吲哚并吲哒唑类衍生物对人脑胶质瘤U251细胞生长的抑制作用

 目的 研究6-甲基-11-(4-二甲基氨基苄烯-7,8,9,10-四氢-1-氢吲哚［1,2b］吲哒唑三氟甲磺酸盐对人脑胶质瘤U251细胞增殖,凋亡和细胞周期的影响。方法 分别采用噻唑蓝(MTT法检测U251细胞增殖活性、Hoechst33258荧光染色检测细胞凋亡形态、流式细胞仪检测细胞周期、Western blot检测细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1和Cyclin B1的表达变化。结果 MTT法检测发现6-甲基-11-(4-二甲基氨基苄烯-7,8,9,10-四氢-1-氢吲哚［1,2b］吲哒唑三氟甲磺酸盐能显著抑制U251细胞的生长,且呈浓度及时间依赖性, Hoechst33258荧光染色检测观察到细胞凋亡形态的改变,流式细胞仪检测发现细胞阻滞于G2/M期和S 期,Western blot检测发现细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1和Cyclin B1表达下调。结论 6-甲基-11-(4-二甲基氨基苄烯-7,8,9,10-四氢-1-氢吲哚［1,2b］吲哒唑三氟甲磺酸盐对人脑胶质瘤U251细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用,并能诱导其发生凋亡。其凋亡作用可能与G2/M期和S期阻滞有关。     

Protobioside抑制肿瘤细胞增殖作用的机制研究

目的:通过体外实验研究Protobioside对人肝癌细胞株HepG2的细胞增殖抑制作用,并进一步研究其作用机制.方法:采用噻唑兰(MTT)比色法测定Protobioside对3种肿瘤细胞生长增殖的影响;采用Hoechst33528染色观察Protobioside对HepG2细胞凋亡的影响;采用流式细胞仪技术检测Protobioside对HepG2细胞周期的影响;采用蛋白质电泳技术检测Protobioside对HepG2细胞的细胞周期相关蛋白及凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响.结果:Protobioside对HepG2细胞的生长抑制作用最强,IC_(50)为20 μmol·L~(-1);形态学观察可见Protobioside处理36 h时细胞核发生皱缩扭曲、胞膜完整.细胞周期分析显示,Protobioside将HepG2细胞抑制在G2/M期,具有良好的时效、量效关系;蛋白质电泳结果表明Protobioside下调了周期蛋白Cyclin B1、上调了促凋亡蛋白Bax、下调了抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2.结论:Protobioside通过下调周期蛋白Cyclin B1将人肝癌细胞HepG2细胞阻滞在G_2/M期,通过上调促凋亡蛋白Bax、下调抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2诱导HepG2细胞凋亡,从而抑制HepG2细胞的增殖.     

束花石斛中1个新的菲类化合物

目的研究束花石斛Dendrobium chrysanthum降血糖活性的氯仿部位中的菲类成分。方法采用Sephadex LH-20、半制备高效液相色谱等多种色谱及重结晶方法进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和波谱数据鉴定结构。结果从束花石斛茎的氯仿部位中分离得到4个菲类化合物,分别鉴定为2,5-二羟基-4-甲氧基-9,10-二氢菲(1)、2,4-二羟基-5-甲氧基-9,10-二氢菲(2)、2,4,5-三羟基-9,10-二氢菲(3)、美花石斛酚A(4)。结论化合物2为新化合物,命名为束花石斛酚A;化合物1、3、4均为首次从束花石斛中分离得到。     

