Advance care planning in long-term care facilities

Residents of long-term care facilities are at risk of serious medical illnesses and being unable to express choices when difficult treatment decisions must be made. Advance care planning (ACP) allows residents to consider, make, and communicate their preferences for how medical decisions should be made if they are unable to participate in the decision-making process. This article reviews the three steps in ACP: consideration of options and expression of values, communication of decisions, and documentation of the choices. The article defines and describes the particular value of ACP in long-term care facilities, reviews the literature on successful ACP programs in long-term care, and concludes with practical suggestions on how to develop and implement ACP programs.     

Advance directives for health care among older community residents

Advance directives (ADs) for healthcare are useful planning tools for older people. In addition, the utilization of ADs is important for health and human services planners, administrators, and policy makers to understand because whether or not people have an AD, and what types of ADs they have can dramatically influence the treatment trajectories and the well-being of older people who can longer make decisions for themselves. Using telephone survey data with a random sample of Oklahoma residents age 60 and older, we examined the prevalence of four measures of AD use. Prior to the implementation of this survey in 2002, the Oklahoma Aging Services Division was very active in promoting two types of AD---the living will and the durable power of attorney for healthcare. More than half of those interviewed had a living will, two-fifths had a durable power of attorney for healthcare, and one-third had both ADs. Older age and higher levels of education were consistently associated with having ADs.     

Advance care planning

Advance care planning is the process of planning for future medical care, particularly for the event when the patient is unable to make his or her own decisions. It should be a routine part of standard medical care and, when possible, conducted with the proxy decision maker present. It is helpful to think of the process as a stepwise approach. The steps include the appropriate introduction of the topic, structured discussions covering potential scenarios, documentation of preferences, periodic review and update of the directives, and application of the wishes when needed. The steps can be integrated flexibly into routine clinical encounters by the physician and other members of the health care team. The process fosters personal resolution for the patient, preparedness for the proxy, and effective teamwork for the professionals. The process also has pitfalls of which to be aware. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:1181-1187     

Successful ECT in long-term care residents

INTRODUCTION: Depression is common in long-term care (LTC) residents and causes increased mortality and morbidity. Treatment resistance or intolerance to antidepressants is not unusual. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective alternative for older community-dwelling residents but has not been well studied in LTC residents. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was made of all LTC residents who received ECT from a single academic 538-bed facility over a 3-year period. Demographic information, severity of medical illness as measured by the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G), psychiatric diagnosis, earlier psychotropic drug trials, and MMSE before and after ECT were collected. ECT therapy was reviewed for number and types of treatments and complications. Outcome after ECT was rated with the Clinical Global Impression of Change scale (CGI). RESULTS: Thirteen patients (4 men, 9 women ), mean age 81 years (range: 65-95), received ECT. All had a diagnosis of major depression, and 10 had associated psychotic features. All patients received at least two psychotropic agents before receiving ECT (range: 2-11). Patients also had significant medical comorbidity, with a mean (CIRS-G) of 19.7 (range: 14-27). On average, patients received 5.7 ECT treatments in the hospital (range: 3-10), and 9 of 13 patients received bilateral stimuli. Nine patients (69%) were rated as improved, two (15%) were clinically unchanged, and two (15%) were rated as worse. Complications included transient atrial fibrillation in one patient, posttreatment headache in one patient, and delirium in one patient. Five patients had transient cognitive decline as measured by the MMSE, but all recovered fully by 1 month. CONCLUSIONS: ECT was a safe and effective treatment modality in this population of LTC residents with a significant medical comorbidity. 69% of patients exhibited clinical improvement despite previous medication resistance. Careful monitoring for delirium in this population is essential to prevent more protracted posttreatment confusion.     

Staphylococcus aureus carrier state among elderly residents of a long-term care facility

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have recently become a major concern in long-term care facilities (LTCF). Patients that have been colonized with MRSA in general hospitals may introduce the organisms into LTCF, and these can become reservoirs for the pathogen. Our objective was to evaluate the rate of colonization by S aureus, especially MRSA, in elderly residents of a large LTCF, and to find factors that predispose to it. METHODS: A nasal culture was obtained from randomly selected patients in an Israeli LTCF. Inclusion criteria were absence of active infection and no antibiotic treatment in the preceding month. The carrier state was defined when two consecutive cultures were positive for S aureus. RESULTS: The study population comprised 270 patients, aged 81 +/- 9.3 years and from all types of wards. Of these, 63 (23.3%) were carriers of S aureus and 17 of those (27%) had MRSA. From univariate analysis, the carrier state was associated with antibiotic treatment or an invasive procedure in the previous 3 months, and with a prior MRSA infection. Subacute LTCF departments had a higher carrier rate than the chronic care wards. CONCLUSIONS: In this large multilevel facility, 6.2% of the patients were MRSA carriers, and came predominantly from the subacute departments, suggesting an influx from general hospitals. This information and the identification of factors associated with MRSA infection permit the development of an institutional infection control program.     

