ECMO在新型冠状病毒肺炎危重症患者中应用价值的探讨

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）在中国武汉地区流行并蔓延，具有传染性强，重症患者病死率高的特点，部分重症患者出现呼吸、循环功能衰竭，严重威胁生命健康。在针对新型冠状病毒尚无特效药物情况下，体外膜肺氧合技术（ECMO）可以同时进行呼吸和循环功能支持，为危重患者救治赢得时间。本文将对ECMO在COVID-19重症患者中应用价值进行探讨。     

体外膜肺氧合临床应用现状及并发症防治

体外膜肺氧合（Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation,ECMO）是一种体外生命支持技术,根据置管方法的不同可分为静脉-静脉体外氧合和静脉-动脉体外氧合两种工作模式。ECMO可为呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭或心肺同时衰竭的患者提供临时生命支持(通常数天至数周)。ECMO相关的并发症仍是限制其临床疗效的重要因素。现将ECMO的应用现状和可能出现的并发症及其防治方法综述如下。     

成人体外膜氧合辅助期间感染防控专家共识

感染是体外膜氧合（ECMO）辅助期间常见的并发症。感染的发生不仅增加患者治疗费用,而且会影响患者的预后导致更高的病死率。目前国内外各ECMO中心对于感染的防控尚缺乏统一的标准。因此,中国心胸血管麻醉学会体外生命支持分会联合浙江省ICU质量控制中心,组织专家根据国内外最新研究结果,参考相关指南,结合流行病学及临床实践,撰写了本专家共识,以期规范ECMO辅助期间的感染防控,降低感染的发生率及提高控制率,改善患者的预后。     

“5P转运体系”在新型冠状病毒肺炎危重患者 ECMO支持下院内转运中的应用

目的 总结2020年2月~3月我院应用“5P转运体系”在新型冠状病毒肺炎危重患者ECMO支持下院内转运的成功管理经验。方法 结合我院危重患者“5P转运体系”制定ECMO院内转运核查清单：转运人员资质及分工,转运评估,转运设备及药品,转运路线、途中病情监测沟通及突发事件处理,转运后交接;防止遗漏要点,确保转运过程安全高效。结果 3例ECMO支持新型冠状病毒肺炎危重患者院内顺利转运共9人次。转运距离1.5~2km,ECMO转运时间0.5~1.5h,尽管出现了2次转运意外,但处理及时,患者呼吸循环稳定,转运期间生命体征波动范围：HR＜10次/分,SpO2＜5%,均未发生转运不良事件。结论 在完善的“5P转运体系”支撑下,ECMO支持下的新冠肺炎危重患者院内转运具有可行性和安全性,是推动新型冠状病毒肺炎重患者救治的重要手段。     

体外膜肺氧合辅助救治危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎患者三例报道并文献复习

背景新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)因具有较强的传染性及下呼吸道致病力而迅速在我国及全世界蔓延开来,目前尚无特效抗病毒治疗药物。体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)可作为挽救性治疗暂时、有效地替代心肺功能。目的总结ECMO辅助救治3例危重型COVID-19患者的经验。方法回顾性分析河南省人民医院收治的3例接受ECMO辅助治疗的危重型COVID-19患者的资料,分析其应用ECMO辅助治疗的介入时机、模式选择、并发症预防、容量管理及治疗体会,并总结治疗经验。结果病例1、病例3呼吸衰竭合并循环衰竭,病例2合并单纯呼吸衰竭;ECMO辅助治疗后病情均有好转,最终有1例死亡,余2例治愈出院。结论危重型COVID-19患者尽早使用ECMO辅助治疗可快速提高全身氧合、改善周围脏器血流灌注,为后续治疗提供了时间。     

ECMO治疗危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎患者1例护理

本文报告了1例进行体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持治疗的危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的护理情况,通过加强基础护理、气道管理、液体管理、营养支持管理、ECMO支持治疗监护等能有效促进患者病情好转、减少肺部病灶、改善预后。     

体外膜肺氧合支持下治疗暴发型心肌炎

目的回顾性总结分析我院7例暴发性心肌炎(FM)体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持下治疗的临床结果和经验.方法2003年4月～2006年7月共实施ECMO支持下治疗FM病例7例.均在充分的药物治疗基础上,行静脉-动脉ECMO辅助支持,ECMO支持时间14～82小时,平均28小时,辅助期间平均血流量在20～70 ml/(kg·min).结果6例使用ECMO后血氧饱和度、血压及左心室射血分数较上ECOM前均明显提高,心肌型肌酸激酶MB同工酶显著降低,顺利撤离ECMO且康复出院,1例患者应用ECMO支持后血压、血氧饱和度、心律均有好转,但很快出现多器官功能衰竭,14小时后死亡.结论FM常规药物治疗疗效不明显时,尽早使用ECMO辅助支持,对于可逆性心脏泵功能衰竭病人的恢复有良好效果,可以推荐为FM的一线支持治疗方法.     

