糖尿病急性心肌梗死后易发心力衰竭的机制

在糖尿病的患者,如果不合并冠心病心肌缺血,基本均处于亚临床状态的心肌损害,心功能表现为早期舒张功能不全以及晚期合并收缩功能不全,其机制是心肌能量代谢的异常导致一系列的病理生理学改变,包括糖类代谢紊乱、脂肪酸的氧化和心肌脂质聚集等,也就是目前常说的糖尿病心肌病。对于严重的糖尿病患者如果遭遇心肌缺血的打击,其更加容易发生心力衰竭和死亡,拥有明显更差的预后,其机制是什么呢？现将详细加以阐述。     

血糖控制对急性心肌梗死合并2型糖尿病患者阿司匹林反应性及预后的影响

183 目的：明确血糖控制对急性心肌梗死(Acute Myocardial Infarction,AMI)合并2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)患者阿司匹林反应性的影响及对预后的判断价值。 方法：选取成功行PCI术的AMI合并T2DM患者97名,根据入院时糖化血红蛋白水平分为血糖控制良好组(n=52)和血糖控制不良组(n=45),治疗第7天行血栓弹力图检测比较两组的阿司匹林抗血小板聚集抑制率,并观察两组患者出院后6月内的主要不良心血管事件(Major Adverse Cardiovascular Evevts,MACE)有无差异。结果：1、血糖控制良好组花生四烯酸(Arachidonic Acid,AA)诱导的血小板聚集抑制率高于血糖控制不良组(69.5±22.7% VS 52.5±22.5%,P＝0.005),血糖控制良好组阿司匹林反应低下的患者少于不良组(13 VS 21,P＝0.026),差异有统计学意义;2、6月内随访结果显示:与血糖控制良好组比较,血糖控制不良组更易发生MACE事件(3 VS 9,P=0.034); 3、多因素Logistic回归分析表明：血糖控制不良和血小板聚集抑制率低下是AMI合并T2DM患者的独立预后指标。结论：血糖控制水平影响AMI患者阿司匹林反应性,同时血糖控制和AA诱导的血小板聚集抑制率对AMI合并T2DM患者预后判断有重要价值。     

EPO对糖尿病兔心肌梗死后心肌间质重塑的影响

目的 探讨促红细胞生成素(EPO)对糖尿病急性心肌梗死(AMI)兔心室重塑的影响.方法 应用四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病兔模型,模型成功后观察饲养1个月,随机数字法分为A假手术组、B手术对照组和C手术用药组.A组开胸冠状动脉穿线不结扎;B、C组开胸冠状动脉结扎法制备兔AMI模型;C组建立模型后两次法耳缘静脉注射EPO 1000 ...     

老年糖尿病伴急性心肌梗死的特点及预后

目的：探讨糖尿病与非糖尿病急性心肌梗死（AMI）患住院期间病情,预后以及病死率的差异,方法：选择1994－1999年间住院糖尿病心肌梗死患18例（A组）,并与同期住院非糖尿病心肌梗死患92例（B组）作比较。结果：糖尿病AMI患心肌梗死症状严重,病死率高,病死率与心肌梗死前血糖水平有关,结论：糖尿病患急性心肌梗死发病率高,并发症多,病死率高,需积极控制血糖水平。     

心血管疾病与糖调节异常(4)冠心病患者的血糖管理(续3)

糖尿病是冠心病重要的危险因素,并于2004年被美国心脏病学会正式定义为冠心病的等危症.糖尿病可以使冠心痛的发病率增加2～3倍,对于严重的糖尿病患者如果遭遇心肌缺血的打击,其更加容易发生心力衰竭和死亡,一系列研究显示糖尿病患者发生急性心肌梗死后,将有20%～35%合并心力衰竭,相对于非糖尿病患者发生率增加2～4倍.随着研究的深入学术界已经共同认识到冠心病合并糖尿病问题的严重性,而我国临床实践中对于冠心病患者的血糖管理目前也需要统一的认识和规范,治疗的靶点和目标均不统一,本文将就上述问题结合欧美心血管疾病和糖尿病联合指南提出建议.     

非糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者不同血糖水平对预后的影响

目的探讨非糖尿病急性心肌梗死（AM I）患者血糖水平对预后的影响。方法将122例非糖尿病AM I患者根据血糖水平分为正常组（空腹血糖≤6.1 mmol/L）、1组（6.1 mmol/L〈空腹血糖≤8.0 mmol/L）、2组（8.0mmol/L〈空腹血糖≤11.1 mmol/L）、3组（空腹血糖〉11.1 mmol/L）,统计两组肌酸激酶（CK）、门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）,心电图ST段恢复时间以及恶性心律失常、心力衰竭、心源性病死率的差异。结果与正常组比较,1组心肌酶和心电图恢复时间,恶性心律失常、心力衰竭和心源性病死率无明显差异（P〉0.05）,2组CK、AST恢复时间明显延长,恶性心律失常和心源性病死率明显升高（P〈0.05）,3组CK、AST、LDH和ST段恢复时间明显延长,恶性心律失常、心力衰竭和心源性病死率明显升高（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。结论非糖尿病AM I患者血糖〉8.0 mmol/L以上时,随着血糖升高,预后越差。     

急性心肌梗死后血糖水平对预后的影响

目的分析血糖水平对急性心肌梗死（AMI）早期预后的影响。方法对228例AMI患者,按即刻血糖、24h后空腹血糖水平、既往糖尿病病史分成A、B、C、D组。A组：即刻血糖〈11.1mmol/L,24h后空腹血糖〈7.0mmol/L;B组：即刻血糖〉11.1mmol/L,24h后空腹血糖〈7.0mmol/L;C组：即刻血糖〉11.1mmol/L,24h后空腹血糖〉7.0mmol/L,但在病情稳定后未确诊糖尿病;D组：既往糖尿病史,或在病情稳定后确诊糖尿病。观察4组患者左室射血分数、严重心律失常、充血性心力衰竭及死亡等情况。结果 228例AMI患者有139例高血糖,发生率为61.0%,组间比较左室射血分数、严重心律失常、充血性心力衰竭及死亡发生率,C组及D组较A组及B组明显增高（P〈0.01）;D组高于C组,B组高于A组。结论 AMI有应激性,高血糖患者发生严重心律失常、充血性心力衰竭及死亡危险均显著高于无应激性高血糖者,且与血糖升高持续时间有关,可作为反映患者病情严重程度、判断预后的指标之一。     

血糖异常对老年急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响

老年急性心肌梗死（AMI）后应激性高血糖多见。国外资料显示：AMI后早期血糖水平无论在糖尿病及非糖尿病病人中均与预后密切相关。我们旨在探讨人院时血糖升高对老年AMI患者住院期间预后的影响。     

入院即刻血糖对急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响

目的：评价急性心肌梗死（acute myocardial infarction,AMI）患者入院即刻血糖（admission plasma glucose,APG）水平与其预后的关系。方法：连续收集2009年至2011年间,于安贞医院心内科住院的AMI患者703例,测量所有患者入院时即刻血糖水平,将患者分为APG≥11.1 mmol/L组（n=443）和APG〈11.1mmol/L组（n=260）。观察住院期间和随访1个月时主要不良心脏事件（major adverse cardiac event,MACE）,包括（死亡、心力衰竭、再次心肌梗死及脑卒中）。结果：APG≥11.1 mmol/L组MACE的发生明显高于APG〈11.1mmol/L组（16.2%vs.5.9%）;随访期间APG≥11.1 mmol/L组MACE的发生明显高于APG〈11.1mmol/L组（4.6%vs.1.9%）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,APG≥11.1 mmol/L组是总MACE的危险因素（OR=1.266,P=0.005,95%CI：1.066～2.002）。结论：APG与AMI患者近期预后密切相关,是AMI患者早期死亡的独立预测因子。     

空腹血糖增高对老年非糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响

目的 探讨空腹血糖对老年非糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者预后的影响.方法 入选我院2004年1月至2012年1月接受尿激酶溶栓或经皮冠脉介入治疗并再通非糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者182例,均于入院第二天检测静脉空腹血糖(FPG).按照FPG＜ 5.6 mmol/L(n=72)、5.6 mmol/L≤FPG ＜7.0 mmol/L(n=52)、FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L(n=58)分为三组,多因素分析三组患者住院期间心律失常、左心功能不全发生率的差异.结果 随着FPG水平增高,心律失常、左心功能不全发生率均增加,多因素回归分析表明FPG是心血管事件发生的独立危险因素.结论 FPG增高是非糖尿病老年心肌梗死患者预后的独立危险因素.随着FPG增高,住院患者心血管事件的发生率增高,应将FPG控制在正常范围.     

糖尿病对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死后心力衰竭的影响

目的:观察糖尿病患者急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)后心力衰竭(心衰)的特点,及其与非糖尿病患者的异同。方法:以STEMI后发生心衰的患者为研究对象,选取2001-01-01至2005-12-01入住我院的此类患者1036例,搜集其临床资料、住院期间治疗和转归情况,依据是否患有糖尿病,将所有研究对象分别纳入糖尿病组(n=320)和非糖尿病组(n=716)。统计两组患者的超声心动图特点,比较两组急性期心衰的特点、治疗及转归,以logistic回归模型分析糖尿病对STEMI后急性期心源性死亡的影响。结果:糖尿病组存在多种危险因素,其多支血管病变发生率显著高于非糖尿病组(P<0.001)。超声心动图结果显示两组患者左心室射血分数、左心房以及左心室舒张末的内径、左心室收缩和舒张末容积的差异两组间无统计学意义;但两组患者二尖瓣舒张早期峰速度(E)与二尖瓣舒张晚期峰速度(A)比值<1、1～2、≥2时差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归模型调整前后,糖尿病对住院期间心源性死亡的终点风险(HR)分别为2.4(95CI1.9～3.0,...     

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Diabetic Patients

ABSTRACT. All patients hospitalized during a 3-year period with an acute myocardial infarction were followed for the occurrence of reinfarction or death. The patients with diabetes mellitus (n=95) were compared with the non-diabetic population (n=545). The diabetics had a higher mortality rate (relative death rate of 1.44 vs. 0.93, p<0.01) and a higher frequency of reinfarctions (18.9 vs. 10.8%, p=0.04) than the non-diabetic population. A larger proportion of the diabetics had suffered a previous infarction, but the excess mortality was also present in those without a previous infarction. Established risk factors for death after myocardial infarction, such as age, infarct size, infarct localization and heart size, could not account for the difference in mortality. It is suggested that the increased mortality among the diabetics may be due to an increase in the rate of progression of the atherosclerotic heart disease.     

Prevalence of Hyperglycaemia and Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

ABSTRACT The prevalence of hyperglycaemia and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus was assessed in 214 consecutive patients admitted to the coronary care units with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). On admission, 16 patients (7.5%) had known diabetes, and 19 patients, not previously known to be diabetic, had blood glucose concentrations of ≥9 mmol/1. Fifteen patients survived for 2 months at which time a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test showed diabetes in 9 (60%) and impaired glucose tolerance in 4 (27%). Ten of these 13 patients (77%) with abnormal glucose tolerance had elevated glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA_1c) on admission, indicating pre-existing glucose intolerance or diabetes. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 4.5% (9/198). However, we may have overlooked undiagnosed diabetes in a small number of patients on admission, since only a random blood glucose <8 mmol/1 rules out diabetes, WHO criteria. Elevated blood glucose in patients with AMI is more likely to reflect a stationary pre-existing abnormal glucose tolerance than a temporary stress-induced phenomenon.     

Mortality and Morbidity During a Five-year Follow-up of Diabetics with Myocardial Infarction

ABSTRACT In 787 patients with acute myocardial infarction originally participating in the Göteborg Metoprolol Trial, mortality and morbidity during 5 years' follow-up were assessed and related to whether patients had diabetes mellitus. Diabetes occurred in 78 patients (10%). Patients with diabetes had a different risk factor pattern, including higher age, higher occurrence of angina pectoris and hypertension, whereas smoking habits did not differ. In the early phase (hospitalization), patients with diabetes had a higher mortality (12% versus 8%), required more treatment for heart failure and stayed longer in hospital. Other morbidity aspects, such as severity of pain, occurrence of severe supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, high-degree AV-block and infarct size did not differ. During 5 years' follow-up mortality rate in patients with diabetes mellitus was 55% as compared with 30% among patients with no diabetes (P<0.001). Reinfarction rate during 5 years was 42% in daibetics versus 25% in non-diabetics (P<0.001). In a multivariate analysis, taking into account the differences in risk factor pattern, diabetes turned out to be an independent determinant for long-term mortality and reinfarction (P<0.001). We conclude that patients with diabetes mellitus, developing acute myocardial infarction, is a group with particularly high risk of death and reinfarction. Interventions aiming at its reduction have priority.     

Clinical Characteristics,Left and Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction,and Long-term Prognosis in Patients with Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Surviving an Acute Myocardial Infarction

Patients with diabetes mellitus have a high morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction, the reason for which is not fully understood. The relationship between congestive heart failure symptoms, left ventricular ejection fraction, and long-term mortality was examined in 578 hospital survivors of acute myocardial infarction, 47 of whom had Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. None of the patients were treated with insulin. The prevalence of congestive heart failure during hospitalization was similar in patients with and without diabetes, although mean diuretic dose was higher in the former patients. Left and right ventricular ejection fraction was measured with radionuclide ventriculography in the second week after acute myocardial infarction. At discharge from the coronary care unit, patients with and without diabetes had similar left ventricular ejection fraction (with diabetes: median 46% vs without diabetes: median 43%; p = 0.89). Median right ventricular ejection fraction (62 %) was within normal limits in both groups and did not differ statistically. Survival data were obtained for all patients. The 5-year mortality was increased in patients with diabetes compared with non-diabetic patients independent of left ventricular ejection fraction. Univariate analysis showed that the cumulative 5-year mortality rate was 53 % in the group with diabetes compared with 43% in the non-diabetic group (p = 0.007). Using multivariate regression analysis presence of diabetes was found to have a significant association with long-term mortality after myocardial infarction, that was independent of age, history of hypertension, congestive heart failure symptoms during hospitalization or of either left or right ventricular ejection fractions at discharge. We conclude that the excess mortality in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is not explained by available risk markers after myocardial infarction. Even though left ventricular ejection fraction and serum creatinine did not differ significantly, the apparent higher dose of Frusemide in patients with than without non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus might indicate that heart failure, if present, is more severe in patients with than in those without diabetes. The importance of diastolic dysfunction in this context needs to be determined.     

心肌缺血预适应对初发急性心肌梗死病人临床及预后的影响

目的探讨心肌缺血预适应对初发急性心肌梗死（AMI）病人梗死范围及近期预后的影响。方法对116例初发AMI骗人．按梗死前48h有无心绞痛分为缺血预适应组（IPC，64例）、无缺血预适应组（NIPC，52例），对比分析两组病人的临床资料。结果IPC组比NIPC组的心肌梗死范围小（P〈0．05），血清心肌酶学峰值低（P〈0．05），恶性心律失常、心力衰竭、心源性休克、室壁瘤发生率及病死率均明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论心肌缺血预适应具有保护心肌、缩小梗死范围。改善近期预后的作用。     

血糖水平与急性心肌梗死预后的关系

高血糖能够使急性心肌梗死的患者病死率增加。高血糖对急性心肌梗死的作用,是血糖水平通过炎症过程恶化心肌功能所产生的结果。故在临床工作中控制血糖水平可降低心肌梗死的病死率。