Prevalence and predictors of influenza vaccination among residents of long-term care facilities

Influenza is a respiratory illness which results in significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the older population. Older people living in Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) have a significantly higher risk of infection and complications from influenza. Influenza vaccine is considered the best strategy to prevent infection in high-risk populations. In Australia, the Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CNDA) suggests a vaccination coverage rate of 95% in both staff and residents¹. This study aims to measure the vaccination coverage rates for residents in LTCFs and identify predictors of vaccination uptake for these individuals.This study was conducted in nine LTCFs in four sites from March to September 2018. This was done via medical record reviews for residents over 65 years old in these LTCFs, collecting information such as vaccination status, age, gender, ethnicity and occupation. Simple and multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR) to determine significant predictors of influenza vaccination uptake.The overall vaccination rate among LTCF residents was 83.6%. Significant predictors of vaccination were LTCF location, ethnicity and previous year vaccination status. Residents in LTCF Site D were less likely to be vaccinated compared to Site A (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.61), non-Caucasians were less likely to get vaccinated (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.67), and residents who refused the 2017 vaccine were less likely to be vaccinated (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.01–0.15).Compared with previous Australian studies on LTCF vaccination rates, the overall vaccination rate was high in these LTCFs (83.6% versus 66–84%), but it varied across different sites. Reasons for varying vaccination rates should be explored further – for example, lower rates in non-Caucasians with diverse cultural backgrounds. Better understanding the causes of under-vaccination can help improve vaccination programs in LTCFs.     

Evaluation of nutritional status and skin condition among elderly residents in a long-term care hospital

Objective  

The availability of nutritional screening tools for older adults is limited, depending on their physical characteristics or the setting. We investigated the relationships between various nutritional indicators and skin conditions as possible screening indicators.     

Increasing influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and tuberculosis screening among residents of Colorado long-term care facilities

Persons residing in long-term care facilities are especially vulnerable to potentially preventable morbidity and mortality caused by influenza, S. pneumoniae, and tuberculosis. This project's objective was to increase the rates of pneumococcal vaccination, tuberculosis screening, and annual influenza vaccination. Intervention consisted of staff training videos, sample policies, and educational materials for residents and their families. At baseline during the 1995-1996 flu season, 84% of Colorado long-term care residents were vaccinated for influenza; 16% of residents had ever received pneumococcal vaccination; and 59% had been screened for tuberculosis. At remeasurement during 1997 to 1998, influenza vaccination rates were up to 89%, p = 0.006. The percentage of residents who had ever received pneumococcal vaccination increased to 48% at remeasurement, p < 0.001. Tuberculosis screening rates increased to 83%, p < 0.001. Following an educational intervention targeting both residents and staff, residents were significantly more likely to receive all three preventive services.     

Improving communication among attending physicians, long-term care facilities, residents, and residents' families

Effective bidirectional communication between attending physicians and long-term care facilities is of critical importance to ensure timely, appropriate, and high-quality care that is responsive to residents' needs, values, and preferences. Ongoing communication with residents and residents' families is essential to the establishment of mutual trust and respect. This earned trust and respect in turn promotes frank discussions among long-term care practitioners and the facility staff who can then better guide residents and families through difficult care decisions.     

Healthcare-associated infection among residents of long-term care facilities: a cohort and nested case-control study

Knowledge of infection control measures in nursing homes is limited. This study aimed to assess the incidence of, and potential risk factors for, healthcare-associated infection in long-term care facilities in Norway. Incidence of healthcare-associated infection was recorded prospectively in six long-term care facilities located in two major cities in Norway between 1 October 2004 and 31 March 2005. For each resident with an infection we aimed for two controls in a nested case-control study to identify potential risk factors. Incidence of infection was 5.2 per 1000 resident-days. Urinary and lower respiratory tract infections were the most common. Patients confined to their beds [odds ratio (OR=2.7)], who stayed <28 days (OR=1.5), had chronic heart disease (OR=1.3), urinary incontinence (OR=1.5), an indwelling urinary catheter (OR=2.0) or skin ulcers (OR=1.8) were shown to have a greater risk for infection. Age, sex and accommodated in a two- versus single-bed room were not significant factors. Incidence of infection in nursing homes in Norway is within the range reported from other countries. This study identified several important risk factors for healthcare-associated infection. There is a need to prevent infection by implementing infection control programmes including surveillance in long-term care facilities.