动态三维超声重建评价二尖瓣脱垂的临床意义

目的 评价动态三维超声重建对二尖瓣脱垂的意义。方法 应用动态三维超声重建对20例二尖瓣脱垂患者进行研究,其中男性13例,女性7例,年龄15－56岁。观察脱垂的二尖瓣瓣膜与腱索,测量瓣膜脱垂的范围。结果 收缩期脱垂的二尖瓣表面粗糙并向左房膨出,可伴有腱索异常。瓣膜反流的程度与脱垂范围的大小无正相关,与腱索损害的严重性有关。结论 应用动态三维超声重建二尖瓣脱垂能较客观地反映脱垂的情况,有明显的临床意义。     

Delayed papillary muscle rupture after radiofrequency catheter ablation: A case report

BACKGROUNDWith an increased number of surgical procedures involving the mitral annular region, the risk of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) has also increased. Previous studies have reported that worsening of MVP occurred early after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) at papillary muscles in ventricular tachycardia (VT) patients with preoperative MVP. CASE SUMMARYWe report a case where MVP and papillary muscle rupture occurred 2 wk after RFCA in a papillary muscle originated VT patient without mitral valve regurgitation or prolapse before. The patient then underwent mitral valve replacement with no premature ventricular contraction or VT. During the surgery, a papillary muscle rupture was identified. Pathological examination showed necrosis of the papillary muscle. The patient recovered after mitral valve replacement. CONCLUSIONToo many ablation procedures and energy should be avoided.     

超声心动图诊断儿童马凡综合征

目的 观察儿童马凡综合征（MFS）患者的超声心动图表现。方法 回顾性分析临床疑诊MFS的59例患儿的影像学及临床检查资料,观察其超声心动图表现。结果 12例诊断为MFS,6例诊断为潜在MFS,其中11例存在家族史,7例为散发病例。上述18例中,4例存在主动脉窦部增宽,11例存在主动脉窦部扩张,1例合并主动脉瓣轻度反流,2例合并肺动脉窦部扩张;8例二尖瓣受累,5例二尖瓣脱垂并中—重度反流,5例三尖瓣受累;1例同时存在二尖瓣及三尖瓣脱垂而接受二尖瓣成形术;1例合并室间隔缺损,接受室间隔缺损修补术。结论 儿童MFS中,以主动脉窦部增宽或扩张最为常见,可合并二尖瓣脱垂;超声心动图检查有助于早期诊断和及时干预儿童MFS。     

实时三维经食管超声心动图对二尖瓣脱垂的诊断价值

目的比较实时三维经食管超声心动图（RT-3D-TEE）与二维经胸超声心动图（2D-TTE）、二维经食管超声心动图（2D-TEE）对二尖瓣脱垂的诊断价值。 方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年12月于武汉亚洲心脏病医院因二尖瓣脱垂行外科手术治疗,并在术前进行了2D-TTE、2D-TEE和RT-3D-TEE的患者共370例。以术中诊断为“金标准”,计算3种检查方法对二尖瓣脱垂瓣叶定位、腱索及赘生物形成的诊断效能,对3种检查方法的敏感度、特异度及准确性进行比较,并采用Kappa检验分别对3种方法诊断结果与术中诊断结果的一致性进行分析。 结果370例患者中,术前2D-TTE诊断出二尖瓣脱垂361例,检出率97.5%;术前2D-TEE诊断368例,检出率99.4%;而RT-3D-TEE检出率达100%。RT-3D-TEE对瓣叶脱垂的分区定位的敏感度、特异度和准确性均高于2D-TTE（P均＜0.05）,对腱索断裂诊断的敏感度和准确性亦高于2D-TTE,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）,且RT-3D-TEE对脱垂分区定位的准确性高于2D-TEE（P均＜0.05）。一致性分析结果显示,RT-3D-TEE各项指标与术中诊断均具有良好的一致性（Kappa值均＞0.75,P均＜0.05）。 结论RT-3D-TEE较2D-TTE、2D-TEE对二尖瓣脱垂区域的定位及相关病变的识别更准确,可为手术医师提供更为直观、精准的影像信息,帮助制定个性化治疗方案。     

Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse and Mild Mitral Regurgitation