山绿茶中Ilexgenin A对HepG2肿瘤细胞抑制作用的研究

目的:探讨3β,19α-二羟基乌苏-12-烯-24,28-二羧酸(IA)对肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞周期、凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法:人肝癌细胞株HepG2以IA 20,40,60,80 g·L-1作用不同的时间后,分别使用四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法(MTT),吖啶橙(AO)荧光染色法,免疫细胞化学SP法,流式细胞术检测HepG2细胞的增殖抑制情况,细胞周期和凋亡的形态学变化,以及细胞内凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2,Bax表达的变化。结果:IA对HepG2细胞增殖有抑制作用,其作用随着药物浓度和作用时间的增加而增强。IA作用24 h后HepG2细胞周期的主要特点是大量细胞累积于G1期,进入S期的细胞减少,IA能够诱导HepG2细胞凋亡,IA(40,60,80 g·L-1)经过24 h作用后,细胞凋亡率分别为7.89%,8.37%,9.93%,AO染色观察到大量凋亡细胞,凋亡细胞染色减弱、荧光较暗、呈均匀一致的圆状或固缩状,细胞内Bcl-2的表达随着药物浓度增加逐渐减少;Bax蛋白的表达随着药物浓度增加逐渐增加。结论:IA能够抑制HepG2细胞的增殖,并使细胞大量累积于G1期,进入S期的细胞减少,通过影响凋亡蛋白表达诱导细胞凋亡。     

白花蛇舌草对人肝癌HepG2细胞Cdk2和E2F1 mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨白花蛇舌草抗人肝癌细胞株HepG2增殖的作用机制. 方法 体外培养人肝癌细胞株HepG2,MTT法检测HepG2细胞的增殖活力,流式细胞术检测HepG2细胞周期,相对荧光定量PCR检测细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2 (cyclin-dependent kinase,Cdk2)和核转录因子E2F1 mRNA的表达. 结果 HepG2细胞的存活率随着给药浓度的增大而降低,抑制作用呈现剂量依赖性;和空白组比较,给药组G0/G1期细胞百分含量明显升高(P＜0.05),S期细胞百分含量明显减少(P＜0.01),PI指教明显减少(P＜005),Cdk2和E2F1 mRNA水平显著下调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05). 结论 白花蛇舌草可能通过下调Cdk2和E2F1的mRNA表达,将HepG2细胞阻滞在G0/G1期,从而抑制HepG2细胞的增殖.     

姜黄素通过调控微管系统干扰HepG2细胞周期研究

目的 研究姜黄素对人肝癌HcpG2细胞周期的影响及微管系统在其中的作用.方法 MTT法检测姜黄素对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖的抑制作用;流式细胞仪分析姜黄素对HepG2细胞周期分布的影响;激光共聚焦显微镜观察姜黄素对HepG2细胞微管结构变化的影响;Westem blotting检测姜黄素对微管蛋白α-tubulin表达的影响;在离体条件下,观察姜黄素对微管蛋白聚合和解聚活性的影响.结果 姜黄素对HepG2细胞增殖具有抑制作用且与时间和剂量相关;随着姜黄素浓度的升高,HepG2细胞阻滞于G2/M期的比例也逐渐增加;激光共聚焦显微镜观察可见姜黄素明显破坏细胞微管结构,改变细胞微管蛋白聚合状态的发生;Western blotting检测发现细胞内α-tubulin蛋白表达的减弱与试药浓度相关.姜黄素还可影响微管蛋白聚合和解聚活性.结论 姜黄素通过破坏HepG2细胞的微管结构及下调微管蛋白α-tubulin的表达,将HepG2细胞阻滞于G2/M期,从而抑制肝癌HepG2细胞的生长.     

漆树黄酮对人肝癌细胞株HepG2增殖、生长周期和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察漆树黄酮对人肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞生长增殖和生长周期的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制.方法 采用 MTT比色法研究漆树黄酮对人肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞生长抑制作用;通过流式细胞仪检测DNA含量,分析细胞周期的分布.结果 MTT实验结果表明较高浓度的漆树黄酮对人肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞具有直接的抑制作用,并呈剂量和时间依赖性,200 μmol·L-1 的漆树黄酮作用于人肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞72 h后,对细胞生长的抑制率最高可达53.78%,同对照组相比(P<0.01);流式细胞术实验结果表明,不同浓度的漆树黄酮作用于人肝癌细胞株HepG2 12 h后,可使G1期肿瘤细胞增多,引起G1期阻滞,作用时间为24 h、48 h时,则可引起S期阻滞;同时,不同浓度的漆树黄酮在不同的时间点都可使HepG2细胞出现明显的凋亡峰.结论 漆树黄酮具有直接抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用,其机制可能与引起细胞周期阻滞和诱导凋亡有关.     

