ERCP术的整体护理

内镜下逆行胰腺管造影术（ERCP）是将电子十二指肠镜插入至十二指肠降段,通过内窥镜活检孔道,将造影导管自十二指肠乳头口处插入,并经该导管逆行注入造影剂,从而逆行显示胰胆管的造影技术,是目前临床上诊断和治疗胆总管结石、阻塞性黄疸等胰胆管疾病的金标准。ERCP能否成功,涉及很多因素,围手术期的护理是重要因素之一。本文介绍了我科ERCP围手术期的整体护理措施。     

Acute pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

An analysis of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) examinations suggests that repeated contrast injection into the pancreatic duct during attempts to cannulate the bile duct is of major importance in the aetiology of acute pancreatitis after ERCP, even in the absence of pancreatic acinar opacification. The technique of ERCP can easily be modified to avoid repeated pancreatic duct injection and, by doing so, an increase in the incidence of acute pancreatitis has been reversed.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术诊疗中患者受照剂量的模拟实验测量

目的通过模拟实验,对进行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)诊疗患者的受照情况进行全面了解。方法调查3家医院共56例ERCP手术,并记录管电压、管电流、透视时间、摄影帧数,剂量面积乘积(dose-area product,DAP)等信息,根据每例测量的DAP,选择DAP值中最大值、中位值和最小值的3例ERCP手术,以这3例手术分别作为仿真人体模型实验的高剂量组、中剂量组和低剂量组,模拟ERCP介入诊疗手术,利用仿真人体模型,在相应体表位置和预定孔中插入热释光剂量计,通过模拟测量得到器官剂量并计算有效剂量。结果3组的有效剂量分别为2.69、11.52和39.27 mSv。低剂量组与高剂量组间有效剂量相差约14倍。3个组的吸收剂量最大值都集中在照射野范围内的器官。结论ERCP体模实验不同组的受照剂量差距较大,对比其他介入诊疗程序的体模实验,属于高剂量的诊疗类型。建议合理并安全地运用介入诊疗,优化患者的辐射剂量。     

Demonstration of pancreatic parenchyma by digital subtraction techniques during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

This paper reports the feasibility of using digital subtraction angiography techniques during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to obtain greater detail of pancreatic structure. The pancreatic duct was filled in 23 of 27 cases attempted and in 17 cases parenchymal detail was obtained. Filling defects due to neoplasm were clearly defined and the changes of chronic pancreatitis visualised. The technique seems valuable for small lesions but may carry a higher risk of producing pancreatitis.     

Biliary fascioliasis: US and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography findings

Fascioliasis is a common parasitic disease in cattle and sheep that is caused by the fasciola hepatica worm. Humans are sporadically infected by eating cyst-laden waterplants or drinking contaminated water. We reviewed the US and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) findings of 3 patients with proven biliary fascioliasis. All patients had atypical symptoms, complaining of intermittent pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ). The US findings were mural thickening and dilatation of the common bile duct, and echogenic material in both gallbladder and common bile duct. The abnormalities were present for several months, and in some cases for years. The findings were confirmed by ERCP. If a patient shows the described US features in combination with atypical RUQ symptoms biliary fascioliasis should be considered. Correspondence to: H. W. A. Ooms     

Comparison of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with MR cholangiopancreatography in patients with pancreatitis

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the evaluation of disease in patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was performed at 1.5 T in 39 patients with chronic (n = 30) or acute (n = 9) pancreatitis. The patients underwent a pancreas MR imaging protocol that included an MRCP sequence. Comparison was made with findings at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), performed within 30 days. Three blinded readers used a scoring system to evaluate nine segments of the pancreatic and biliary ducts as depicted on the ERCP and MRCP images. MRCP image quality was also evaluated. RESULTS: Of 196 segments analyzed, 17 were not seen at MRCP (sensitivity, 91%). Of the segments visualized at MRCP, 14 were incorrectly characterized (accuracy, 92%). At MRCP, segments not detected or mischaracterized were either normal, slightly dilated, or narrowed. At ERCP, 42 segments in 19 patients were not visualized. MRCP findings were considered useful in all those cases. MRCP image quality was not interpretable in two cases due to artifacts. CONCLUSION: Very good correlation between ERCP and MRCP findings was demonstrated. Both modalities failed to depict pathologic conditions depicted by the alternative method. MRCP may obviate ERCP, particularly in patients who cannot undergo ERCP or in whom ERCP has been unsuccessful.     