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common disorder that, in general, has a good prognosis. Rare occasions of sudden death have been reported in patients with MVP and it is presumed that the basis of sudden death is arrhythmic. We report seven patients with moderate to severe MVP and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. All patients had trivial to mild mitral regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. Three patients presented with syncope, two with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and three with recurrent palpitations and presyncope. In a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years (range 6 months to 5 years), two patients died suddenly despite successful control of their nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) with sotalol as shown by ambulatory monitoring. Two patients, who had sustained VT despite antiarrhythmic drug therapy, had mitral valve surgery, however, monomorphic VT could be induced in both even after surgery. The arrhythmias in the remaining three patients are controlled on antiarrhythmic drugs. We conclude that a selected subset of patients with MVP, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, and miid mitral regurgitation are at risk of sudden death. Syncope, inferolateral repolarization changes, complex ventricular ectopy, and a markedly myxomatous valve may be pointers to higher risk of sudden death and mitral valve surgery may not provide control of ventricular arrhythmias.     

二尖瓣脱垂与感染性心内膜炎38例患者的临床分析

目的分析二尖瓣脱垂患者中感染性心内膜炎的临床和超声心动图特点。方法本院1988年1月至2006年12月住院原发性二尖瓣脱垂(MVP)并发感染性心内膜炎(IE)患者共38例,回顾分析其临床资料。结果MVP并发IE占同期IE发病总数的15.0%,均有发热、心尖部3～4级收缩期杂音。20例(52.6%)有Osler结或肢端皮下出血,15例(39.5%)有大动脉栓塞表现。50%有白细胞增高,平均12.06×109/L;95.7%的病例红细胞沉降率加快,平均48.2 mm/h。11例(28.9%)有不同程度贫血。血培养阳性者20例(52.6%),多为链球菌(80.0%)。二尖瓣前叶脱垂者占78.9%,后叶脱垂者占39.5%,前后叶均脱垂者占18.4%,发现二尖瓣前叶有赘生物者占71.1%,后叶有赘生物者占26.3%;无赘生物者5例,占13.2%,前后叶均有赘生物者5例,占13.2%。1例因脑疝导致死亡。结论MVP是IE的常见病因,其临床特点为起病隐匿,体循环栓塞等并发症的发生率较高。超声心动图检查对于诊断具有重要价值,经食管超声心动图检查对于发现瓣膜赘生物有较高敏感性。     

先天二叶式主动脉瓣畸形合并二尖瓣反流病因分析

目的 探讨先天二叶式主动脉瓣畸形(BAV)患者发生二尖瓣反流的病因和危险因素.方法 对2011年1月至2016年6月在复旦大学附属中山医院确诊为BAV患者的超声心动图数据进行横断面分析.结果 4352例BAV患者中,中至重度二尖瓣反流256例(5.9％),其中195例(76.2％)为男性、206例(80.5％)伴有中至...     

二尖瓣脱垂合并胸廓骨骼畸形

本文对83例二尖瓣脱垂进行了X线分析,发现有40例至少合并有一种胸廓骨骼畸形,占48％;其中扁胸直背27例,占27％,胸椎侧弯9例,占11％,漏斗胸4例,占5％。指出,胸廓骨骼畸形是二尖瓣脱垂的重要征象之一。胸廓骨骼畸形也可能影响二尖瓣脱垂的X线诊断。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图观察二尖瓣脱垂形态在诊断腱索断裂中的应用价值

目的 比较TTE与TEE诊断二尖瓣脱垂合并腱索断裂的准确率,评价超声观察二尖瓣脱垂形态在诊断腱索断裂中的价值。方法 选择经手术证实的二尖瓣脱垂患者25例,应用TTE与TEE观察二尖瓣脱垂部位并进行比较,分析二尖瓣脱垂形态及其与腱索断裂的关系。结果 25例二尖瓣脱垂患者中,前叶脱垂10例,后叶脱垂15例。TEE在二尖瓣脱垂部位的分区中比TTE准确。TTE诊断二尖瓣腱索断裂的准确率为53.84%,TEE的诊断准确率为84.62%,TEE明显优于TTE(P<0.05)。伴有腱索断裂的二尖瓣脱垂多表现为倾斜状脱垂(χ²=4.81,P<0.05)。结论 TEE能较TTE更准确地诊断二尖瓣脱垂。应用此两种技术,可根据二尖瓣脱垂形态间接判断是否存在腱索断裂。     