大黄素抑制人结肠癌RKO、Caco-2细胞体外增殖作用的研究

目的:探讨大黄素对人结肠癌细胞株RKO、Caco-2的体外增殖的抑制作用。方法:MTT比色法检测细胞活力;倒置显微镜显像观察细胞数量变化;FCM检测细胞凋亡率及周期分布;Caspase-3分光光度法检测Caspase-3酶蛋白活性。结果:随着作用时间的延长以及大黄素浓度的升高,大黄素对人结肠癌RKO、Caco-2细胞的体外增殖抑制作用增高;大黄素阻滞两种细胞于S期,使G2/M期细胞比率明显下降,激活Caspase-3酶蛋白;提高细胞凋亡率。结论:大黄素抑制人结肠癌细胞株RKO、Caco-2体外增殖,其作用呈浓度、时间依赖性;大黄素能够阻滞RKO、Caco-2细胞株细胞周期并激活Caspase-3诱导细胞凋亡。     

山绿茶中RA对HepG2肿瘤细胞抑制作用的实验研究

目的探讨中药山绿茶中乌苏烷三萜类化合物3β,19α-二羟基乌苏-12-烯-23,28-二羧酸(Rotundioic acid,RA)对肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞周期、凋亡的影响及其作用机制。方法人肝癌细胞株HepG2以RA(15,30,60,90mg.ml-1)作用不同的时间后,分别使用四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法(MTT),吖啶橙(AO)荧光染色法,免疫细胞化学SP法,流式细胞术等实验方法检测HepG2细胞的增殖抑制情况、细胞周期和凋亡的形态学变化,以及细胞内半胱天冬酶-3(Caspase-3)、半胱天冬酶-9(Caspase-9)两个重要的细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的变化。结果 RA对HepG2细胞有增殖抑制作用,其作用随着药物浓度和作用时间的增加而增强。RA作用24 h后HepG2细胞周期的主要特点是大量细胞累积于G1期,进入S期的细胞减少,RA能够诱导HepG2细胞凋亡,RA(30,60,90 mg.ml-1)经过24 h作用后,细胞凋亡率为8.19%,8.67%,9.81%,细胞内Caspase-3蛋白的表达随着药物浓度增加逐渐增加;Caspase-9的表达随着药物浓度增加无明显变化。结论 RA能够抑制HepG2细胞的增殖,并使细胞大量累积于G1期,进入S期的细胞减少;Caspase-3蛋白的表达增加来诱导细胞凋亡。     

告达庭衍生物抑制人乳腺癌细胞增殖及其作用机制研究

目的:研究告达庭-3-O-β-D-加拿大麻糖苷(Ca-G)对人乳腺癌细胞的作用及其作用机制。方法:采用MTT法研究Ca-G对人乳腺癌细胞株细胞增殖的影响;通过流式细胞术研究Ca-G对人乳腺癌细胞株细胞周期和细胞凋亡的作用;采用western blotting研究Ca-G对细胞周期和细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达水平的影响。结果:Ca-G能够明显抑制人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231和MCF-7的增殖,并阻滞细胞周期G1期,其机制可能是通过调控G1期关键蛋白cyclin D1发挥作用; Ca-G能通过caspase3/7途径诱导乳腺癌细胞株产生细胞凋亡。结论:Ca-G可有效抑制乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231和MCF-7的增殖。这为告达庭及其衍生物抗肿瘤作用的进一步研究提供了一定的实验基础,也为综合开发C21甾体苷类化合物的临床应用提供一种思路。     

The anti-tumor effects of alkaloids from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica on HepG2 cells and its possible mechanism

To screen the anti-tumor effects of the four alkaloids: brucine, strychnine, brucine N-oxide and isostrychnine from the seed of Strychnos nux-vomica, MTT assay was used to examine the growth inhibitory effects of these alkaloids on human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Brucine, strychnine and isostrychnine revealed significant inhibitory effects against HepG2 cell proliferation, whereas brucine N-oxide didn't have such an effect. In addition, brucine caused HepG2 cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, apoptotic body formation, all of which are typical characteristics of apoptotic programmed cell death. The results of flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that brucine caused dose-dependent apoptosis of HepG2 cells through cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, thus preventing cells entering S or G2/M phase. Immunoblot results revealed that brucine significantly decreased the protein expression level of cyclooxygenase-2, whereas increased the expression caspase-3 as well as the caspase-3-like protease activity in HepG2 cells, suggesting the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 and caspase-3 in the pro-apoptotic effects exerted by brucine. Therefore, this paper indicate that the major alkaloids present in the seed of Strychnos nux-vomica are effective against HepG2 cells proliferation, among which brucine proceed HepG2 cells death via apoptosis, probably through the participation of caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2.     

