Apoptosis in human chorionic villi and decidua in normal and ectopic pregnancy

To investigate possible effects of implantation on apoptosis, we examined the cleavage of DNA in human chorionic villi and decidua in intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy. Very limited but detectable cleavage of DNA was recognized in the chorionic villi and decidua in normal pregnancy. A ladder pattern, characteristic of the apoptotic breakdown of DNA, was present in the villi in tubal pregnancy. High molecular weight DNA was predominant in the decidua in tubal pregnancy. Quantitative analysis of low molecular weight fragments of DNA revealed a significant increase in the villous tissue, together with a significant decrease in the decidual tissue, in tubal pregnancy as compared to those in normal pregnancy. An analysis in situ revealed that apoptotic cells were predominant in the syncytiotrophoblast in tubal pregnancy. In decidual tissue, labelled cells were occasionally seen in normal pregnancy, and their numbers decreased in tubal pregnancy. The present study demonstrates that apoptosis occurs in the villi, but not in the decidua in tubal pregnancy, unlike the situation in normal pregnancy. Our results suggest that the implantation site might affect the occurrence of apoptotic changes in early pregnancy of humans.      

Experimental methyl mercury neurotoxicity: similar in vivo and in vitro perturbation of brain cell-free protein synthesis

Perturbation of brain protein synthesis by methyl mercury chloride (MeHg) was compared in vivo and in vitro. MeHg-stimulated and/or inhibited brain cell-free protein synthesis following in vivo or in vitro administration. Although pretreatment with GSH protected the postmitochondrial supernatant (PMS) from the in vitro inhibition, direct addition of -SH compounds did not reverse the in vivo or in vitro perturbations in synthesis induced by MeHg. Inhibition of synthesis induced by both in vivo and in vitro methyl mercury administration resulted in inactivation of component(s) in brain pH 5 enzymes. Stimulation of amino acid incorporation following in vivo administration of MeHg was apparently associated with the ribosome fraction, but in vitro preincubation of PMS with MeHg produced stimulation associated with the pH 5 enzyme fraction. A model of MeHg neurotoxicity was proposed providing a common molecular locus of interaction in vivo and in vitro.     

Histochemical data on changes of various indicators of protein metabolism in the myocardium beyond the infarct zone]

Changes in some values of protein metabolism in the heart muscle (the activity of myosin ATPase, leucilaminopeptidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, as well as the content of SH-groups, urea, RNA and DNA) were studied by histochemical methods in the parts of the myocardium remote from the zone of the ligated coronary artery. Disorders in the metabolism of nucleic acids were found to consist in nuclear polymorphism and in the development of regressive changes in some nuclei down to necrobiosis as well as in a decrease of the RNA content within the first 12 hours after ligation of the coronary artery. Subsequently, the amount of RNA increased. An increase in the amount of SH-groups, in the activity of leucilaminopeptidase and a decrease in the amount of glutamate dehydrogenase, formation of crystals of xanthhydrolurea as well as in increase in the activity of myosin ATP-ase early in the experiment attest to the occurrence of heterogeneous disorders of protein metabolism in parts of the myocardium beyond the infarction zone.     

Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide in lymphocytes correlates with minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients

Patients with liver cirrhosis with normal neurological and mental status examination may present minimal forms of hepatic encephalopathy, showing intellectual function impairment that cannot be detected through general clinical examination but can be unveiled using specific neuropsychological or neurophysiological examination. Evaluation of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in cirrhotic patients would have prognostic value. The psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) has been recommended as the "gold standard" in the diagnosis of MHE. Altered modulation of cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels in the brain seems to be responsible for the impairment of some types of cognitive function in liver disease. In animal models of liver disease, some of the alterations in modulation of cGMP levels in the brain are reproduced in lymphocytes. The aim of the present work was to assess whether there is a correlation between the alterations in different parameters involved in modulation of cGMP levels and the presence of MHE in patients with liver disease. We studied in 46 patients with liver cirrhosis and 26 controls the performance in the PHES battery of psychometric tests and the critical flicker frequency (CFF), the concentration of cGMP in plasma and lymphocytes, activation of guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide (NO) in lymphocytes, and several parameters likely involved in altered cGMP homeostasis in liver disease such as ammonia, NO metabolites, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Activation of guanylate cyclase by NO in lymphocytes and cGMP in plasma were higher and CFF lower in patients with MHE than in patients without MHE. Ammonia, ANP, and metabolites of NO were higher in patients than in controls but were no different in patients with or without MHE. Alteration in activation of guanylate cyclase by NO in lymphocytes correlates with PHES performance, CFF, and ammonia levels. This suggests that altered modulation of guanylate cyclase by NO in lymphocytes would reflect a parallel alteration in the brain occurring in patients with MHE that would be involved in their cognitive impairment.     