经胸超声心动图详细定位二尖瓣脱垂部位在二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值

目的尝试运用经胸二维超声心动图对二尖瓣脱垂的具体部位及病因进行详细区分和准确判断。方法39例二尖瓣脱垂患者，于二尖瓣成形或置换术前进行经胸超声心动图检查，初步判断脱垂瓣叶的准确部位及病因，外科术中直视下诊断。结果根据外科二尖瓣结构修正命名，术前二尖瓣水平短轴观及其衍生的非标准切面诊断出脱垂的局部瓣体44处，共涉及65个分区，15例患者发现断裂的腱索；术中证实分别为51处瓣体、78个分区，20例检出断裂腱索，符合率86％、83％和75％；5例患者脱垂瓣叶及腱索上发现赘生物并均在术中证实。结论经胸二维超声心动图能对大多数二尖瓣脱垂的具体部位及病因作出准确判断。二尖瓣水平短轴观及其衍生的非标准切面具有重要价值。     

经食管实时三维超声心动图对二尖瓣立体结构的定量研究

目的 探讨经食管实时三维超声心动图二尖瓣立体结构定量分析(MVQ)软件的临床价值,筛选出对诊断二尖瓣脱垂和分析二尖瓣反流机制有意义的参数.方法 对18例无二尖瓣反流、瓣膜结构功能正常患者(对照组)和13例二尖瓣脱垂引起大量二尖瓣反流患者(脱垂组),分别行经食管实时三维超声检查,应用MVQ进行后处理,测量收缩期关于二尖瓣立体结构的18个参数.统计两组中有统计学意义的参数.结果 脱垂组的二尖瓣瓣环参数均较对照组增大,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).瓣叶的参数关闭时前叶瓣体与瓣环最高平面的夹角(θant)、关闭时后叶瓣体与瓣环最高平面的夹角(θpost)、关闭时前叶与后叶瓣体对合时形成的夹角(θNPA)、瓣叶关闭时穹隆高度(Htent)、瓣叶穹隆的容积(Vtent)、前后叶关闭时对合线的长度(L2DALPm)、主动脉瓣环与二尖瓣环平面夹角(OAv-Mv)两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).前叶自瓣根至对合线的长度(L3Dant)、后叶从瓣根至对合线的长度(L3Dpost)、脱垂瓣叶向左房侧隆起的高度(Hprol)、脱垂部分的容积(Vprol)、后叶瓣体的面积(A3Dpost)、前叶瓣体的面积(A3Dant)脱垂组均大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MVQ分析软件可以定量测量二尖瓣的立体结构,使超声心动图对瓣膜病变的诊断更加详细量化,对外科制定精确的手术方案具有重要的指导意义.     

实时三维经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值

目的 初步探讨实时三维经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的临床应用价值.方法 采用Philips IE33 超声诊断仪、X7-2t探头.应用实时三维经食管超声心动图对6例二尖瓣脱垂患者二尖瓣成形术前、术后进行评价,并与心外科手术结果对照.结果 实时三维经食管超声心动图能准确评价和真实显示二尖瓣脱垂的形态、部位、范围、空间关系及并发症,与心外科视野和手术结果一致,在二尖瓣成形术前的决策中起重要作用.结论 实时三维经食管超声心动图为二尖瓣成形术提供了快速而准确的评价手段.     

Evaluation of mitral valve prolapse using newly developed real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic system with real-time volume rendering

The development of a real-time three-dimensional (RT3D) image acquisition system and direct digital links between ultrasound equipment and the data processing computer facilitate improved 3D image reconstruction. However, at present time, it is hard to promptly display 3D images and is also ineffective for a practical use. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of a new transthoracic RT3D echocardiographic system for evaluation of mitral valve prolapse. Eighteen patients with mitral valve prolapse diagnosed by transthoracic two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography and M-mode were examined through this technique (11 male, mean age 42 ± 17 years). Since visualization of mitral valve from apical four-chamber view was better than that of the parasternal approach, only apical approach was used for mitral valve evaluation. This system is capable of acquiring volumetric data from mechanical scanning of the phased-array transducer (3.5 MHz) as well as displaying the volume rendered images of the structure without storing the image data and reconstruction of the object. The prolapse of leaflet could be seen in 14/18 (77%) of patients with mitral valve prolapse based on conventional echocardiography. The newly developed transthoracic RT 3D ultrasound system without a reconstruction process seemed to be a useful noninvasive tool for diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse and detection of prolapsed leaflet or scallop, which is very important for deciding on a reliable surgical technique.     

