新型可穿戴式经皮胫神经刺激器抑制猫膀胱反射的刺激参数研究

目的 探究一种新型智能型可穿戴式经皮胫神经刺激器在不同刺激参数下对猫生理性膀胱反射的抑制作用。方法 18只猫分为强度组、频率组和波形组,将胫神经刺激器穿戴在猫的内踝处,分别采用不同阈值(T)强度(1/2 T、1 T、3/2 T、2 T)、刺激频率(5 Hz、10 Hz、15 Hz、30 Hz)和波形(波形A、波形B)行胫神经刺激(TNS)。麻醉后,向猫的膀胱缓慢灌注生理盐水,诱发膀胱反射,同时进行膀胱压力容积测定。比较各组膀胱测压图。结果 不同强度刺激后,膀胱容量无显著性差异(F=1.997, P=0.126),其中3/2 T和2 T刺激时,膀胱容量高于基础膀胱容量(P <0.05)。不同频率刺激后,膀胱容量有显著性差异(F=3.894, P=0.014),5 Hz、10 Hz和15 Hz刺激后,膀胱容量高于基础膀胱容量(P <0.05)。不同波形刺激后,膀胱容量有显著性差异(F=5.184, P=0.019),波形A刺激后,膀胱容量高于基础膀胱容量(P <0.05)。结论 新型智能型可穿戴式经皮胫神经刺激器能有效抑制猫生理膀胱反射,抑制效果与刺激强度、频率和波形有关...     

骨盆底肌电刺激治疗膀胱过度活动症

目的　探讨骨盆底肌电刺激治疗膀胱过度活动症 (OAB)的效果。方法　对经过临床症状及排尿动力学检查确诊的 4 0例OAB患者随机分为电刺激治疗组 (2 0例 )及药物治疗组 (2 0例 )。电刺激治疗组 :采用美国LABORIE公司生产的盆腔生物反馈电刺激治疗仪 ,通过阴道或直肠电极 ,对患者进行阴道或直肠内 10～ 2 0次 8～ 70mA的电刺激治疗 ;药物治疗组 :舍尼亭 (酒石酸托特罗定片 ) 2mg口服 ,2次 /d ,共 2周。通过排尿日记、副作用及满意度调查表来评价疗效。结果　电刺激治疗组治愈率为 6 0 % ,总有效率 85 % ,满意率 70 % ;药物治疗组治愈率为 5 0 % ,总有效率 80 % ,满意率 6 5 % ,两组疗效及满意率经Ridit分析无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;两组治疗副作用比较有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　盆底肌电刺激能有效治疗OAB ,但长期疗效仍需进一步观察研究     

生物反馈治疗联合康复训练在中年女性膀胱过度活动症患者中的应用效果

目的 探讨生物反馈治疗联合康复训练在中年女性膀胱过度活动症(OAB)患者中的应用效果.方法 选取医院2015年2月—2017年8月收治的中年女性OAB患者96例为研究对象,将患者按照组间年龄、病程、膀胱过度活动症患者症状评估表(OABSS)评分匹配的原则分为对照组和观察组,每组48例.对照组采取常规护理及药物治疗,观察...     

Efficacy of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and therapeutic exercise for older adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) in older adults may be disabling and therapeutically challenging, largely because of the inefficacy and/or morbidity associated with traditional pain treatment. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 200 men and women > or = age 65 with CLBP to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) with and without general conditioning and aerobic exercise (GCAE), for reducing pain and improving physical function. Participants were randomized to receive (1) PENS, (2) control-PENS (brief electrical stimulation to control for treatment expectancy), (3) PENS+GCAE, or (4) control-PENS+GCAE, twice a week for 6 weeks. All four groups experienced significantly reduced pain (range -2.3 to -4.1 on the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form), improved self-reported disability (range -2.1 to -3.0 on Roland scale) and improved gait velocity (0.04-0.07 m/s), sustained at 6 months. The GCAE groups experienced significantly fewer fear avoidance beliefs immediately post-intervention and at 6 months than non-GCAE groups. There were no significant side effects. Since brief electrical stimulation (i.e., control-PENS) facilitated comparably reduced pain and improved function at 6 months as compared with PENS, the exact dose of electrical stimulation required for analgesia cannot be determined. GCAE was more effective than PENS alone in reducing fear avoidance beliefs, but not in reducing pain or in improving physical function.     