Epidemiological characteristics of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis with a fecal-oral transmission mechanism

The analysis of verified cases of non-A-non-B hepatitis with the fecal-oral mode of transmission which had occurred in one of the districts of the Turkmen SSR, 1984-1985, revealed a this infection: an explosive nature of the incidence, number of epidemiological characteristics of this infection: an explosive nature of the incidence, even distribution in the territory of the district and within one residential area, predominant affection of 15-29-year-old subjects, high mortality among hepatitis-affected pregnant women, insignificant number of secondary cases in the families of index cases. The occurrence of these non-A-non-B hepatitis cases was associated with water. The results of virological and serological studies ruled out the role of hepatitis A and B viruses in the etiology of the acute hepatitis cases occurring in the area. Anti-hepatitis A IgM was detected in the blood in only 3% of the patients in 1984 and in 2% in 1985, exclusively in young patients, and HBsAg in 11% and 9%, respectively. Immune electron microscopy revealed virus-like particles 27-30 nm in diameter in fecal extracts from the patients. The antigen of non-A-non-B hepatitis virus was detected in the first days of the jaundice period in feces of 14% of the patients in 1984 and in 11% in 1985 by an enzyme-immunoassay using a test developed at the Institute of Virology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.     

Demonstration of alpha1-antitrypsin in paraffin sections of hepatoma and cirrhosis

Summary Alpha₁-antitrypsin has been examined in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens from Greek patients with cirrhosis (35 cases) and hepatoma (55 cases) by peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Ring-like AAT globules were found in the non-neoplastic cells in 12% of the cases of hepatoma and in 11% of the cases of cirrhosis. Atypical globules were seen in neoplastic cells in 5.4% of the cases of hepatoma and in 17% of the cases of liver cirrhosis. A diffuse fine granular pattern of AAT distribution was present in 31% of the cases of hepatoma in the neoplastic cells and in 27% of those in the nonneoplastic cells. The relatively high incidence of ring-like AAT-globules, and of atypical globules in cases of hepatoma and cirrhosis is not in agreement with the extremely low gene frequency of Z allele in a Greek population of patients with cirrhosis and hepatoma. Thus, there is some doubt whether AAT-globules in the liver represent a histopathologic marker of genetically determined AAT deficiency. A relationship between AAT deposits and the degree of differentiation of hepatoma was noted in this series. AAT-positive cells were found in 55% of moderately differentiated, in 29% of highly differentiated and in 20% of poorly differentiated hepatomas.     

神经生长因子受体TrkA在新生鼠、幼鼠及成鼠脊髓表达差异的研究

为了探讨神经生长因子 ( NGF)受体 Trk A在新生鼠、幼鼠及成鼠脊髓的分布状况、进而分析 NGF的作用机制 ,用免疫组化技术检测了新生鼠、幼鼠及成鼠脊髓 NGF受体 Trk A的表达。结果显示 ,新生鼠脊髓前角运动神经元只有胞核 Trk A表达明显 ,胞浆及胞膜无表达 ,中间带、背角均无表达。幼鼠前角运动神经元胞浆 Trk A表达明显 ,胞核少量表达 ,胞膜无表达 ;部分中间带、背角神经元胞浆有表达。成鼠前角运动神经元胞浆及部分胞膜都有 Trk A表达 ,胞核无表达 ,中间带、背角神经元胞浆以及胶质细胞也明显表达。推论 ,新生鼠时胞核中 Trk A可与配体结合引起神经元的生物效应 ;成鼠 Trk A则主要作为一种膜受体与配体结合而发挥生物效应     

胎膜早破NF-κB在胎膜的表达和母血中IL-15的含量

目的探讨胎膜早破时NF-κB在胎膜的表达和母血中IL-15的水平。方法免疫组化方法检测30例胎膜早破(PROM)和30例非PROM孕妇胎膜中NF-κB P65亚单位的表达,ELISA法检测两组孕妇血清IL-15含量。结果PROM组胎膜NF-κB P65亚单位阳性细胞数和IL-15在母血中含量高于非PROM孕妇(P<0.001)。PROM组胎膜NF-κB P65亚单位阳性细胞数和母血中IL-15含量随着破膜时间延长明显升高(P<0.05)。PROM绒毛膜羊膜炎组胎膜中NF-κBP65亚单位阳性细胞数和母血中IL-15含量高于非绒毛膜羊膜炎组(P<0.001)。结论PROM中胎膜NF-κB活性升高和孕妇血清中IL-15含量升高,PROM伴绒毛膜羊膜炎时二者亦升高。     

Changes in the Metabolic Activity of Neurons in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nuclei in Rats during Hyperthermia,Fever, and Hypothermia

Histochemical methods were used to detect differently directed changes in the metabolic activity of neurons in the anterior hypothalamic nuclei in rats during hyperthermia, fever, and hypothermia. Hyperthermia induced by high temperatures was associated with increases in the activities of enzymes involved in energy metabolism, with increases in RNA contents in neurons in the supraoptic, paraventricular, and median preoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus of the rat, which is evidence for increases in metabolic activity in the neurons of these nuclei. Endotoxin-induced fever was accompanied by decreases in the metabolic activity of neurons in the median preoptic nucleus, while activity in neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei showed no significant change. The development of hypothermia induced by low temperatures was characterized by decreases in the metabolic activity of neurons in the supraoptic, paraventricular, and median preoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus. It is suggested that the differently directed changes in metabolic activity in the neurons of the anterior hypothalamus in hyperthermia, fever, and hypothermia are associated with their roles in the central mechanisms of thermoregulation (median preoptic nucleus) and neurosecretory processes (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei).     

Prolonged administration of antithymocyte serum in mice. II. Histopathological investigation

Prolonged administration of ATS to mice resulted in depletion of small lymphocytes in the thymus-dependent (paracortical) areas of lymph nodes in all mice. Small lymphocyte depletion of the thymus-dependent periarteriolar region of the spleen was present in most mice, although this feature was masked by plasmacytosis in this region in some. Depletion of small lymphocytes in the thymus-dependent areas of Peyer's patches was evident in some of the younger mice. None of these changes in lymphoid organs were seen in control mice, untreated or given NRS. The thymus was unaffected except in some ATS- or NRS-treated mice which were sick and/or old, in which the narrowing of the thymic cortex was attributed to non-specific stress. Plasmacytosis was seen in the medullae of lymph nodes of both ATS- and NRS-treated mice, although it was more intense in the latter. In non-lymphoid organs the most striking changes were seen in the kidneys of mice treated both with ATS and NRS. Complex-type nephritis followed by amyloidosis was seen in a large proportion of mice over 6 months old in both these groups and in these mice amyloid was seen frequently in other organs, including spleen and liver. Tumours occurred in fifty-four ATS-treated mice, but in no other group. Fifty-two of these tumours were attributable to polyoma virus; two other were lymphoblastomas. Reticulum cell hyperplasia was seen in two further mice.     

Morphometric study of ultrastructural changes in oligodendroglial cells in the postmortem brain in endogenous psychoses

A qualitative and quantitative electron microscopic study of oligodendroglial cells was performed in autoptic (4-6.5 hours after death) prefrontal area 10 in 16 cases of schizophrenia, 6 cases of bipolar affective disorder and 16 normal controls, as well as in the caudate nucleus in same schizophrenic and control cases. The signs of reactive, regressive, and progressive changes of oligodendroglia were described in endogenous psychoses. ANOVA demonstrated a significant decrease in the area of the nucleus, in the volume density of euchromatin, in the volume density and count of mitochondria in oligodendroglial cells in the caudate nucleus and prefrontal area. In affective psychosis, there was a significant reduction in the area of the nucleus and in the volume density of euchromatin and slight changes in cellular organelles. No correlation between the changes and the postmortem interval, age, and neuroleptic therapy, as well as the most pronounced changes in oligodendroglial cells in subgroups of continuous schizophrenia and those with predominantly negative symptoms suggest the involvement of abnormal oligodendroglial cells in the pathogenesis of endogenous psychoses.     

