显影响(P0.05)。结论 Vit E能有效改善TD症状,氧化应激可能是TD发病与演进的重要因素。     

精神分裂症患者迟发性运动障碍与糖代谢异常关系探讨

Objective To explore the relationship between glycometabolism and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients. Methods Thirty schizophrenia patients with TD and 32 without TD were recruited by using the Simpson dyskinesia scale. They were assessed with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale ( PANSS ) and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale ( AIMS ) ( Chinese version ). The levels of FINS ( fasting insulin ), IRI( insulin resistance index ), GHB( glycolated hemoglobin )and FPG( fasting plasma glucose )were measured. The relationship between glycometabolism and TD was analysed. Results The levels of FPG were significantly higher in schizophrenia patients with TD [( 5.74 ± 1.36 )mmol/L] than the patients without TD[( 5.05 ± 0. 91 )mmol/L] ( F = 6. 619, P = 0. 013 ). The AIMS scores were positively correlated with levels of FINS( r = 0. 469, P ＜ 0. 05 ), FPG( r = 0. 512, P ＜ 0. 05 )and IRI( r = 0. 483, P ＜0. 05 ). Conclusions Glycometabolism may be involved in the pathophysiological process of TD.     

氯丙嗪和利培酮对精神分裂症患者血糖调节功能影响的动态观察

目的观察抗精神病药在治疗的不同时间精神分裂症患者血糖代谢的变化特点,探讨预防血糖调节功能损害(IGR)的有效方法。方法将213例住院精神分裂症患者分为氯丙嗪组(108例,200~650mg/d)和利培酮组(105例,3~6mg/d),均单一用药,分别于入院时、治疗第1,2,3,6个月末及1年末测定多项血糖浓度并进行对照研究。结果(1)治疗后随时间延长,两组血糖浓度均不断上升。治疗第3个月末餐后2h血糖(2hPBG)和2h糖耐量(2hPG)浓度开始升高,治疗第6个月末空腹血糖(FPG)和空腹糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)开始升高,治疗1年末所有血糖指标均升高(均P<0.05~0.01)。(2)组内治疗前后比较,氯丙嗪组治疗第3个月末2hPG[(5.77±1.28)mmol/L]和2hPBG[(5.93±1.10)mmol/L]、治疗第6个月末HbA1c[(5.49±0.76)mmol/L]、治疗1年FPG浓度[(5.29±0.71)mmol/L]均高于治疗前[分别为(mmol/L)5.31±0.58,5.48±0.60,5.22±0.50和4.96±0.49],均P<0.05~0.01;利培酮组治疗1年末2hPBG浓度[(5.70±0.89)mmol/L]高于治疗前[(5.35±0.77)mmol/L;P<0.05]。(3)两组比较,氯丙嗪组治疗第3个月末2hPBG和HbA1c[(5.41±0.63)mmol/L]、治疗1年末2hPG[(5.92±1.34)mmol/L]和FPG[(5.29±0.71)mmol/L]浓度均高于利培酮组[分别为(mmol/L)5.55±0.83,5.23±0.50,5.54±0.91,5.08±0.59],均P<0.05~0.01。1年末,两种药物日剂量与各血糖浓度之间无显著相关性(P>0.05)。(4)两组治疗后各时间点IGR的发生率均上升;治疗1年末,氯丙嗪组IGR发生率达36.1%,高于利培酮组(22.9%;P<0.05)。(5)在完成1年观察的198例患者中,51例(25.8%)至少有1次符合IGR血糖浓度标准,但两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血糖浓度随药物治疗时间的延长而上升,其中氯丙嗪比利培酮更易引起IGR。     