Diagnosis of intrahepatic stones: superiority of MR cholangiopancreatography over endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for the diagnosis of intrahepatic stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 318 patients who underwent MRCP examinations at our institution during an 18-month period, we identified 49 patients who subsequently underwent surgery or cholangioscopic stone removal with proof of intrahepatic stones. Thirty-four of these patients also underwent ERCP; they made up our study population. All images were interpreted for the presence of bile duct stones: MRCP images were interpreted independently by two reviewers, and ERCP studies were interpreted by one reviewer who was unaware of the MRCP findings. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of MRCP for detecting intrahepatic stones were 97% and 93%, respectively, whereas those of ERCP were 59% and 97%, respectively. MRCP showed a significantly higher sensitivity than ERCP in the diagnosis of intrahepatic stones (p < 0.001). We found no significant difference between MRCP and ERCP in sensitivity or specificity for detecting calculi in the common duct or gallbladder. CONCLUSION: MRCP is a more effective diagnostic method than ERCP for the evaluation of intrahepatic stones.     

胰胆管疾病的磁共振胰胆管成像与内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影初步对照研究

目的：探讨磁共振胰胆管成像（ＭＲＣＰ）对胰胆管疾病的临床应用价值。材料与方法：２０例高度怀疑胰胆管疾病的患者均经内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）和ＭＲＣＰ检查，并将ＭＲＣＰ影像与ＥＲＣＰ影像进行非双盲对照分析，其中１５例经手术证实。ＭＲＣＰ采用屏气、一次激发半傅立叶转换快速自旋回波序列（ＦＡＳＥ）、重Ｔ２加权、二维（２Ｄ）多个平面成像技术。结果：冠状位ＭＲＣＰ图像与ＥＲＣＰ图像极其相似，ＭＲＣＰ图像的空间分辨率略逊于ＥＲＣＰ，因而，ＭＲＣＰ有时不能显示正常胰管及其分支。依据较满意的ＭＲＣＰ图像可以做出与ＥＲＣＰ基本一致的诊断，并且，对ＥＲＣＰ失败或显示不完全的病例，ＭＲＣＰ可获得有价值的诊断信息。结论：本研究结果表明，ＭＲＣＰ是一种安全、无损伤性的影像学技术，在胰胆管疾病诊断方面具有很大潜力，评价ＭＲＣＰ是否可以常规取代ＥＲＣＰ的诊断作用尚为时过早，仍需要进一步大量的临床病例对照研究。     

Postcholecystectomy syndrome: evaluation using biliary scintigraphy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

We prospectively studied 30 patients with postcholecystectomy syndrome to determine the efficacy of biliary scintigraphy in the detection of stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. All patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Biliary scintigraphy disclosed stenosis of the sphincter by agreement with the ERCP or surgical findings in nine (90%) of ten patients and in eight (100%) of eight patients with biliary obstruction from other causes. Retention of activity at 2 hours in visually prominent ducts was the best predictor of abnormal biliary drainage. Biliary scintigraphy is a useful, noninvasive screening test for the detection of postcholecystectomy biliary obstruction.     

Pancreaticopleural fistula: demonstration by computed tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Pancreaticopleural fistula is an uncommon complication of chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic trauma. Clinical features include pleural effusion and resulting pulmonary symptoms. Abdominal pain and other clinical manifestations of pancreatitis may be minimal or absent. As in this case, computed tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may provide complementary diagnostic information in the evaluation of this condition. A discussion of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of pancreaticopleural fistula is presented.     

Annular pancreas: etiology and diagnosis using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

A case of annular pancreas diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is described and the etiology of the abnormality considered. Annular pancreas is an anomaly of the ventral pancreas, and probably due to the persistence of the left ventral bud; the dorsal pancreas plays no apparent role in its development. In the diagnosis of annular pancreas, it appears that ERCP provides unequivocal evidence in some, quite possibly all, cases.     

氟比洛芬酯对内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的预防作用

 目的 观察氟比洛芬酯对内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)术后胰腺炎的预防作用。方法 选择2014-01至2016-12收治的胰胆管疾病行ERCP患者110例,随机均分为氟比洛芬酯组(56例)和对照组(54例)。氟比洛芬酯组麻醉前给予氟比洛芬酯1.5 mg/kg,对照组给予同等剂量生理盐水。术前,术后6 h、12 h抽取患者静脉血,检测血中胰淀粉酶含量,并记录两组患者术后6 h、24 h发生高淀粉酶血症和术后发生胰腺炎的情况。结果 两组患者血清胰淀粉酶水平在术前相比差异无统计学意义;术后6 h氟比洛芬酯组血清胰淀粉酶水平(225±67.83) U/L相较对照组(379±112.61)U/L明显降低(P＜0.05); 术后24 h氟比洛芬酯组血清胰淀粉酶水平减少(127±92.77) U/L相较对照组(186±97.28) U/L降低(P＜0.05)。术后6 h氟比洛芬酯组高淀粉酶血症发生率为14.9%(8/56例),低于对照组的35.19%,术后24 h氟比洛芬酯组高淀粉酶血症发生率为5.36%(3/56例),低于对照组的20.37%(P＜0.05);两组患者胰腺炎的发生情况氟比洛芬酯组为0,相较对照组的11.1%有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。结论 氟比洛芬酯可降低ERCP术后血清胰淀粉酶血水平,减少ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生。     

内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术后高淀粉酶血症的相关因素探讨

 目的 探讨内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后发生高淀粉酶血症的相关因素。方法 对1999年8月～1999年12月间长海医院行ERCP诊治的272例病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 (1)初学者操作发病率67.2％高于技术熟练者40％(P＜0.01);(2)诊断性ERCP组中胰管显影者发病率51.9％明显高于胰管未显影者26.3％(P＜0.01),治疗性ERCP组中行乳头肌切开(EPT)者发病率68.1％高于放置支架者46.7％(P＜0.05)和行鼻胆(胰)管引流者12.5％(P＜0.01);(3)Oddi括约肌功能紊乱和胰腺疾病两组发病率分别为78.6％和76.5％,明显高于其他疾病各组(P＜0.01),合并胆囊疾病组发病率为54.5％,明显高于单纯胆总管结石组25％和胰胆管显影正常组21.1％(P＜0.05)。结论 ERCP术后发生高淀粉酶血症,主要与内镜医师操作技术的熟练程度、胰管显影、乳头肌切开和原发疾病等因素有关,而与患者性别、年龄及胆总管直径等因素无关。     

Pseudotumor of the distal common bile duct at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Background

Prior studies have described a pseudocalculus appearance in the distal common bile duct as a normal variant at cholangiography. The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of pseudotumor in the distal common bile duct at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

Methods

Nine patients who underwent ERCP between May 2004 and July 2008 were identified as having a transient eccentric mural-based filling defect in the distal common bile duct. A single reader systematically reviewed all studies and recorded the imaging findings.

Results

The mean diameter of the filling defect was 9 mm (range, 5 to 11). Eight patients had resolution of the filling defect during the same ERCP or on a subsequent ERCP, and in two of these patients the inferior border of the filling defect was not well visualized. The other patient underwent surgical resection of a presumed tumor with no evidence of malignancy on surgical pathology.

Conclusion

An eccentric mural-based filling defect in the distal common bile duct can be artifactual in nature and may reflect transient contraction of the sphincter of Oddi. Recognition of this pseudotumor may help avoid unnecessary surgery.