Cytotoxic constituents from Andrographis paniculata induce cell cycle arrest in jurkat cells

Herbal medicines are now attracting attention as potential sources of anticancer agents. Andrographis paniculata is a traditionally used anticancer herb in Indian and Chinese herbal medicine. Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of this herb resulted in the isolation of 14 compounds including flavonoids and labdane diterpenoids. This is the first isolation of compound 6 from a natural source, and the aerial parts of A. paniculata are a rich source for the molecule andrographolide (9, 1.375%, w/w). The structures of the isolated compounds were established by means of spectral data. The cytotoxic activities of these isolates were evaluated against Jurkat, PC-3, HepG2 and Colon 205 tumor cells, and normal cells PBMCs. The bioactivity assays showed that metabolites 1-4 and 6-8 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against Jurkat, PC-3 and Colon 205 cell lines, where compound 6 had IC(50) values of 0.05, 0.07 and 0.05 mm, respectively. Further, among these effective compounds, 3 and 6 selectively blocked the cell cycle progression at G0/G1, while 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8 blocked the same at G2/M phase of the Jurkat cell line. This is the first cell cycle analysis for the above mentioned isolates on the Jurkat cells. Therefore, these plant-derived compounds may play a role in the prevention and/or management of cancer.     

洛克米兰醇对肝癌HepG2细胞的抗增殖作用及其机制研究

目的研究传统中药米仔兰Aglaiaodorata中洛克米兰醇对肝癌细胞HepG2增殖的影响及抗肿瘤作用机制。方法 MTT、细胞克隆形成、EdU染色和CFDA染色方法考察洛克米兰醇对HepG2细胞的抗增殖效果;流式细胞仪检测洛克米兰醇对HepG2细胞细胞周期和细胞凋亡的变化;Western blotting检测洛克米兰醇对细胞周期调控蛋白和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路相关蛋白表达的影响。结果洛克米兰醇可以时间和浓度依赖性抑制HepG2细胞增殖。同等浓度下洛克米兰醇抗HepG2细胞增殖的效果好于阿霉素,而对正常肝细胞(L02)的毒性弱于阿霉素。流式细胞技术检测发现洛克米兰醇给药48 h能够诱导HepG2细胞G_2/M期细胞周期阻滞,但不诱导细胞凋亡。Western blotting研究发现该化合物抑制调控G_2/M周期相关蛋白cdc25C、cdc2和cyclin B1的表达并且激活细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)。对其机制深入研究发现,ERK抑制剂(U0126)可以部分逆转洛克米兰醇对HepG2的抗增殖和G_2/M周期阻滞及其抑制蛋白cdc25C和cdc2表达的效果。结论洛克米兰醇在抑制肝癌细胞增殖的效果和对正常肝细胞的选择性方面优于阿霉素。洛克米兰醇能够通过过度活化ERK,从而引起HepG2细胞G_2/M周期阻滞而达到抗增殖效果。     

Induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cells by mycelia of Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture

The effect of methanolic extracts of mycelia (MEM) from Antrodia camphorata (Polyporaceac, Aphyllophorales) of submerged culture (ACSC) on the inhibition of cell viability and the mechanism of MEM-induced cytotoxic in hepatoma cells were investigated. The IC(50) of MEM on the cytotoxicity of HepG2 (wild type p53) and Hep3B (delete p53) were 49.5 and 62.7 microg/ml, respectively, on 48 h incubation. There is no observable cytotoxicity of MEM in Chang liver cells and rat primary hepatocytes at the concentration of 100 microg/ml. Cell cycle analysis revealed that MEM induced apoptosis on HepG2 via G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. MEM (100 microg/ml) treated HepG2 and Hep3B for 72 h, the apoptotic cells were 98.3 and 39.5%, respectively. The activities of caspase-3, -8 and -9 in HepG2 induced by MEM (50 microg/ml) were increased 5.3, 6.7 and 2.2-fold, respectively. MEM-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by up-regulation of caspase-3 and -8 in HepG2 cells. Combined treatment with MEM and caspase-3, -8 and -9 inhibitors, the caspase-3 and -8 inhibitors were accounting for 63 and 47% inhibition in MEM-induced apoptosis, respectively; however, caspase-9 inhibitor exhibited no obvious inhibition effect on the apoptosis percentage (p>0.05). The results indicated that MEM induced HepG2 apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 and -8 cascades and regulation of the cell cycle progression to inhibit hepatoma cells proliferation.     