Methodological quality in randomised controlled trials of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation for pain: low fidelity may explain negative findings

The benefits of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief have not been reliably established, as most systematic reviews find poor methodological quality in many studies. The paradox within the evidence base for TENS is that despite identified sources of bias that may lead to an overestimation of treatment effects, no benefits for TENS can be clearly demonstrated. Conventional assessments of quality assume a single direction of bias, and little work has been undertaken examining other directions of bias. Our hypothesis was that low fidelity in studies (bias leading to an underestimation of treatment effects) may account for inconclusive findings. We included 38 studies from 3 recently published Cochrane systematic reviews that examined TENS for acute, chronic, and cancer pain. We extracted data relating to treatment allocation, application of TENS and to the assessment of outcomes. We quantified these data and judged this against standardised assessment criteria using a “traffic light” approach based on the number of studies reaching the standard. We identified significant sources of potential bias in both directions in relation to study design and implementation fidelity that have not been quantified previously. Suboptimal dosing of TENS and inappropriate outcome assessment were particularly prevalent weaknesses indicating low fidelity. We propose criteria for judging directions of bias in future studies of TENS that may be adapted to assess other trials in which implementation fidelity is important, such as other nonpharmacological interventions for pain.     

Effects of thermotherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on patients with primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized,placebo-controlled,double-blind clinical trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of thermotherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on pain intensity, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in patients with primary dysmenorrhea (PD).DesignA randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial.SettingPhysiotherapy Department of the Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (Brazil).InterventionsEighty-eight dysmenorrheic women were randomly allocated into four groups: Thermotherapy + TENS(n = 22), Thermotherapy(n = 22), TENS(n = 22) and Placebo(n = 22). Thermotherapy was applied by microwave diathermy (20 min), and TENS (200 μs, 100 Hz, 30 min), into the lower abdomen both.Main outcome measuresPain intensity was measured using the numeric rating scale (NRS) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Br-MPQ). PPT and CPM were recorded from women’s abdominal and lumbar. The evaluation was done in 5 times: baseline, after 20, 50, 110 min and 24 h from intervention.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in the NRS for Thermotherapy + TENS vs. TENS, for Thermotherapy vs. TENS and for Placebo, after 20 min; for Thermotherapy vs. TENS and for Placebo, after 110 min and 24 h. Abdome PPT increased in the Thermotherapy + TENS vs. TENS and Placebo, after 50 min; for Thermotherapy + TENS vs. Placebo and for Thermotherapy vs. Placebo, after 110 min. No changes in lumbar PPT and CPM were observed.ConclusionsThe use of thermotherapy reduced NRS compared to the TENS and Placebo after 20, 110 min and 24 h. Thermotherapy demonstrated an increase in the PPT in the abdomen after 50 and 110 min and decreased the Br-MPQ scores after 110 min in patients with PD.     

经皮神经电刺激联合膀胱功能再训练对神经源性膀胱功能恢复的影响

[目的]探讨经皮神经电刺激联合膀胱功能再训练对神经源性膀胱功能恢复的影响。[方法]选择86例脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱病人为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各43例。对照组给予常规膀胱功能再训练,观察组在此基础上给予2个月的经皮神经电刺激治疗。观察比较两组病人干预前后膀胱容量、残余尿量以及并发症发生情况。[结果]干预后,观察组病人膀胱容量大于对照组,残余尿量少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组病人尿路感染、膀胱结石和肾积水发生率低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]经皮神经电刺激联合膀胱功能再训练能有效增加膀胱容量、减少残余尿量、降低并发症的发生率。     

Outcome of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic pain: short-term results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of shortterm transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) treatment in chronic pain with respect to pain intensity and patients’ satisfaction with treatment results. We therefore performed a randomised controlled trial comparing TENS and sham TENS. Patients, researchers and therapists were blinded for treatment allocation. One hundred and sixty-three patients with chronic pain referred to the Pain Centre entered the study. Conventional TENS and sham TENS were applied in the segments of pain, for a period of ten days. Outcome measures were pain intensity (visual analogue scale) and patients’ satisfaction with treatment result (yes or no). The proportions of patients satisfied with treatment result differed significantly for TENS compared to sham TENS (58 and 42.7% respectively, x²=3.8, p=0.05). However, no differences in pain intensity were found for patients treated with TENS or sham TENS. Only for patients satisfied with treatment results pain intensity gradually decrease equally both for TENS and sham TENS with repeated treatment application.     