Hepatitis B virus antigens in primary hepatic carcinoma: immunofluorescent techniques on fixed liver tissue.

The presence of hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) and core (HBcAg) antigens was investigated by immunofluorescence in specimens of liver tissue obtained at necrospy in 107 patients with primary hepatic carcinoma. HBsAg was detected in the cytoplasm of liver cells in 16 cases, and in eight of them the antigen was also found in malignant cells. HBcAg, which was present in the nuclei of liver cells in eight cases, was detected in the nuclei of tumour cells in six of these and also in two other cases showing HBsAg, but not HBcAg, in the nonneoplastic tissue. Although most of the primary hepatic carcinomas studied were associated with cirrhotic changes in the non-neoplastic tissue, HBsAg and HBcAg were also detected in the absence of underlying cirrhosis. Hepatitis B virus markers were demonstrated in non-neoplastic tissue, mainly in patients with a well-differentiated carcinoma, and only in these cases were they found also in the neoplastic tissue. These results show that hepatitis B virus antigens, including HBcAg, can be detected in the neoplastic cells of well-differentiated carcinoma of the liver. Although these cells could have been infected after the malignant transformation, a direct oncogenic role of the virus cannot be excluded.     

Detection of antibodies to the causative agents of viral infections in multiple sclerosis patients

Serological examinations of blood sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), their nearest relatives, and subjects of the control groups for antibodies to causative agents of some viral infections demonstrated antihemagglutinins to measles and rubella viruses in 61%-95.5% of the subjects examined in all the groups, to mumps virus in 53% in MS patients, to tick-borne encephalitis virus in 2.2% in the same group, and in 10.5% in the group of patients with other CNS diseases, and none in healthy subjects. Virus-neutralizing antibodies to human acute encephalomyelitis virus (HAEM) in 28% of the cases, frequently in the stage of remission. Specific IgM to measles virus was found in 41% of MS patients, in 15% of their nearest relatives, and in 19.7% of patients with other CNS diseases, but not in healthy subjects. No differences in the rate of antibody findings to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 were observed in the groups examined. The rate of detection of virus-neutralizing antibody to HAEM virus was significantly higher in MS patients with the severity of the course of IV-V degree (20%) than of the II-III degree (8.8%). In the period of MS exacerbation the level of specific IgM to measles virus increased (35.6%), and higher titres of antihemagglutinins were observed in patients with longer duration of the disease and higher degree of its severity.     

Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in melanoma comprise high numbers of T-cell clonotypes that are lost during in vitro culture

Melanoma is generally accepted as being an antigenic tumor capable of eliciting T-cell responses that, however, in most cases are inadequate to control tumor growth. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in melanoma lesions comprise clonotypic T cells, indicating the in situ recognition of melanoma-associated peptide epitopes. Cultured TIL have been studied in order to unveil characteristics of TIL and the interactions of TIL and melanoma cells. Whether in vitro cultured TIL mirrors the in situ situation has, however, been questioned. In the present study we have taken advantage of T-cell receptor clonotype mapping methodology to conduct a full and detailed analysis of the T-cell clonotypes in melanoma lesions and in corresponding lines of TIL established in vitro. All melanoma lesions and the corresponding TIL cultures comprised high numbers of T-cell clonotypes, typically in the range of 40 to more than 60. The subsequent comparison of T-cell clonotypes present in the original lesions and in the corresponding T-cell lines established in vitro demonstrated that a very limited number of the T-cell clonotypes established in vitro are identical to the T-cell clonotypes expanded in situ. These results demonstrate that in situ T-cell clonotypes in melanoma are not readily expanded in vitro and that the majority of T-cell clonotypes present in cultured TIL are not present in situ.     

