镍钛记忆合金支架治疗气道狭窄的护理体会

气道狭窄多为气管、支气管管腔内肿瘤或管腔外肿瘤压迫所致,均可引起严重呼吸困难,难治性咳嗽,甚至导致窒息危及生命。目前临床多用镍钛记忆合金支架进行气道重建,排除气道阻塞,挽救患者生命。我科于2002年12月至2003年12月用镍钛记忆合金支架治疗肿瘤引起的气道狭窄患者28例,效果满意,现将护理体会报告如下。1临床资料与方法28例均为肿瘤引起的严重气道狭窄患者,男23例,女5例。年龄47~82岁,平均66岁。其中气管癌7例,食管癌气管内转移17例,甲状腺癌及纵隔淋巴结压迫致气道狭窄3例,气管平滑肌瘤1例。安置支架前均经X线摄片、肺部CT、纤支镜…     

经内镜置放镍钛记忆支架治疗气道狭窄

经内镜置放镍钛记忆支架治疗气道狭窄冯起校李七郎谭戈峰辛小川郑惠娥１９９６年５月初我们经纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）置入镍钛记忆合金支架（简称ＮＴ支架）治疗支气管肿瘤所致的各种气道狭窄４例，报告如下。临床资料（附表）：（１）材料：根据气道不同部位的解剖特点，...     

镍钛记忆合金支架置入术治疗气道狭窄的护理配合

随着现代医学的蓬勃发展，介入治疗在医学领域中取得了飞跃性的进步。镍钛记忆合金支架广泛应用于气道狭窄的治疗，以重建气道，提供进一步的治疗。镍钛记忆合金网状支架具有强度高、耐磨擦、耐腐蚀、生物相容性好、无毒、超弹力性及温度形成记忆效应，是目前临床较理想的气道支架。我科从1998～2007年1月在纤支镜直视下应用镍钛记忆合金支架治疗气管支气管狭窄34例，在护理方面强调个体差异性，做好术前准备、术中配合与护理、术后护理及并发症的预防、出院指导等，取得较为显著的近期效果，现将护理配合介绍如下。     

气道重度狭窄的抢救与治疗

气管及主支气管重度狭窄为呼吸系统急症,诊断容易、治疗困难。近十余年来,我科采用多种有效方法先后抢救、治疗241例,均获得成功,现报道如下。对象与方法　本组241例均为1990年至今我院住院患者或外院会诊患者,男165例,女76例,年龄12～81岁,平均61岁。均经胸部Ｘ线拍片、胸部ＣＴ、纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)检查及病理确诊。气管狭窄31例,单侧主支气管狭窄156例,气管合并1侧或2侧主支气管狭窄54例。其中恶性肿瘤182例,良性肿瘤16例,支气管结核18例,外伤、手术及气管切开外套管致疤痕狭窄12例,其它病因者13例。气道狭窄口直径2～6ｍｍ,狭窄长度10…     

微波热凝联合镍钛记忆合金支架治疗气道狭窄的临床应用

目的　探讨微波热凝联合镍钛记忆合金支架 (NT支架 )治疗气道狭窄临床应用。方法　经鼻插入支气管镜 ,先检查气管、支气管狭窄的位置、程度及长度 ,狭窄处采用微波热凝治疗 ,在X线透视下进行体表金属标志定位 ,插入导引钢丝 ,将送架器沿导引钢丝插入 ,X线透视下送至气道狭窄处 ,准确定位后释放支架。结果　 18例患者行微波热凝治疗 ,使堵塞或严重狭窄的气道再通或变宽 ,支架顺利通过狭窄处并容易膨胀复形。 2 4例患者均顺利完成支架植入术并准确进入预定位置 ,所有患者术后呼吸困难立即得到不同程度的缓解 ,术后定期行胸片及支气管镜检查 ,支架无移位及变形 ,未见严重的并发症。结论　微波热凝治疗为堵塞或严重狭窄气道放置支架创造机会 ,NT支架植入操作简便、位置准确 ,可显著提高气道狭窄患者的生活质量和延长寿命。     

记忆合金支架治疗恶性肿瘤致气道狭窄38例临床分析

晚期恶性肿瘤如肺癌、甲状腺癌、食管癌或气管癌常可阻塞和压迫气道危急生命,治疗有手术、化疗、放疗、激光或微波烧灼等方法。近年来国外开始采用放置气管支架的方法来缓解症状,效果满意。我科近３年来用纤维支气管镜放置镍钛记忆合金网状支架治疗晚期肿瘤所致气道狭窄３８例,疗效满意,现报告如下。一、对象和方法１－对象：３８例患者中男２７例,女１１例,年龄４２～７６岁,平均６０岁。管内肿瘤２８例,其中气管癌４例,肺癌气管转移２４例（侵入主气管１８例,侵入主气管及左右主支气管６例）。管外肿瘤１０例,其中食管癌压迫气…     

气管支架治疗气道狭窄

气管支架治疗气道狭窄广州省深圳市人民医院呼吸内科王铁生气管支气管狭窄，无论是由于管腔内肿瘤或管外压迫所致，均能引起呼吸困难、难治性咳嗽及致死的并发症，如感染、咯血，呼吸衰竭等，气道狭窄的治疗非常困难。近年来，有文献报道气管支气管内安量支架治疗气道狭窄...     