Ventricular Arrhythmia Factors in Mitral Valve Prolapse

To assess tbe prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias and late potentials (LPs) in mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and to identify clinical, ECG, and echocardiographic markers of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias, we studied 58 consecutive patients (mean age 46.6 ± 17.8 years; 29 males, 29 females) with MVP diagnosed by echocardiography. Patients underwent ambulatory ECG recording (n = 58), exercise stress test (n = 56), signal-averaged ECG (n = 58), and programmed ventricular stimulation (n = 52). Ten patients (17.2%) had spontaneous nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), 26 patients (44.8%) had premature ventricular contractions (PVGs), Lown grade ≥ 3 during 24-hour EGG, and 19 had Lown grade ≥ 3 PVCs during exercise stress test; 13 patients had LPs (22.4%). We provoked sustained VT in one case and NSVT in ten cases. Patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias during 24-hour EGG and exercise stress test were older and more often had mitral regurgitation. There was a statistical correlation between the presence of LPs and spontaneous VT (46.1 % vs 8.9%; P < 0.005) and induced ventricular arrhythmias (50% vs 12.8%; P < 0.005). No correlation was found between spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias and thickness or posterior displacement of the mitral valve. In conclusion, complex ventricular arrhythmia (especially VT) and LPs are frequent in MVP. Patient age and mitral regurgitation seem to be determinant factors of complex ventricular arrhythmias in MVP. On signal-averaged EGG, absence of LPs seems to be a good additional marker to identify MVP patients without spontaneous VT. On the other hand, programmed ventricular stimulation does not appear valuable in determining a MVP subgroup with a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias.     

AV Node Dysfunction in the Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome

The mitral valve prolapse syndrome is associated with a variety of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. A portion of these patients manifest bradyarrhythmias, which in turn, may be the cause of lightheadedness and syncope. Thie study details the clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of seven patients with symptomatic mitral valve prolapse and AV node dysfunction. The electrophysiology study demonstrated either a prolonged AH interval or abnormal response to atrial pacing in six of seven patients. A significant proportion of these patients had abnormalities of sinus node function and distal His-Purkinje conduction in addition to AV node dysfunction. AV node dysfunction in symptomatic patients with mitral valve prolapse may be secondary to autonomic dysfunction of diffuse conduction system disease.     

Anterior Mitral Valve Length is Associated with Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Classical Mitral Valve Prolapse

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic predictors of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with classical mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Methods: Thirty patients (nine men and 21 women; mean age, 41.5 ± 15 years) in sinus rhythm with mitral valve prolapse who had VT in 24‐hour Holter analysis and 30 patients with MVP without VT (eight men and 22 women; mean age, 43 ± 16 years) were included in this study. Transthoracic echocardiography, QT analyses from 12‐lead electrocardiography, and 24‐hour Holter electrocardiogram recordings were performed. Results: Mitral posterior leaflet thickness (0.48 ± 0.03 cm vs 0.43 ± 0,08 cm, P = 0.025), mitral anterior leaflet length (3.2 ± 0.24 cm vs 2.9 ± 0.36, P < 0.001), mitral posterior leaflet length (2.2 ± 0.3 cm vs 1.9 ± 0.35 cm, P = 0.01), left atrium anteroposterior diameter (4.2 ± 0.8 cm vs 3.5 ± 0.5 cm, P = 0.001), and mitral annulus circumference (15.7 ± 1.3 cm vs 14.6 ± 1.6 cm, P = 0.004) were increased significantly in MVP cases with VT. No significant difference was found between the cases with and without VT in terms of frequency‐ and time‐domain analysis. QT dispersion (72 ± 18 ms vs 55 ± 15 ms, P = 0.0002) and corrected QT dispersion (QTcD) (76 ± 18 ms vs 55 ± 15 ms, P = 0.0002) were significantly increased in cases with VT compared with those without VT. Based on logistic regression analysis for MVP cases, in the case of VT, an enhancement in QTcD (P = 0.01) and the mitral anterior leaflet length (P = 0.003) were the independent predictors of VT. Conclusion: Mitral anterior leaflet length and enhanced QTcD are closely related with VT in patients with classical MVP. (PACE 2010; 33:1224–1230)     

