CHA_2DS_2-VASc评分结合左心房内径在预测非瓣膜性心房颤动患者脑卒中风险评估中的应用

目的探讨CHA2DS2-VASc评分结合左房内径(LAD)对非瓣膜性房颤(NVAF)患者卒中风险的预测价值。方法对北京市应急总医院干部医疗科、心内科和首都医科大学附属北京市朝阳医院综合科于2012年1月至2014年12月收治的首次诊断为非瓣膜病心房颤动的患者共1216例进行同群队列研究,分为两组,一组为脑卒中组(366例),另一组为非脑卒中组(850例),收集相关资料,以缺血性脑卒中为终点事件,平均随访时间为(30±6)月,分析两组患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分、左心房内径及二者联合在非瓣膜性房颤患者发生脑卒中风险评估中的ROC曲线下面积。结果脑卒中组患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分(5.23±1.58分)显著高于非脑卒中组(2.96±1.52)分(P0.01)。脑卒中组患者的左心房内径(42.39±5.79)mm与非脑卒中组(42.12±6.85)mm相比,无显著差异(P0.05)。非瓣膜性房颤患者发生脑卒中风险评估中CHA2DS2-VASc评分、左心房内径、CHA2DS2-VASc评分+左心房内径的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.854、0.524、0.856,95%CI分别为0.83～0.88、0.49～0.56、0.83～0.88。CHA2DS2-VASc评分+LAD二者联合ROC曲线下面积较CHA2DS2-VASc评分相比无显著差异(P0.05)。结论 CHA2DS2-VASc评分对我国NVAF患者卒中风险的预测价值良好;LAD对NVAF患者卒中风险预测有诊断价值,但较CHA2DS2-VASc评分相比,诊断价值不高;CHA2DS2-VASc评分联合LAD对预测NVAF患者卒中风险价值较单独应用CHA2DS2-VASc评分无明显优势。     

非瓣膜病房颤患者脑卒中风险评估方法的探讨

【摘要】目的：探索非瓣膜病房颤患者发生脑卒中的危险因素,建立房颤脑卒中风险评估模型（NewScore）,评价NewScore、CHADS2评分和CHA2DS2-VASC评分三种方法在卒中预测方面的差异,比较三种评分对非瓣膜病房颤患者脑卒中的风险评估能力。方法：对华北理工大学附属煤炭总医院和首都医科大学附属北京市朝阳医院共2家附属教学医院2012年1月至2012年12月收治的首次诊断为非瓣膜病心房颤动的患者进行同群队列研究,收集相关资料,以缺血性脑卒中为终点事件平均随访时间为（27±5）个月。采用χ2检验、wilcoxon 秩和检验（非参方法检验）分析卒中相关危险因素,采用二元logistic回归分析（Enter法）对经单因素分析有统计学意义的参数计算其对模型影响的大小（OR）,组建新的卒中风险评分模型（NewScore）,采用CHADS2、CHA2DS2-VASc和NewScore评分方法对患者依次评分,采用受试者工作特征曲线ROC（Receiver Operating Characteristic）分析比较NewScore、CHADS2评分、CHA2DS2-VASc评分对非瓣膜病房颤患者卒中的预测能力,并记录3个评分系统的95%置信区间、P值、灵敏度、特异度。结果：比较新发脑卒中组和无新发脑卒中组,两组间比较的结果显示年龄、房颤类型、高脂血症病史、冠心病病史、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、既往脑梗死、心肌梗死病史、血管性疾病病史、NT-proBNP、ALT、DBIL、CRP、D-dimer等化验指标存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。将有显著差异的因素进行二元logistic回归分析,结果显示,高脂血症、SBP＞160mmHg、糖尿病、既往脑梗死、血管性疾病与卒中风险独立相关（P＜0.05,OR＞1）,根据各因素的OR值建立NewScore评分,受试者工作特征曲线比较CHADS2评分、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、NewScore评分预测房颤患者随访期间内发生脑卒中的能力,显示受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUCROC）分别为0.877（0.855-0.900）、0.842（0.817～0.866）和0.850（0.827～0.873）,CHADS2评分的Youden指数0.591,灵敏度0.85,特异度0.741,假阳性率0.259;CHA2DS2-VASc评分的Youden指数0.54,灵敏度0.88,特异度0.66,假阳性率0.34;NewScore评分的Youden指数0.381,灵敏度0.423,特异度0.958,假阳性率0.042。结论：1、高脂血症、SBP＞160mmHg可能为房颤相关脑卒中新的预测因素,心功能不全病史、年龄、性别因素不能增加非瓣膜病房颤患者的脑卒中风险。2、CHADS2评分优于NewScore,NewScore优于CHA2DS2-VASc评分,CHADS2可能更符合住院的非瓣膜病房颤患者的脑卒中风险评估,CHA2DS2-VASc评分在我国的推广使用可能需更多验证。     