Association of Brain Weight Value with Morphometric and Histochemical Properties of Cortical Neurons and Higher Nervous Activity Parameters in Rats in Prepubertal Period

We compared thickness of the neocortex, morphometric and histochemical characteristics of neurons in frontoparietal and parietal lobes and hippocampal field I in animals from great litters with lower brain weight (group 1) and from small (artificially reduced) litters with higher brain weight (group 2). It was found that the thickness of the neocortex in the frontoparietal and parietal lobes does not differ in the compared groups, while the size of neuronal cytoplasm in layer II of the frontoparietal and parietal lobes and in layer V of the frontoparietal lobe in group 2 animals was lower than in group 1. Nuclei of cortical neurons in layer II of the parietal and frontoparietal lobes and in frontoparietal lobe layer V in group 2 animals were smaller than in group 1. Neuronal nucleoli in group 2 animals were also smaller than in group 1 rats. RNA concentration in neuronal cytoplasm in the hippocampus and neocortex of group 2 rats was higher than in group 1 animals. NADPH-dehydrogenase activity in neurons of parietal lobe (layer II) and hippocampus in group 2 rats was lower than in group 1 animals, NADH-dehydrogenase activity was lower in parietal lobe layer II neurons. Group 2 rats demonstrated increased number of hanging down, sniffing, movements, entries into open and closed arms, and lower immobility time in the elevated plus-maze test.     

Pentylenetetrazol kindling in rats: Is neurodegeneration associated with manifestations of convulsive activity?

Structural changes in neurons and measures of oxidative stress were studied in the hippocampus of rats tolerant (ST) and sensitive (SS) to developing clonic-tonic seizures in conditions of pentylenetetrazol kindling. Sequences of 11 injections of pentylenetetrazol significantly decreased the number of normal neurons in hippocampal field CA1 in SS rats, this effect being seen in both hippocampal field CA1 and the dentate fascia in ST rats. Decreases in the numbers of normal neurons were accompanied by increases in the numbers of damaged cells in field CA4 in rats of both groups. After 21 injections, decreases in the numbers of normal neurons were seen in field CA1 in both SS and ST rats, while the numbers of damaged neurons were significantly greater than control only in ST rats in fields CA1 and CA4. The glutathione level was significantly lower in the hippocampus in both groups of rats than in controls. Thus, rats “ tolerant” to developing convulsions show signs of oxidative stress and neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus. This suggests that oxidative neuron damage leading to neurodegeneration in the pentylenetetrazol kindling model is not directly associated with convulsive activity. __________ Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 91, No. 7, pp. 764–775, July, 2005.     

Fat of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in spontaneous panniculitisi (Weber-Christian disease)]

Histochemical investigations of fat in nodes of lesions of the subcutaneous fatty tissue in 25 patients with spontaneous panniculitis were carried out. It was shown that the disease was not accompanied by accumulation in the subcutaneous fatty tissue of such lipids as cholesterol, phosphoglycerides or glycolipids. Changes in triglycerides with formation of fatty acids were observed in fatty cells already in the presence of a developed cellular reaction in the subcutaneous fatty tissue and apparently could not be considered as a trigger mechanism in pathogenesis of spontaneous panniculitis. The revealing of aldehydes and lipids in fatty cells and in lipophages may indicate to an oxidative character of the processes developing in fat in spontaneous panniculitis. A suggestion is put forward that in pathogenesis of panniculitis a certain role could be played by an impairment of oxidation processes of fat with excessive accumulation of peroxides of lipids.     

Development of chemosensitivity of rat medullary raphe neurons

In many neonatal mammals, including humans and rats, there is a developmental increase in the ventilatory response to elevated pCO2. This maturation of central respiratory chemoreception may result from maturation of intrinsic chemosensitivity of brainstem neurons. We have examined age-related changes in chemosensitivity of neurons from the rat medullary raphe, a putative site for central chemoreception, using perforated patch-clamp recordings in vitro. In brain slices from rats younger than 12 days old, firing rate increased in 3% of neurons and decreased in 17% of neurons in response to respiratory acidosis (n = 36). In contrast, in slices from rats 12 days and older, firing rate increased in 18% of neurons and decreased in 15% of neurons in response to the same stimulus (n = 40). A tissue culture preparation of medullary raphe neurons was used to examine changes in chemosensitivity with age from three to 74 days in vitro. In cultured neurons younger than 12 days in vitro, firing rate increased in 4% of neurons and decreased in 44% of neurons in response to respiratory acidosis (n = 54). In contrast, in neurons 12 days in vitro and older, firing rate increased in 30% of neurons and decreased in 24% of neurons in response to respiratory acidosis (n = 105). In both types of chemosensitive neuron ("stimulated" and "inhibited"), the magnitudes of the changes in firing rate were greater in older neurons than in young neurons. These results indicate that the incidence and the degree of chemosensitivity of medullary raphe neurons increase with age in brain slices and in culture. This age-related increase in cellular chemosensitivity may underlie the development of respiratory chemoreception in vivo. Delays in this maturation process may contribute to developmental abnormalities of breathing, such as sudden infant death syndrome.     

Neurobiology of the integrative activity of the brain dynamics of the activational and inhibitory types of synchronization of cortical neurons during the realization of a defensive reflex and of internal inhibition

An increase in synchronization of the activational type (coincidence of the presence of impulse activity), and a decrease of the inhibitory type (coincidence of both the presence and absence of impulse activity), in the operation of close-lying neurons were observed in the visual and sensorimotor areas of the new cortex and in the hippocampus of wakeful non-immobilized rabbits in response to the combination of flashes of light with electrodermal stimulation (EDS) of the extremity. An increase in the synchronization of the neurons of the inhibitory type took place in the visual cortex in response to flashes against the background of the conditional inhibitor, i. e., continuous light, and changes in synchronization, similar to the effect of pain reinforcement but significantly weaker, appeared in the sensorimotor cortex and in the hippocampus. An increase in synchronicity of the activational type took place primarily in pairs of neurons with increase in the same direction in the frequency of impulse activity in response to a stimulus, and of the inhibitory type, took place with its decrease. In addition, both kinds of changes in synchronization appeared in a significant portion of the pairs of neurons with changes in the frequency of impulse activity of different directions.Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 508–517, May–June, 1990.     

甘肃东乡族成人非脂肪组织体成分的生物电阻抗分析

目的利用生物电阻抗分析法,分析甘肃东乡族成人非脂肪组织体成分变化特点。方法采用横断面整群分层随机抽样方法,应用体成分分析仪,测量491例甘肃省东乡族自治县20岁以上东乡族成人非脂肪组织体成分指标。结果甘肃东乡族成年男性去脂体重、骨量、肌肉、蛋白质、体液量及构成比均高于女性(P0.01),且男性各年龄组的骨量、肌肉量、蛋白质、体液量均高于女性(P0.01)。骨量、肌肉量在同一性别中随年龄变化趋势相同,男性均在40岁年龄组达峰值后下降;女性先降后升,在40岁年龄组达峰值后又下降。男性的蛋白质在30岁年龄组达峰值后下降;女性的蛋白质呈持续下降状态。男女性的躯干肌肉量分别在50岁年龄组和40岁年龄组达峰值后下降。男女性的双上肢肌肉量、体液量均在40岁年龄组达峰值后逐渐下降。男性的双下肢肌肉量除在40岁年龄组稍有回升,总体呈下降趋势;女性的双下肢肌肉量呈持续下降状态。男女性的细胞内液量均先降后升,在40岁年龄组达峰值后又下降。男女性的细胞外液量分别在50岁年龄组和40岁年龄组达峰值后稍有下降。结论甘肃东乡族成年男性的非脂肪组织体成分高于女性。随着年龄的增长,非脂肪组织体成分均发生变化,除双上肢肌肉量、体液量、细胞内液外,其余体成分的变化趋势均存在性别差异。总体呈现出,东乡族成年女性非脂肪组织体成分量少于男性,部分无峰值呈持续下降或达峰值早,下降早,达峰值后下降趋势缓于男性的特点。