国产记忆合金支架治疗食管狭窄

为开辟治疗食管狭窄的新途径，应用国产ＴｉＮｉ记忆合金支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄患者２８例次。支架置放均一次成功，支撑效果好，术后吞咽通畅。国产记忆合金支架为食管良恶性狭窄的治疗提供了一种快速简便、安全有效的方法，价格仅为进口支架的１／１０，为临床应用推广提供了有利条件。     

国产记忆合金支架治疗食管狭窄

为开辟治疗食管狭窄的新途径，应用国产ＴｉＮｉ记忆合金支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄患者１８例次。支架置放均一次成功，支撑效果好，术后吞咽通畅。国产记忆合金支架为食管良恶性狭窄的治疗提供了一种快速简便、安全有效的方法，价格仅为进口支架的１／１０，为临床应用推广提供了有利条件。     

镍钛支架治疗癌性肺不张的疗效评价

目的 研究镍钛支架植入对癌性肺不张的治疗价值。方法 对83例主支气管内肿瘤阻塞所致一侧全肺不张的患,进行镍钛合金支架植入治疗,观察其近远期疗效。结果 不张的肺完全复张率为100％,复发率为2.4%。结论 镍钛支架气道植入术对癌性肺不张是一项新的、疗效满意的治疗方法。     

气道支架植入术在气道狭窄合并气道食管瘘中的应用

目的观察气道支架植入术在气道狭窄合并气道食管瘘中的应用及治疗效果。方法通过对16例食管癌伴气道狭窄合并气道食管瘘患者的定期随访,观察其在进行膜性支架气道内植入术后的情况和治疗效果。结果术后患者呼吸困难即刻明显缓解,进食呛咳消失。仅13例进行了定期随访,平均生存期为13.6个月,13例患者均行术后放射治疗,其中2例患者治疗中发生大咯血死亡,其余11例无进食后呛咳发生,无再发进行性呼吸困难。结论膜性支架治疗气道狭窄合并气道食管瘘,是一项对患者痛苦少、费用低、并发症少、有效的治疗方法 ,值得临床广泛应用。     

复发性多软骨炎致气道严重狭窄一例并文献复习

目的 总结复发性多软骨炎(RP)的临床表现以及气道受累的特点和治疗策略,提高对该病的认识.方法 报道1例RP合并严重气管狭窄的临床特点、诊治经过,并对该病进行文献复习.结果 患者为33岁女性,以咳嗽、声嘶、气短起病,3个月后确诊RP,此时已经出现严重的气管狭窄.糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗有效.结论 RP出现呼吸道受累并不少见,部分患者为首发症状.临床上应高度重视RP气道受累的早期诊治.否则预后不良.     

Metal airway stent implantation in children: follow-up of seven children

Long segment malacia of the trachea or main stem bronchi in children is not always suitable for surgical correction; patients may therefore remain ventilator-dependent and/or experience severe obstructive crises. We treated 7 children (ages, 4 months to 9 years) with extreme structural central airway obstruction with stent implantations. Six were mechanically ventilated; 5 had frequent life-threatening obstructive spells requiring deep sedation or paralysis. Diagnoses were: syndrome-associated tracheobronchomalacia (n = 4), malignancy infiltrating the carina (n = 1), congenital tracheal stenosis (n = 1), and tracheobronchial compression by a malpositioned aorta (n = 1). Six tracheal and 13 bronchial stents were endoscopically placed. The prostheses included mesh titan (n = 5), the newer shape memory material nitinol (n = 13), and 1 Y-shaped carina stent. Follow-up was reported for 7 weeks to 72 months. All patients showed marked improvement of their respiratory obstruction. Six children were weaned at least temporarily from ventilation. No significant bleeding, stenosis, or perforation was observed. Seven stents were changed after up to 14 months. Three children are well and at home. In 2 children airway stabilization was successful, but they later died from causes unrelated to stent placement, and 2 children died due to generalized airway disease. Soft metal mesh airway stents can offer a therapeutic option in life-threatening inoperable obstruction of the trachea and main stem bronchi in children.     

经支气管镜氩气刀治疗气道狭窄临床观察

目的 探讨经支气管镜氩气刀治疗在气道狭窄的作用及安全性评价.方法 对140 例确诊为中心气道狭窄的患者,在积极治疗原发病的同时,经支气管镜引导进行氩离子凝固术APC.根据狭窄再通和气促评分情况评价疗效.结果 经支气管镜介入治疗1 个月后评价疗效.完全有效62 例(44.3%),部分有效55例(39.3 %),轻度有效2...     