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者导管消融术后抗凝策略的研究进展

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者导管消融术后的卒中预防策略尚存争议,现有指南大多推荐根据CHA2DS2-VASc评分制定抗凝策略,建议CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2分的卒中高风险患者术后长期抗凝.但目前临床实践中,抗凝出血风险和患者依从性等问题仍待解决,对心房颤动患者术后卒中来源的剖析、卒中风险的全面评估以及个体化卒中预防策略的...     

中国澳门非瓣膜病性心房颤动患者的栓塞及抗凝治疗临床调查

目的:通过对仁伯爵综合医院就诊的非瓣膜病性心房颤动(房颤)患者数据的分析,揭示中国澳门非瓣膜病性房颤患者抗栓治疗的现状。方法:纳入2014-01至2014-12期间共472例非瓣膜病性房颤患者,平均年龄为(73.4±10.9)岁,女性197例(41.7%),年龄≥75岁的患者244例(51.7%)。分析患者的一般特征、临床特征及抗栓治疗,并计算CHA2DS2-VASc评分,评分≥2分为卒中高危;计算HAS-BLED评分,评分≥3分为出血高危。结果:472例患者的平均CHA2DS2-VASc评分为(3.4±1.8)分,CHA2DS2-VASc≥2分的患者有389例(82.4%);平均HAS-BLED评分为(1.96±1.03)分,HAS-BLED评分≥3分的患者有132例(28.0%)。接受抗血小板治疗的患者184例(38.9%),华法林101例(21.6%),新型口服抗凝药物156例(33.8%);同时接受抗血小板和抗凝治疗的患者22例(4.6%);未用任何抗栓治疗的患者53例(11.2%)。卒中高风险患者抗凝治疗率高,215例(55.3%)CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2分的患者接受了抗凝治疗,新型抗凝药物应用比例超过华法林。结论:中国澳门地区非瓣膜病性房颤患者具有较高的卒中风险,超过80%的患者CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2分,多数患者依据卒中危险评分进行抗凝治疗,55.3%的患者接受了抗凝治疗,且新型口服抗凝药物应用超过华法林。     

CHADS2评分与CHA2DS2-VASc评分在非瓣膜病房颤患者左房血栓风险评估中的对比分析

目的探讨CHADS2评分及CHA2DS2-VASc评分在非瓣膜病心房颤动(AF)患者左房血栓风险评估中的作用。方法 2011年6月至2015年6月选择该院收治的非瓣膜病AF患者423例,根据其左房是否发生血栓分为左房血栓组和未发生左房血栓组;采用CHADS2评分系统和CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统对非瓣膜病AF患者发生血栓事件的风险进行危险分层,收集患者一般临床资料,采用Logistics回归对左房血栓发生的危险因素进行分析。结果 423例非瓣膜病AF患者进行食道心脏超声检查发现65例(15.36%)发生左房血栓;患者CHADS2评分显著低于CHA2DS2-VASc评分(P0.05);秩和检验显示CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统对患者危险分层的严重程度显著高于CHADS2评分系统(P0.05);随着CHADS2评分系统和CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统危险的增加患者发生左房血栓的比例逐渐升高(P0.05);单因素分析显示年龄≥65岁、左房内径≥38 mm及射血分数≤40%是非瓣膜病AF患者发生左房血栓的危险因素(P0.05);多因素Logistics回归显示CHA2DS2-VASc评分是导致非瓣膜病AF患者发生左房血栓的危险因素。结论 CHA2DS2-VASc评分能够预测非瓣膜病AF患者左房血栓的发生,其预估价值明显优于CHADS2评分。     