广泛性焦虑患者单胺递质、神经内分泌及免疫的动态观察

目的　探讨广泛性焦虑患者于中国道家认知疗法治疗前后的血浆肾上腺素 (EPH)、去甲肾上腺素 (NE)、促肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH)、皮质醇 (CS)和白细胞介素Ⅱ (IL 2 )水平的动态变化。方法　收集 2 9例患者接受中国道家认知疗法治疗 6个月 ,于治疗前后取血测定上述生化指标 ,选择2 9名年龄和性别相匹配的正常人作为对照组。结果　患者组治疗前EPH为 (5 91± 34 5 )ng/L、ACTH为 (2 4± 2 1)ng/L ,IL 2为 (2 2 3± 2 0 1)U/L ,均高于对照组 [(35 2± 10 9)ng/L、(12± 11)ng/L、(88± 86 )U/L],差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;CS为 (79± 49)U/L ,低于对照组 (138± 74)U/L ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;NE为 (741± 390 )ng/L ,与对照组 (75 1± 2 11)ng/L的差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。患者经 6个月治疗焦虑症状缓解后 ,ACTH [(14± 9)ng/L]和IL 2 [(133± 76 )U/L]水平较治疗前降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,CS[(148± 10 7)U/L]水平增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,均接近于对照组水平 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　广泛性焦虑患者存在生化指标EPH、ACTH、CS和IL 2的异常 ,中国道家认知疗法可使患者的临床症状缓解、生化指标恢复正常。     

首发精神分裂症患者的糖代谢研究

目的　探讨首发精神分裂症患者的糖代谢情况。方法　对 86例首发精神分裂症患者及 45名健康人进行糖耐量试验(OGTT) ,并检测其空腹血浆胰岛素、C肽的浓度。结果　两组间空腹血糖、餐后 3h血糖、空腹胰岛素、C肽的差异无显著性 ,病例组餐后 1h血糖值 [( 7 89± 1 77)mmol/L]、2h的血糖值 [( 6 2 4± 1 14 )mmol/L]、OGTT血糖曲线下面积 (AUC) [( 18 2 4± 2 76)mmol/(L·h) ]比对照组 [分别为 ( 6 5 4± 1 84)mmol/L ,( 5 88± 2 78)mmol/L ,( 15 86± 1 93 )mmol/L/h ,P分别小于 0 .0 1、0 .0 5、0 0 1]要大 ;组间糖耐量减退 (IGT)的发生率无显著性差异 ( χ2 =0 5 84,P >0 0 5 ) ;偏执型患者组与青春型患者组间的空腹血糖、2h血糖值无显著性差异 (t=1 476,P均大于 0 0 5 ) ;发生IGT的病例组与未发生IGT病例组组间阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)总分及 4个分量表分值的差异无显著性差异 (P均大于 0 0 5 )。结论　首发精神分裂症患者存在餐后高血糖现象。     

抗精神病药所致迟发性运动障碍患者血浆非酶抗氧化物浓度的变化

目的 探讨抗精神病药所致迟发性运动障碍(TD)患者血浆非酶抗氧化物浓度变化与TD的关系.方法 分别运用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)和异常不自主运动量表(AIMS)评定精神症状和TD严重程度；使用全自动生化仪测定TD组(60例)、非TD组(60例)和对照组(45名)血浆白蛋白(Alb)、胆红素(Bil)、尿酸(UA)浓度,采用方差分析比较3组间上述指标的差异；采用单因素非条件Logistic回归分析各项生化指标与TD患者临床特征间的关系.结果 与对照组[(46.8±3.4) g/L和(12.7 ±3.3) μmol/L]比较,TD组[(40.2±2.5) g/L、(9.2±2.1)μmol/L]和非TD组[(41.2±2.3) g/L、(10.2 ±3.1)μmol/L] Alb和Bil明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.001)；TD组Alb浓度低于非TD组(P =0.033),Bil浓度差异趋于显著水平(P =0.052),UA浓度差异无统计学意义；TD组AIMS总分与Bil(r=-0.373,P=0.008)、阴性症状分(r=-0.262,P=0.044)显著相关.结论 非酶抗氧化物可能在TD的病生理机制中起一定作用.     

汉族人群载脂蛋白（a）五核苷酸重复序列基因多态性与动脉硬化性？…

目的　研究载脂蛋白 (a) [Apo(a) ]五核苷酸重复序列 (PNR)基因多态性与动脉硬化性脑梗死 (ABI)的关系。方法　 1998年 3～ 12月收治的ABI患者 82例 ,男 5 4例 ,女 2 8例 ,平均年龄 6 8岁。健康对照组 15 3名 ,男 86名 ,女 6 7名 ,平均年龄 6 2岁。分别检测血清脂蛋白A [Lp(a) ]、总胆固醇 (TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)、甘油三酯 (TG)、载脂蛋白AⅠ(ApoAⅠ )及载脂蛋白B(ApoB)水平。同时采用聚合酶链反应结合高压聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测Apo(a) 5′调控区五核苷酸重复序列基因的多态性 ,并加以对照分析。结果　ABI患者Lp(a) [(2 40±2 2 5 )mg/L]、TC[(4.7± 0 .7)mmol/L]、TG[(1.7± 0 .6 )mmol/L]和LDL C[(2 .8± 0 .6 )mmol/L]水平明显高于对照组 [(134± 98)mg/L、(4.3± 0 .7)mmol/L、(1.1± 0 .5 )mmol/L和 (2 .8± 0 .6 )mmol/L],HDL C水平 [(0 .9± 0 .2 )mmol/L]明显低于对照组 [(1.0± 0 .4)mmol/L];两组ApoAⅠ [(1.1± 0 .2 )mmol/L ,(1.2± 0 .2 )mmol/L]、ApoB[(0 .9± 0 .1)mmol/L ,(0 .9± 0 .2 )mmol/L]比较 ,差异无显著意义 ;ABI组中重复序列数为 5的等位基因频率 (0 .0 98)明显高于正常对照组 (0 .0 2 6 ) ,重复序列数为 9的等位基因频率 (0 .0 73)     

Customer, Client, Consumer, Recipient, or Patient

Since the arrival of managed care, there has been a trend toward changing the basic terminology used to address clinicians and patients. Instead of the term patient, third party payors frequently use terms such as customer, client, consumer or recipient. One study demonstrated that patients prefer to be called patients. To investigate the preferred term to refer to patients and to be referred to by patients, we mailed a questionnaire to 100 physicians in four medical specialties each and to 100 psychologists. The overall response rate was 61%. Physicians overwhelmingly preferred to refer to patients by the patient's last name, their second preference was the patient's first name. Psychologists preferred to refer to the patients by first name, their second preference was the patient's last name. No group favored using terms such as client, customer, consumer, or recipient. Most physicians and psychologists preferred being referred to as doctors and nobody favored the term provider.     

Fasciitis, perimyositis, myositis, polymyositis, and eosinophilia

Several groups of cases of fasciitis and myositis with eosinophilia are reported. The common features are inflammation into fascia and/or perimysium, and/or muscle fibers; eosinophilia in blood and/or in muscle biopsy. The following classification of 24 cases is suggested: at one end of the spectrum are fasciitis with eosinophilia: diffuse fasciitis (Shulman syndrome): 10 cases (3 with hematological complications); 2 cases of diffuse fasciitis with muscle atrophy; 3 cases of restricted fasciitis. Relapsing perimyositis with eosinophilia belong to the same spectrum, either diffuse (5 cases) with myalgias, or localized (2 cases). Other cases are focal myositis or multiple myositis, polymyositis with eosinophilia. The relationship among these cases is discussed. There is a continuum among the different groups. The pathophysiology remains unknown.     

高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核 细胞/HDL-C比值与脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的相关性