Cytotoxic sesquiterpenoids from Ratibida columnifera

Bioassay-directed fractionation of the flowers and leaves of Ratibida columnifera using a hormone-dependent human prostate (LNCaP) cancer cell line led to the isolation of 10 cytotoxic substances, composed of five novel xanthanolide derivatives (2-4, 7, and 8), a novel nerolidol derivative (9), and three known sesquiterpene lactones, 9alpha-hydroxy-seco-ratiferolide-5alpha-O-angelate+ ++ (1), 9alpha-hydroxy-seco-ratiferolide-5alpha-O-(2-methylbut yrate) (5), 9-oxo-seco-ratiferolide-5alpha-O-(2-methylbutyrate) (6), as well as a known flavonoid, hispidulin (10). On the basis of its cytotoxicity profile, compound 5 was selected for further biological evaluation, and was found to induce G1 arrest and slow S traverse time in parental wild type p53 A2780S cells, but only G2/M arrest in p53 mutant A2780R cells, with strong apoptosis shown for both cell lines. The activity of 5 was not mediated by the multidrug resistance (MDR) pump, and it was not active against several anticancer molecular targets (i.e., tubulin polymerization/depolymerization, topoisomerases, and DNA intercalation). While these results indicate that compound 5 acts as a cytotoxic agent via a novel mechanism, this substance was inactive in in vivo evaluations using the murine lung carcinoma (M109) and human colon carcinoma (HCT116) models.     

Buddlejasaponin IV induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis in immortalized human oral keratinocytes

Buddlejasaponin IV (BS-IV), a major component of Pleurospermum kamtschaticum, exerts antiinflammatory and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. The study investigated whether BS-IV could prevent oral carcinogenesis by inhibiting the growth of immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOKs). BS-IV reduced cell viability and induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptotic morphological changes in IHOKs. BS-IV inhibited the levels of cyclin B1, Cdc2 and Cdc25C, but enhanced Chk2 phosphorylation. The increased levels of pRb and p21 protein and the activation of p53 were also noted in BS-IV-treated IHOKs. In addition, BS-IV induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria by reducing antiapoptotic Bcl-2 levels and increasing pro-apoptotic Bax levels. BS-IV treatment resulted in the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. PARP cleavage was also clearly observed in the BS-IV-treated IHOKs. Furthermore, the expression of the Fas death receptor and Fas ligand was induced and procaspase-8 level was suppressed by BS-IV treatment. Taken together, BS-IV treatment inhibited the growth of IHOK cells via the induction of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis via both mitochondrial-dependent and death receptor-mediated pathways. Thus, BS-IV can be considered an excellent candidate for a chemopreventive agent to block the progression of HPV-induced oral carcinogenesis.     

Cytotoxic effect of Eucalyptus citriodora resin on human hepatoma HepG2 cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of Eucalyptus citriodora resin (ECR) on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The results from MTT assay and LDH leakage analysis showed that water extracts of ECR (WEECR) in the dose range of 0-500 μg/ml displayed stronger cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells than other organic solvent extracts of ECR. By flow cytometry analysis, WEECR slowed down the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase after 24 h of incubation. Moreover, WEECR treatment induced an apoptotic response in HepG2 cells. WEECR-induced apoptosis was in association with the attenuation of mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (ΔΨ(m)), increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-3. In addition, WEECR contained high concentration of phenolics and flavonoids, which may be responsible for the potent cytotoxicity of WEECR on HepG2 cells. Taken together, WEECR may be a potent antihepatoma agent due to apoptosis in HepG2 cells.     