CHA 2DS 2_VASc 评分与射频消融术前心房颤动患者左心房／左心耳血栓形成的关系

目的探讨CHA2DS2-VASc评分与射频消融术前心房颤动患者左心房（left atrium ,LA）/左心耳（left atrial ap-pendage ,LAA ）发生血栓事件的关系。方法根据术前食管超声心动图检查结果,将接受射频消融术的心房颤动患者分为LA/LAA血栓形成组（n＝21）与血栓未形成组（n＝21）,对照分析CHA2 DS2-VASc及CHADS2评分对血栓事件的预测价值。结果血栓形成组21例（3.8％）患者血栓均位于LAA ,低危组（0分）、中危组（1分）、高危组（≥2分）间,LA/LAA血栓事件发生率无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）,但≥3分患者血栓形成明显多于＜2分（ P＜0.01）。血栓形成组CHA2 DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分、左心房内径（LAD ）显著高于血栓未形成组外,其余临床因素间比较均无统计学意义。多元Logistic回归分析显示：LAD、CHA2 DS2-VASc评分是LA/LAA血栓形成的独立危险因素（OR＝0.81、0.89,P＜0.05）。结论无论CHA2 DS2-VASc评分的高低,所有房颤患者射频消融术前均需接受食管超声心动图探查,LAD越大、CHA2 DS2-VASc评分越高,LA/LAA血栓事件发生可能性越高。     

房颤脑卒中风险评分可评估急性脑梗死患者rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的预后

目的：探讨房颤脑卒中风险（CHA-2DS-2-VASc）评分对急性脑梗死（ACI）患者rt-PA静脉溶栓预后的评估价值。方法：收集收治的108例进行rt-PA静脉溶栓的ACI患者临床资料进行回顾性分析，根据CHA2DS2-VASc评分标准，将其分为低危组（34例）、中危组（40例）及高危组（34例）；根据改良的Rankin量表（mRs）评分将其分为预后良好组（49例）及预后不良组（59例）。比较CHA2DS2-VASc评分低、中、高危组及mRs评分预后良好组、预后不良组的一般资料；观察CHA2DS2-VASc评分低、中、高危组rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后预后情况；采用单因素分析及Logistic回归分析ACI预后的不良独立危险因素，并利用ROC 曲线分析CHA2DS2-VASc评分对ACI预后的评估价值。结果： 高危组的年龄、糖尿病、心力衰竭、卒中史的患者比例高于中危组和低危组；中危组的年龄、糖尿病、卒中史、心力衰竭的患者比例高于低危组（P均＜0.05）。预后不良组年龄、卒中史、CHA2DS2-VASc评分指标明显高于预后良好组（P均＜0.05）。高危组预后良好的患者比例少于低危组（χ2=8.589，P=0.003）；其他各组间比较，差异无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。Logistic回归分析发现高龄、卒中史、心力衰竭、糖尿病、CHA2DS2-VASc评分为ACI预后不良独立危险因素（P均＜0.05）。CHA-2DS-2-VASc评分曲线下面积为0.803。结论：CHA2DS2-VASc评分对ACIrt-PA静脉溶栓后早期预后呈现出良好的评估价值。     

CHA2DS2-VASc评分与非瓣膜性心房颤动并缺血性脑卒中患者预后的关系

目的:探讨非瓣膜病房颤卒中风险评分(CHA2DS2-VASc)与老年非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)合并缺血性脑卒中(ICS)患者短期预后的关系。方法:入选我院2011年6月到2013年8月住院的206例老年NVAF合并ICS患者,应用CHA2DS2-VASc进行评分,分为低危组(24例,0分)、中危组(78例,1分)和高危组(104例,2~9分)。在发病后3个月时,采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评定患者的预后,根据mRS得分将患者分为预后良好组(89例,0~2分)和预后不佳组(117例,3~6分)。分析患者3个月预后不佳的独立预测因素。结果:中危和高危组在年龄、高血压、糖尿病、心力衰竭、卒中、血管疾病史比例和美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分显著高于低危组(P0.05或0.01)。与预后良好组比较,预后不佳组年龄[(72.81±7.68)岁比(81.56±8.03)岁]、高血压(58.4%比71.8%)、卒中史比例(9.0%比29.9%)、NIHSS评分[(2.97±1.42)分比(7.67±3.92)分]和CHA2DS2-VASc评分[(1.70±1.63)分比(4.03±2.53)分]显著升高,P0.05或0.01。多因素Logistic回归分析显示NIHSS评分(高危:OR=1.78,95%CI:1.27~2.56,P=0.001)、CHA2DS2-VASc评分(高危:OR=3.24,95%CI:1.32~6.98,P=0.001)和年龄(高危:OR=1.23,95%CI:1.07~1.54,P=0.01)是老年NVAF合并ICS患者3个月预后不佳的独立预测因素。结论:CHA2DS2-VASc评分与NVAF合并ICS早期病情改善有关,年龄、NIHSS评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分是短期预后不佳的独立预测因素。     

低强度华法林抗凝治疗高出血风险房颤患者的有效性及安全性临床研究

目的：应用2010年欧洲心脏病学协会（ESC）房颤新指南提出的新的评分系统卒中危险评分（CHA2DS2-VASc）和首次推出的出血风险评分法（HAS-BLED）,观察CHA2DS2-VASc积分≥1分且HAS-BLED出血风险积分≥3分时,低强度华法林抗凝治疗高出血风险房颤患者的抗栓疗效和安全性。方法2011年1月至2012年1月我院非瓣膜性房颤患者99例,其CHA2DS2-VASc卒中危险评分≥1分且HAS-BLED出血风险积分≥3分。全部病例分成两组,标准强度华法林治疗组[2.0＜国际标准化比值（INR）≤3.0]和低强度华法林治疗组（1.6≤INR≤2.0）。观察两组患者的血栓栓塞率及出血发生率。结果卡方检验结果显示,两组患者的血栓栓塞率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;标准强度华法林治疗组的出血发生率高于低强度华法林治疗组患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 CHA2DS2-VASc卒中危险评分≥1分且HAS-BLED出血风险积分≥3分的高出血风险的房颤患者可以采用低强度华法林抗凝,能有效减少血栓栓塞事件的发生,同时不增加严重出血事件,使用安全可靠。     

老年非瓣膜病心房颤动患者左心房血栓的影响因素

目的探讨老年非瓣膜病心房颤动(房颤)患者左心房血栓的影响因素。方法选择本院2011年4月~2015年10月收治的116例老年非瓣膜病房颤、食管超声发现左心房/左心耳血栓的患者作为血栓组,以同期收治的116例未发现左心房/左心耳血栓的老年非瓣膜病房颤患者作为对照组,分析2组患者基本指标差异,采用多因素logistic回归分析左心房/左心耳血栓形成的高危因素。结果血栓组较对照组高血压、脑卒中比例增高(65.52%vs 51.72%,13.79%vs 5.17%,P<0.05),2组慢性心力衰竭比例、左心房内径(LAD)、左心室舒张末内径、LVEF、N末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平、持续性/永久性房颤比例、CHA2DS2-VASc评分有统计学差异(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,持续性/永久性房颤(OR=5.721,95%CI:2.069~15.820,P=0.001)、NT-proBNP(OR=1.001,95%CI:1.000~1.002,P=0.002)、CHA2DS2-VASc评分(OR=2.021,95%CI:1.316~3.103,P=0.001),LAD(OR=1.104,95%CI:1.002~1.216,P=0.046)是老年非瓣膜病房颤患者左心房血栓形成的独立影响因素。结论持续性/永久性房颤、LAD扩大、NT-proBNP水平高、CHA2DS2-VASc评分高为老年非瓣膜病房颤患者左心房血栓形成的高危因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.