目的 研究高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核细胞/HDL-C比值（monocyte/HDL-C ratio,MHR）与颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICSA）程度的相关性。 方法 回顾性连续纳入2017年6月-2021年6月在青海省人民医院住院治疗的高海拔地区（海拔2260～4080?m）的急性缺血性卒中患者,依据DSA上脑血管狭窄程度（以狭窄最严重的动脉为准）分为无狭窄组、轻度狭窄（狭窄率≤50%）组、中度狭窄（狭窄率50%～70%）组、重度狭窄（狭窄率≥70%）组及闭塞（100%）组。比较5组患者的临床资料、实验室检查指标和MHR,并采用logistic回归模型计算不同程度血管狭窄的独立危险因素。 结果 共纳入349例患者,其中无狭窄组69例、轻度狭窄组78例、中度狭窄组41例、重度狭窄组84例、闭塞组77例。5组中年龄、性别分布、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病比例方面差异均有统计学意义,实验室检查中白细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板计数以及血红蛋白、HDL-C水平和MHR差异也有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析显示,相对于无动脉狭窄,高龄为脑血管轻度狭窄（OR?1.061,95%CI?1.027～1.097,P＜0.001）,中度狭窄（OR?1.057,95%CI?1.017～1.099,P＝0.005）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.057～1.137,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.036,95%CI?1.001～1.072,P＝0.046）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,高MHR为轻度狭窄（OR?1.041,95%CI?1.009～1.074,P＝0.011）,中度狭窄（OR?1.082,95%CI?1.045～1.119,P＜0.001）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.062～1.131,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.101,95%CI?1.067～1.136,P＜0.001）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,单核细胞计数升高是中度狭窄（OR?1.684,95%CI?1.569～2.725,P=0.027）、重度狭窄（OR?3.529,95%CI?1.541～5.766,P=0.002 ）和闭塞（OR?5.446,95%CI?4.453～6.917,P=0.002）的独立危险因素。 结论 高龄、高MHR和单核细胞计数升高在高海拔地区对急性缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄程度具有一定预测价值。     

Pregabalin effect on steady-state pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, valproate, and tiagabine

By reducing neuronal excitability through selective binding to the α(2)δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, pregabalin effectively treats epilepsy, chronic pain, and anxiety disorders. To evaluate if pregabalin coadministration affects pharmacokinetics of other antiepileptic drugs, population pharmacokinetic analyses using NONMEM software were performed on data from three epilepsy trials involving seven antiepileptic drugs with pregabalin as add-on therapy. Results demonstrated that pregabalin did not alter the steady-state plasma concentrations of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, tiagabine, topiramate, and valproate. Furthermore, the small percent change in the population estimate of antiepileptic drug plasma clearance values (-2% to +7%) suggests that pregabalin coadministration exerted no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of these antiepileptic drugs, with the possible exception of tiagabine (+34.9%). These findings are in agreement with those of previously published reports. A further clarification study is necessary for tiagabine. In conclusion, it appears that pregabalin can be coadministered with other antiepileptic drugs without concern for significantly altering their pharmacokinetic profiles.     

Clobazam, Oxcarbazepine, Tiagabine, Topiramate, and Other New Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Clinical investigators recently have studied at least 21 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in people with epilepsy. This review briefly examines 15 of these new AEDs: clobazam (CLB), dezinamide, flunarizine (FNR), loreclezole, milacemide (MLM), MK-801, nafimidone, ORG-6370, oxcarbazepine (OCBZ), progabide (PGB), ralitoline, stiripentol, tiagabine (TGB), topiramate (TPM), and zonisamide (ZNS). CLB, PGB, and TGB represent agents that act on the GABA system, and MLM acts on the glycine system. MK-801 and ZNS (in part) are excitatory amino acid antagonists, and FNR is a calcium-channel antagonist. OCBZ is a keto analogue of carbam-azepine, which is not metabolized to the epoxide and may have fewer side effects. The remaining agents are novel compounds with a variety of suspected mechanisms. TPM appears especially effective for intractable partial seizures but has a high incidence of cognitive side effects. None of these new AEDs is useful for all patients with inadequate seizure control or ongoing toxicity. The role of each will require further clinical study and experience.     

Consecutive Gas Chromatographic Determination of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone, Phenylethylmalondiamide, Carbamazepine, Trimethadione, Dimethadione, Ethosuximide, and Valproate from the Same Serum Specimen

A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the consecutive determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, phenylethylmalondiamide, carbamazepine, trimethadione, dimethadione, ethosuximide and valproate from a single serum specimen of 1.2 ml. After extraction from serum by two different procedures, the anticonvulsants are chromatographed without further purification on a 3% OV 17 column either with or without derivative formation by means of "on-column" methylation. Multiple internal standards are employed in order to enhance the reproducibility of drug-concentration measurement.