Induction of apoptosis in HepG2 cells by solanine and Bcl-2 protein

The nightshade (Solanum nigrum Linn.) has been widely used in Chinese traditional medicine as a remedy for the treatment of digestive system cancer. The anti-tumor activity of solanine, a steroid alkaloid isolated from the nightshade has been demonstrated. To observe the effect of anti-tumor and mechanism of solanine. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the IC(50) on the three digestive system tumor cell lines. The effect on the morphology was observed with a laser confocal microscopy; the rate of apoptosis and the cell cycle were measured using flow cytometry (FCM); the expression of Bcl-2 protein was measured by Western blot. The results show that the IC(50) for HepG(2), SGC-7901, and LS-174 were 14.47, >50, and >50 microg/ml, respectively; the morphology of cells in the negative control was normal; for the treated groups, typical signs for apoptosis were found. The rate of apoptosis in HepG(2) cells induced by solanine was found to be 6.0, 14.4, 17.3, 18.9, and 32.2%, respectively. Observation of the cell cycle showed that cells in the G(2)/M phases disappeared while the number of cells in the S phase increased significantly for treated groups. Western blot showed that solanine decreased the expression of Bcl-2 protein. Therefore, the target of solanine in inducing apoptosis in HepG(2) cells seems to be mediated by the inhibition in the expression of Bcl-2 protein.     

Mechanism of the anti-cancer activity of Zizyphus jujuba in HepG2 cells

The Zizyphus jujuba fruit has been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb and considered to affect various physiological functions in the body for thousands of years. However, its anti-cancer activity and mechanism of action remain to be elucidated. We investigated the anti-cancer activity of Zizyphus jujuba Mill and its underlining mechanisms of action in human hepatoma cells (HepG2) and found that the extract of Z. jujuba decreased the viability of the cells. Further extraction of the initial Z. jujuba extract with organic solvents revealed that the chloroform fraction (CHCl(3)-F) was the most effective. Interestingly, the CHCl(3)-F induced not only apoptosis but also G1 arrest at a low concentration (100 mug/ml) and G2/M arrest at a higher concentration (200 mug/ml) by cell cycle assay. Apoptosis, an increase in intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) level, a decline of mitochondrial membrane potential at low Z. jujuba concentrations, and a ROS-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway at high concentrations were all observed. CHCl(3)-F-induced G1 arrest in HepG2 cells was associated with an increase in hypohosphorylation of Rb and p27(Kip1), and a decrease of phosphorylated Rb. However, CHCl(3)-F-induced G2/M arrest in HepG2 cells correlated with a decrease of the p27(Kip1) levels and generation of the phosphorylation of p27(Kip1), however the hypohosphorylation of Rb protein remained. Collectively, our findings suggest that the CHCl(3)-F extract of Z. jujuba extract induced a concentration dependent effect on apoptosis and a differential cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells.     

Pharmacological evaluation and mechanistic study of compound Xishu Granule in hepatocellular carcinoma

ObjectiveIn this study, we used HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to study the effects of Compound Xishu Granule (CXG) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle in vitro. We also used a xenograft tumor model to study the anti-tumor effects of CXG and related mechanisms in vivo.MethodsThe effect of CXG on cell viability was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 and a colony formation assay. The effect of CXG on apoptosis and the cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry. The in vivo anti-tumor effect of CXG was assessed by measuring the volume change in xenograft tumors after drug administration. The CXG anti-tumor mechanism was studied using western blotting assay to detect cell cycle and apoptotic associated proteins.ResultsCXG suppressed HepG2 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro. Colony formation experiments showed that CXG administration for 24 h significantly reduced HepG2 cell formations (P < .01). Flow cytometric analysis showed that CXG treatment for 48 h promoted apoptosis and blocked HepG2 cells in the G2/M phase. Western blotting results showed that Bax was significantly up-regulated and Bcl-2 was down-regulated in graft tumor tissues and HepG2 cells after CXG administration, which increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. PLK1, CDC25C, CDK1, and Cyclin B1 expression were up-regulated. CXG had a good inhibitory effect on graft tumor growth in vivo.ConclusionCXG has good anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, CXG promoted HepG2 cell apoptosis and induced G2/M phase arrest. In vivo, CXG significantly inhibited graft tumor growth. The CXG mechanism in treating hepatocellular carcinoma may be that CXG can induce abnormal apoptotic and cell cycle associated protein expression, leading to mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis.