急性创伤骨折患者心理健康调研与干预的研究

目的 调查急性创伤骨折患者心理健康状态,探索心理干预措施.方法 采用4种国际通用量表(SCL-90 、HAMA 、HAMD 、SSRS),对1000例急性创伤骨折患者进行心理问卷调研,及时施以心理干预,统计分析干预前后问卷得分.结果 干预前,85.8%的急性创伤骨折患者存在有不同程度的心理障碍,SCL-90评分与全国常模进行比较有显著性差异(P＜0.001),焦虑及抑郁检出率分别为50.8%和35%;干预后, SCL-90评分与全国常模相比无统计学意义(P＞0.1),无焦虑、抑郁检出.结论 心理干预可显著改善急性创伤骨折患者心理健康状态,提高心理应激水平.     

车祸应激致患者心理健康状态的改变与分析

目的 了解车祸致伤后患者心理健康状态的改变,探讨其改变对患者身心的影响.方法 对200例车祸致伤的患者利用自制伤员个人信息表、ISS创伤严重度评分及SCL-90症状自评量表、SAS焦虑自评量表、SDS抑郁自评量表进行创伤严重程度与心理健康状况改变的调查,将其结果采用SPSS13.0统计软件包进行统计分析并与常模进行比较.结果 本组200例车祸伤患者SCL-90总均分及各因子得分高于常模;SAS、SDS总粗分高于常模,其差异显著(P＜0.01);结论本组车祸伤患者在遭受突然的车祸打击后心理健康状态发生了明显的改变,其SCL-90各因子和其焦虑、抑郁情绪明显高于常模,有显著的统计学意义(P＜0.01).提示车祸伤患者伤后心理健康状况不容乐观,在重视车祸伤患者的急救与治疗同时切不可忽略伤者的心理状态.早期发现和筛查有高危因素的伤员并及时给予心理干预十分重要.     

广西仫佬族地区护士心理健康状况及干预效果的研究

目的通过调查90名仫佬族地区护士进行心理干预前后的应对方式及心理健康状况,探讨心理干预对护士的应对方式及心理健康状况的影响。方法运用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）,分别在心理干预前后进行测试,并对问卷进行统计分析。结果干预前护士SCL-90评分高于干预后和中国常模（P〈0.05或〈0.01）,干预后与常模相当（P〉0.05）或低于常模（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。干预前后积极应对评分无变化（P〉0.05）,干预后消极应对评分下降（P〈0.01）。结论广西仫佬族地区护士心理健康状况较差,心理干预可以改善仫佬族地区护士心理健康状况。     

石河子地区领导干部心理健康状况调查分析

目的 调查新疆石河子地区政府部门的干部心理健康状况及影响因素,为今后有针对性的予以心理干预建立基础。方法 采取方便抽样,用症状自评量表（SCL-90）对石河子地区政府部门80名干部进行调查。结果 石河子地区干部SCL-90总分＞160的共计10人（12.50%）,各因子分和中国常模相比较有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,其中人际关系敏感、敌对因子分低于全国水平,躯体化、抑郁、强迫、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神病性7个因子与常模比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论 石河子地区管理干部总体心理健康水平与全国心理筛查情况基本一致,但在本次调查中的SCL-90各项因子中,领导干部的“抑郁、强迫、焦虑、人际关系、敌对”等心理问题比较突出。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者心理干预的研究

目的调查系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者心理干预前后的心理状况.方法 67例SLE患者分别于心理干预前后填写症状自评量表（SCL-90）及自制的SLE患者心理影响因素调查表.结果 SLE患者心理千预前与中国常模比较,SCL-90阳性项目数、阳性均分及各种因子均高于中国常模.躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性7种因子与中国常模相比,有非常显著性差异;敌对、偏执与中国常模相比,有显著性差异.而干预后再次测评结果显示：SCL-90各项评分均有下降,干预前后两组相比,总均分,阳性项目数,躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖7项有显著性差异,睡眠及饮食情况也明显改善.提示心理干预对改善患者紧张、焦虑、忧郁等不良情绪有明显疗效.结论 SLE患者心理健康状况普遍较差,而心理干预后,可明显改善患者的心理状况,提高患者的生活质量.     

97例首发抑郁症患者配偶的心理状况调查及干预

目的探讨首发抑郁症患者配偶的心理卫生状况及心理综合干预的效果。方法对97例首发抑郁症患者配偶采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行测评,并根据测评存在的心理问题给予4周有计划的心理综合干预。结果首发抑郁症患者配偶存在明显的抑郁、焦虑情绪,SCL-90、SAS、SDS评分均明显高于国内常模（P〈0．01）;女性配偶的焦虑、抑郁不良情绪反应比男性配偶重（P〈0．01）;经心理综合干预4周后患者配偶SAS、SDS评分均明显低于干预前（P〈0．01）。结论首发抑郁症患者配偶存在着不同程度的心理问题,应主动予以心理综合干预,可减轻他们的不良情绪反应,提高其心理健康水平。     

心理干预对首发青少年精神病患者亲属心理健康状况影响的对照研究

目的调查青少年精神病患者亲属心理健康状况，探讨心理干预对其心理状态影响。方法对入组132例陪护亲属随机分为干预组和对照组各66例，采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）及自编一般状况调查表，心理干预前后对两组亲属进行测评和对照研究，并与国内常模对比分析。结果干预前两组亲属SCL-90、SAS评分均高于国内常模（P均〈0．01）．具有统计学意义。干预后干预组SCL-90、SAS评分均显著下降（P均〈0．01），均低于对照组（P均〈0．05），具有统计学意义。结论青少年精神病患者亲属心理健康状况较差，心理干预能有效的提高亲属的心理健康水平，促进患者早日康复。     

中医医院护士心理健康状况调查分析与对策

目的 旨在了解我院护士心理健康状况,探讨其预防及调节方法.方法 采用SCL-90症状自评量表对我院181名在职护士的心理健康状况在心理干预前后进行调查研究.结果 心理干预前SCL-90症状自评量表调查显示,我院护士的SCL-90总分、躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、强迫5项因子分高于中国常模,两者存在着显著性差异(P＜0.05),阳性项目数、其余因子分与中国常模比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05),心理干预后SCL-90症状自评量表测查结果与第一次比较:抑郁、焦虑,敌对3项因子分明显降低,两者有显著性差异,P＜0.05.结论 护士的心理健康状况不佳应引起关注,相应心理干预措施可以提高其心理健康水平.     

社会支持水平对持续性血液透析患者心理状态的影响

目的了解持续性血液透析患者的心理状态及社会支持情况,并探讨二者之间的相关性。方法采用社会支持量表(SSRS)和90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)对42例持续性透析患者进行了问卷调查及社会支持情况调查。结果持续性血液透析患者的社会支持总分高于国内常模,差异有统计学意义(t=9.372,P0.01),SCL-90总均分高于国内常模,其躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧等因子分均高于全国常模,且有统计学意义(P0.05),社会支持总评分与SCL-90总评分呈负相关(r=-0.712,P0.01)。结论持续性血液透析患者的心理状态较正常人低,存在抑郁和焦虑状态,改善患者的社会支持系统可提高患者的心理健康水平。     

心理治疗对创伤骨折患者心理状况的效果研究

目的 探讨心理治疗对创伤骨折患者心理状态的影响,以便为骨折患者心理干预治疗提供科学依据.方法 将符合条件的创伤骨折患者分为干预组和非干预组.非干预组行常规治疗,干预组在常规治疗的基础上进行心理治疗,应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、生活质量评定问卷(SF-36)对两组患者在心理治疗前后进行测查.结果 与常模比较创伤骨折患者的SAS、SDS的总分高于常模(t=4.88,3.57;P＜0.01);心理治疗后,干预组SAS、SDS总分低于非干预组(t＝ 2.54,P＜0.05;t=2.65,P＜0.01);SF-36除生理机能外各因子分高于非干预组(P＜0.05).结论 创伤骨折患者存在明显的焦虑、抑郁情绪,心理治疗可以明显的改善患者的心理健康状况及其生活质量.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.