Pain relief by applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) during unsedated colonoscopy: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a noninvasive alternative to traditional pain treatments. TENS has been studied in the past as a pain reduction modality in colonoscopy with limited success. Reviews and meta‐analysis have shown that the inconclusive results of TENS may be due to the lack of randomized controlled trials and the difficulty in defining precise output parameters. The objective of this double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled trial was to investigate the pain‐relieving effect of a new application of TENS in unsedated screening colonoscopy. Ninety patients undergoing unsedated screening colonoscopy were randomly allocated to one of three groups: a control group (n=30), a group to receive active TENS (n=30), or a group to receive placebo TENS (n=30). A visual analogue scale (VAS) and a five‐point Likert scale were used to assess pain 5min into the procedure and at the end of the procedure. The patient's bloating sensation during colonoscopy and the effect on the duration of the procedure were also evaluated. Throughout the procedure, the active TENS group experienced a VAS pain score reduction ≥50% compared to the placebo TENS group (P<0.001) and the control group (P<0.001). On the five‐point Likert scale, there was also a significant reduction in pain score in the active TENS group compared to the placebo TENS and control groups (P=0.009). No significant differences were found between the study groups as to the bloating sensation and the duration of the procedure. We conclude that TENS can be used as a pain relief therapy in unsedated screening colonoscopy.     

A single-blind,randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) in Overactive Bladder symptoms in women responders to percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS)

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) compared to percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in sustaining symptom improvement over a 6-month period in women with idiopathic Overactive Bladder (OAB) who had responded to an initial 12-week course of PTNS.DesignRandomized, active-controlled trial.ParticipantsTwenty-four women diagnosed with idiopathic OAB successfully treated with PTNS were included in this study.InterventionsTwelve subjects were allocated to receive monthly sessions of PTNS for six months, and twelve subjects followed a flexible home-based TTNS regime after instruction on the use of a TENS device for the same follow-up time.OutcomesParticipants were assessed at six weeks, three months and six months after completing the initial course of PTNS. Primary outcomes were changes from baseline in urinary frequency, number of episodes of urgency and number of episodes of urge urinary incontinence (UUI). Subjectively reported severity of symptoms and quality of life (QoL) were assessed using the validated OAB questionnaire (OAB-q).ResultsUrinary frequency, episodes of urinary urgency and episodes of UUI did not change significantly between baseline and six months in either group. Similarly, OAB-q scores for severity of symptoms and QoL were maintained within both arms for the duration of the study. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in any of the outcome measures at any of the study points.ConclusionTTNS is effective in the maintenance of symptom improvement in women with OAB who had positively responded to a course of 12 weekly PTNS sessions.
The trial was registered in the Clinicaltrials.gov PRS database (Identifier: NCT02377765).     

星状神经节阻滞配合经皮神经电刺激对突发性耳聋的康复作用

目的　探索星状神经节阻滞 (SGB)配合经皮神经电刺激 (TENS)对突发性耳聋 (SHL)的康复作用。方法　采用SGB配合TENS ,每日或隔日 1次 ,10次为 1个疗程 ,2个疗程之间间隔 3～ 5d。结果　在接受治疗的 94例患者中 ,94只耳 0 .2 5～ 4kHz治疗后的听力与治疗前相比显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,低频(0 .5kHz)优于高频 (2kHz ,4kHz) (P <0 .0 5 ) ;中、重度耳聋组和全聋组的听力损失dB数值治疗前、后自身比较有显著改变 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ;治疗总有效率 5 3 .2 % ,显效 8.5 1% ,有效 44 .7% ;伴有的耳鸣、眩晕症状也有所改善。以上过程中无 1例出现并发症。结论　SGB配合TENS对突发性耳聋导致的听力损失是一种有效、安全、可靠的康复治疗方法     

Acupuncture-like versus conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the management of active myofascial trigger points: A randomized controlled trial

PurposeMyofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the most common causes of chronic musculoskeletal pain. The transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-expensive, safe, feasible modality, used recently for the treatment of MPS with promising but limited results. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of acupuncture-like TENS (AL-TENS) vs conventional TENS (C-TENS) in the treatment of active myofascial trigger points.MethodsThis randomized controlled trial study was carried out with 60 consecutive patients with active trapezius trigger points referred to Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic. Participants randomly assigned to receive AL-TENS, C-TENS or sham TENS (S-TENS). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Pressure Pain Thresholds (PPTs), and neck range of motion (ROM) were measured at baseline, after the first treatment sessions, after the final treatment session, and 3 months after the end of the last treatment session. Patients function was evaluated by Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) at baseline, after the final treatment sessions, and 3 months after the end of intervention.ResultsThe interaction effect of time and group was significantly different when evaluating VAS (df = 4.65, F = 2.50, p = 0.038) and DASH (df = 2.63, F = 7.25, p < 0.001) in favor of active groups, as well as neck total lateral bending in favor of AL-TENS group compared other two groups (df = 4.16, F = 5.23, p = 0.001). Both VAS and DASH improved significantly at all follow-ups in AL-TENS and C-TENS groups. Of note, significant immediate improvement in all outcomes was observed only with AL-TENS.ConclusionsAccording to the present study, both AL-TENS and C-TENS were superior to placebo in pain reduction and functional improvement. Although both TENS techniques have similar efficiency on pain reduction, functional and pain perception improvement, the AL-TENS was the superior approach when evaluating neck lateral bending ROM.     