经胸超声心动图诊断二尖瓣脱垂的临床表现及诊断效能

目的探讨经胸超声心动图诊断二尖瓣脱垂的临床表现及诊断效能。方法选择46例疑似二尖瓣脱垂患者为研究对象,在手术前均接受经胸超声心动图检查,并经三维图像旋转、切割,确认具体二尖瓣膜脱垂区域,从而判断是否存在腱索断裂,并与手术结果作对照分析。结果经过手术,前叶分区定位中,脱垂患者共有13例,包括A1区4例,A2区5例,A3区4例;后叶分区定位中,脱垂患者共有13例,包括P1区4例,P2区4例,P3区5例。经胸超声心动图检出前叶分区定位中脱垂的有21例;后叶分区定位中脱垂的有16例。经胸超声心动图诊断二尖瓣各区域脱垂,A3和P3区的灵敏度高于A1、A2、P1、P2区;A1和P2区的特异度和准确度高于A2、A3、P1、P3区。经胸超声心动图诊断腱索断裂的灵敏度为100.00%,特异度为80.77%。结论经胸超声心动图可以高效地、快速地、准确地进行二尖瓣脱垂诊断。     

Mitral Valve Prolapse and Pre-Excitation

Two out of 118 patients with mitral valve prolapse were found to have pre-excitaiton. The presence of mitral valve prolapse in one patient with Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome and the persistence of prolapse in (he presence and absence of pre-excitation in another patient with intermittent type B Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome suggest that mitral valve prolapse in pre-excitation syndrome may not be secondary to the abnormal activation pattern of the left ventricle, which has been suggested as a possible mechanism by some investigators. (PACE, Vol. 5, September-October, 1982)     

Is There Increased Sympathetic Activity in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse?

The aim of this study was to investigate autonomic nervous system tone in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed from 24-hour ambulatory Holter recordings in 28 patients with primary MVP and in 28 age and sex matched normal control subjects in a drug-free state. Sixteen of the MVP patients were symptomatic and 12 asymptomatic. Spectral HRV was calculated in terms of low (LF: 0.06–0.15 Hz) and high (HF: 0.15–0.40 Hz) frequency components using fast Fourier transform analysis, and the ratio LF/HF was calculated. Spectral analysis of HRV showed that the MVP patients, taken as a single group, had lower HF and LF and a higher LF/HF ratio than the controls. No significant difference in HRV was found between the 16 symptomatic and the 12 asymptomatic patients, but the symptomatic patients had a significantly higher LF/HF ratio than the controls. Our observations suggest that, during normal daily activities, patients with MVP experience a significant deviation in autonomic nervous system tone with predominance of the sympathetic branch. This predominance is more marked in symptomatic patients.     

动态三维超声心动图评价二尖瓣关闭不全

本文采取经胸壁及经食道旋转扫描方法获取二维数据，利用总体重建法（ＶｏｌｕｍｉｃＲｅｎｄｅｒｉｎｇＤｉｓｐｌａｙ）对１２例正常人二尖瓣，１４例风心病二尖瓣关闭不全，２０例二尖瓣脱垂患者的二尖瓣解剖结构及二尖瓣返流束进行了动态三维超声心动图重建。重建图像能从左室或左房侧显示二尖瓣装置的整体三维空间结构及动态变化。正常二尖瓣叶光滑平软，舒张期瓣口充分开放，收缩期前后叶对合良好。风心病二尖瓣关闭不全患者瓣叶增厚，收缩期前后叶之间出现裂缝。二尖瓣脱垂时瓣叶某一部分呈“瓢匙”样向左房侧脱出。动态三维超声心动图还能显示二尖瓣关闭不全血液返流束的立体形态及在左房内的空间走向。初步经验表明动态三维超声心动图对二尖瓣关闭不全的诊断有重要临床价值