Stent traqueal biodegradable de polidioxanona. Estudio de la reactividad en conejo

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to evaluate tracheal reactivity induced by a biodegradable polydioxanone tracheal stent.Materials and methodsTwenty-two rabbits were divided into 3 groups assigned to different survival times (30, 60 and 90 days post-implantation). A biodegradable stent was implanted in each animal, except for 1 of each group (negative control). Implantation was performed through a small tracheotomy under fluoroscopic control. CT and histopathological studies were scheduled at the end of survival times.ResultsNo animal died during the procedure or follow-up. The stent had disappeared in 100% of the cases at 90 days, in 50% at 60 days, and in none at 30 days.CT studies revealed a greater tracheal wall thickness at 30 days than at 60 and 90 days (1.60 ± 0.41 mm in the central part of the stent versus 1.11 ± 0.18 and 0.94 ± 0.11; P = .007, respectively). No granulomas were observed on histopathology. Some degree of histological changes were noted at 30 days, which had reduced at 60 and 90 days. Differences were also found in both CT and histology between animals in which the stent was present and animals in which it had degraded.ConclusionsPolydioxanone stents produce a mild reaction that reverts with tracheal degradation. The use of these biodegradable stents in benign tracheal disease is promising.     

调强放疗治疗良性气道狭窄及文献复习

目的 探讨使用调强放疗治疗良性气道狭窄的可行性.方法 报道使用调强放疗治疗1例良性气道狭窄患者的方法,评价近期疗效和术后不良反应,并结合多个国内外期刊数据库检索到的放疗治疗良性喉或气道狭窄疾病的病例资料进行研究探讨.结果 本例患者经调强放射治疗后,无再发气促,术后随访1年,纤维支气管镜检查气道通畅,狭窄处无冉发肉芽组织增生.术后无明显不良反应.结论 调强放射治疗作为一种新的治疗方法,可以用于治疗一般标准介入治疗无效的反复肉芽组织增生的良性气道狭窄.     

A narrative review of progress in airway stents

Background and ObjectiveAirway stents, used to restore airway patency, are mostly utilized by patients with malignant airway strictures, and are occasionally used in a range of other airway related diseases, including conditions which result in benign stenosis, malacia, and fistula. There has been an increasing number of airway stents that are being developed thanks to improvements in interventional therapy. However, the method of promoting airway stents for clinical application remains undetermined. Herein, we describe the recent advances in airway stents by reviewing the published studies, providing the reference for clinical decision-making and further research on airway stents.MethodsRelevant articles between January 1964 and November 2021 were obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. The terms “metallic”, “silicone”, “drug-eluting", “biodegradable”, “radioactive”, “three-dimensional (3D)”, and “stents” were searched in different combinations.Key Content and FindingsIn this review, we focus on the latest evidence in terms of the application of various stents with novel materials and designs including novel metallic, novel silicone, drug-eluting, biodegradable, radioactive, and 3D stents for airway stenosis. Despite reducing the well-known complications of all current commercially available stents, novel stents are still in their infancy without a long track record of utility and safety, and remain some limitations. There are more steps to be taken before such stents enter routine clinical practice.ConclusionsA combination of 3D-printing method and biodegradable material may present a promising avenue of solving the existing problems pertaining to “classic” stents and has potential to become the main trend in the future.     

经皮血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的　探讨经皮血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的手术方法、适应证及操作技巧。方法　本组 2 2例颈动脉狭窄患者均采用经股动脉入路 ,对颈动脉颈段狭窄者应用自膨式支架进行血管成形 ,对位于颈动脉海绵窦段的狭窄则使用管状支架治疗。结果　 2 0例患者术后的颈动脉狭窄段直径较术前扩大 ,达到正常管径的 6 0 %以上 ,2例达到 30 %。 2 2例患者临床缺血体征术后明显改善 ,没有发生并发症。随访 2～ 2 4个月未见脑缺血发作。结论　经皮血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的简便安全方式之一。但是缓慢及准确的操作仍是手术成功的关键。     

2种放置自膨胀金属Y型支架技术的比较

目的：对局部麻醉下经可弯曲支气管镜和全身麻醉下经硬质气管镜放置自膨胀金属 Y型支架这2种技术进行比较。方法回顾性分析了2008-2014年所有放置自膨胀金属 Y 型支架治疗气道狭窄的病例,共24例。对2种置入方法的操作时间和成功率进行比较。结果根据麻醉方式,24例患者分为局部麻醉组(n=14)和全身麻醉组(n=10)。局部麻醉组和全身麻醉组成功率分别为85.7%(12/14)和100.0%(10/10),2组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.56,P >0.05)。2组支架角度,气管、支气管各段长度及支架直径比较差异均无统计学意义。局部麻醉组操作时间为(49.57±26.95)min,全身麻醉组为(31.10±10.06)min,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.35,P <0.05)。结论全身麻醉下经硬质气管镜放置自膨胀金属 Y型支架治疗累及隆突的气道狭窄较局部麻醉下经可弯曲支气管镜放置更加便捷、有效。