Modulation between high- and low-frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation delays the development of analgesic tolerance in arthritic rats

DeSantana JM, Santana-Filho VJ, Sluka KA. Modulation between high- and low-frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation delays the development of analgesic tolerance in arthritic rats.

Objective

To investigate whether repeated administration of modulating frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) prevents development of analgesic tolerance.

Design

Knee joint inflammation (3% carrageenan and kaolin) was induced in rats. Either mixed or alternating frequency was administered daily (20min) for 2 weeks to the inflamed knee under light halothane anesthesia (1%-2%).

Setting

Laboratory.

Animals

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=36).

Intervention

Mixed- (4Hz and 100Hz) or alternating- (4Hz on 1 day; 100Hz on the next day) frequency TENS at sensory intensity and 100μs pulse duration.

Main Outcome Measures

Paw and joint withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli were assessed before induction of inflammation, and before and after daily application of TENS.

Results

The reduced paw and joint withdrawal thresholds that occur 24 hours after the induction of inflammation were significantly reversed by the first administration of TENS when compared with sham treatment or to the condition before TENS treatment, which was observed through day 9. By the tenth day, repeated daily administration of either mixed- or alternating-frequency TENS did not reverse the decreased paw and joint withdrawal thresholds.

Conclusions

These data suggest that repeated administration of modulating frequency TENS leads to a development of opioid tolerance. However, this tolerance effect is delayed by approximately 5 days compared with administration of low- or high-frequency TENS independently. Clinically, we can infer that a treatment schedule of repeated daily TENS administration will result in a tolerance effect. Moreover, modulating low and high frequency TENS seems to produce a better analgesic effect and tolerance is slower to develop.     

Comparison of high-intensity laser therapy and combination of ultrasound treatment and transcutaneous nerve stimulation on cervical pain associated with cervical disc herniation: A randomized trial

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) and a combination of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) and ultrasound (US) treatment on pain, range of motion (ROM) and functional activity on cervical pain associated with cervical disc herniation (CDH).A total of 40 patients (22 women and 18 men) affected by CDH were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. In group 1 (20 subjects), patients received 20 sessions of HILT plus exercise, while in group 2 (20 subjects), a combination of US, TENS and exercise were applied.The outcomes were cervical segment ROM, pain level measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), and functional activity measured by neck pain and disability scale (NPADS) before and after the therapy. The level of statistical significance was set as p < 0.05.There was no difference for cervical ROM, VAS and NPADS values between the groups at the baseline (p> 0.05). After the treatment, cervical ROM, VAS and NPADS values were significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.05). When the groups were compared in terms of post treatment VAS, NPADS and ROM values, no statistical significance was found between the two groups (p> 0.05).Both of therapeutic modalities demonstrated analgesic efficacy and improved the function in patients affected by CDH after 4 weeks of therapy (total 20 treatment sessions in 5 days a week).Both the HILT plus exercise program and the TENS / US plus exercise program were found to be effective in improving cervical range of motion and quality of life by reducing pain. These two treatment programs have similar effects in the treatment of cervical pain associated with CDH and can be used as an alternative to each other in clinical applications. However; It is clear that futher studies are needed to investigate the principles of application of HILT to painful areas or tissues (amount of area applied, dose applied, energy delivered, number of pulses, duration of session, frequency of sessions) and to exclude the effects of exercise treatment on the results of both treatment groups.     

Effect of high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at root level menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea

IntroductionPrimary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a painful menstruation due to contractions in the uterus that induce ischemic pain associated with normal pelvic anatomy.ObjectiveThe purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of High TENS application (root level) among adolescent girls of PD.Methodology140 adolescent girls were included with 14–19 years of age and randomly allocated into two groups of Experimental and Control group. The measurement of lower abdominal pain, referred low back pain, and referred bilateral thighs pain was performed by numerical pain rating scale and measurement of systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure by aneroid sphygmomanometer. The data collection was done before and after the intervention.Results & conclusionThere were highly significant difference in intragroup and intergroup comparison of all the outcome variables in group A (p value < 0.001). The study concluded that High frequency TENS application at root level show significant improvement for managing primary dysmenorrhea.     

经皮穴位电刺激对脑卒中患者脑局部血流量的影响

目的观察单次（1h）经皮电神经刺激（TENS）治疗对脑卒中患者即刻脑局部血流量（rCBF）的影响。方法将22例脑卒中初发患者随机分为TENS治疗组和对照组。2组患者分别接受2次单光子发射计算机断层成像（SPECT）检查，2次检查间隔1h，TENS治疗组在2次检查之间接受1h的TENS治疗，治疗部位选取偏瘫侧上肢的肩髃、曲池、外关、合谷穴以及下肢的阳陵泉、足三里、解溪和昆仑穴等8个穴位。对照组2次检查之间不做TENS治疗，仅休息1h。采用半定量值、不对称指数和变化率来分析治疗前、后患侧病灶及其周边区域以及病灶对称部位及其周边区域（镜像部位）rCBF的变化。结果单次TENS治疗后，TENS治疗组与对照组相比，放射性计数、半定量值和变化率明显增加，不对称指数明显减低，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论单次TENS治疗可以改善脑卒中患者患侧和健侧大脑半球的rCBF，且以改善患侧rCBF为主，推测TENS对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能的改善作用可能与TENS增加rCBF，激活脑细胞的功能活动有关。     

经皮正中神经电刺激对轻中度抑郁患者的疗效研究

目的：观察经皮正中神经电刺激（MNES）对轻中度抑郁患者的临床疗效。方法：选取60例抑郁患者，按照随机数字表法分为对照组和MNES组，每组30例。2组患者均接受抗抑郁常规治疗，MNES组在此基础上行右MNES治疗，一只电极置于右侧腕关节掌面腕横纹上2cm正中神经点,另一只置于右侧大鱼际肌；单个刺激持续时间40s，间歇时间20s，30min/次/d，5次/周，共治疗6周。分别于治疗前及治疗后3周、6周对两组患者进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-24）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)评定和比较，评价患者的抑郁、焦虑及睡眠情况。结果：治疗3周后，2组患者的HAMD-24及SDS评分均较治疗前降低（P<0.05），但2组间差异无统计学意义；治疗3周后，对照组患者的PSQI虽有降低趋势，但无统计学差异；治疗3周后，与治疗前比较，MNES组PSQI分降低明显（P<0.05），但与对照组比较无统计学差异。治疗6周后，2患者的HAMD-24、SDS及PSQI评分均较组内治疗前显著降低（均P<0.05），且MNES组的评分明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：MNES治疗对抑郁患者存在一定的治疗效果，可改善其抑郁水平和睡眠质量，建议推广。     

Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of interferential therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Objective

To compare the analgesic efficacy of interferential therapy (IFT) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) using an experimental cold pain model.

Design

Randomised controlled trial with repeated measures design.

Setting

University research laboratory.

Participants

Twenty healthy subjects.

Interventions

IFT and TENS applied to each subject on different days.

Main outcome measures

Cold pain threshold (time), intensity and unpleasantness (visual analogue scales).

Results

The mean cold pain threshold with a TENS intervention was higher than that with IFT. A training effect was evident as subjects’ responses become more consistent with repeated exposure to stimulation and the testing procedure. Using data from the second testing sessions, the differences in pain threshold between IFT and TENS for the two during-intervention (T3 and T4) measures were statistically significant (T3 difference in the means 5.9 seconds, 99% confidence interval 3.1 to 8.7 seconds; T4 difference in the means 6.6 seconds, 99% confidence interval 3.8 to 9.4 seconds). No significant differences were identified in pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings.

Conclusions

TENS is more effective than IFT at increasing cold pain thresholds in healthy subjects, and this effect increases with repeated exposures. Future trials should include a familiarisation session prior to testing to increase the consistency of subjects’ responses. The clinical implications of these effects need investigation.     

经皮电神经刺激术刺激正常老年人穴位的脑功能性磁共振成像研究

目的探讨经皮电神经刺激术(TENS)改善老年性痴呆(AD)患者记忆和行为的机制。方法利用功能性磁共振方法观察正常人大脑对经皮电神经刺激术(TENS)刺激穴位的反应,刺激部位为左腿的"足三里"、"涌泉"和"太冲"穴,对6名正常老年人进行了脑部功能性磁共振成像。成像过程中,每名受试者分别接受了160 Hz的TENS刺激。结果TENS刺激正常老年人左腿的"足三里"、"涌泉"和"太冲"穴,正常老年人大脑仅在刺激"太冲"穴时可见脑区激活,它们是:下丘脑、BA6区、BA7区、BA31区、BA32区、BA38区。结论TENS可能通过激活上述结构改善老年性痴呆患者的记忆和行为。