2021年中国体外生命支持医疗质量控制报告

体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）是体外生命支持技术的一种,近几年在国内取得较大发展,但面临问题较多。针对目前我国ECMO支持方面存在的问题,积极开展ECMO支持医疗质量评价和改进,提高ECMO支持的规范性,具有重要意义。国家心血管病医疗质量控制中心专家委员会体外循环与体外生命支持专家工作组纳入2020年医院质量监测系统和全国医疗质量数据抽样调查系统的ECMO支持患者,开展ECMO支持医疗质量评价,包括ECMO支持资源配置情况、院内结局、住院时长、诊疗费用等医疗质量控制指标数据情况,并结合该研究结果进行相关分析,发现我国在ECMO支持规范化方面较以前有明显改善,但仍存在许多不足,不同等级医院、不同地区之间存在较大差异。未来需要提高数据填报数量和质量,持续开展医疗质量控制和改进,以便从整体上提高我国ECMO支持的治疗水平。     

膜式氧合技术的临床应用

体外膜式氧合器(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)可以对严重的呼衰和心衰提供暂时的体外生命支持.在ECMO治疗期间,患者只需要最小限度的呼吸支持,肺可以通过体外旁路得到恢复,ECMO治疗有助于减少在传统机械通气治疗中产生的气压伤和氧中毒.这项技术已经成为更加安全和可靠的,但是并发症也可能出现,包括体外循环方面和患者自身病情方面,ECMO使用时问越长并发症也越多.对于那些突发而且严重的呼吸衰竭患者ECMO将成为一种新的治疗方法.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征与体外膜肺氧合技术进展

体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)技术是应用体外循环技术为新生儿、儿童及成人呼吸和(或)循环衰竭患者进行较长时间生命支持的技术。ECMO技术呼吸支持的价     

Resuscitation and extracorporeal life support during cardiopulmonary resuscitation following the Norwood (Stage 1) operation

The success of extracorporeal support in providing cardiopulmonary support for a variety of patients has led to use of Extracorporeal Life Support, also known as ECLS, as a rescue for patients failing conventional resuscitation. The use of Extracorporeal Life Support in circumstances of cardiac arrest has come to be termed "Extracorporeal Life Support during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation" or "ECPR". Although Extracorporeal Life Support during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation was originally described in patients following repair of congenital cardiac defects who suffered a sudden arrest, it has now been used in a variety of circumstances for patients both with and without primary cardiac disease. Multiple centres have reported successful use of Extracorporeal Life Support during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in adults and children. However, because of the cost, the complexity of the technique, and the resources required, Extracorporeal Life Support during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is not offered in all centres for paediatric patients with refractory cardiac arrest. The increasing success and availability of Extracorporeal Life Support during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in post-operative cardiac patients, coupled with the fact that patients undergoing the Norwood (Stage 1) operation can have rapid, unpredictable cardiac deterioration and arrest, has led to a steady increase in the use of Extracorporeal Life Support during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in this population. For Extracorporeal Life Support during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to be most successful, it must be deployed rapidly while the patient is undergoing excellent cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Early activation of the team that will perform cannulation could possibly shorten the duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and might improve survival and outcome. More research needs to be done to refine the populations and circumstances that offer the best outcome with Extracorporeal Life Support during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, to evaluate the ratios of cost to benefit, and establish the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in survivors.     

First successful treatment of a COVID-19 pregnant woman with severe ARDS by combining early mechanical ventilation and ECMO

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic outbreak. Patients with COVID-19 are prone to progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even severe ARDS with ineffective mechanical ventilation, and an extremely high mortality. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides effective respiratory support and saves time for the treatment of severe COVID-19. The present study reports that a 31-year-old pregnant female infected by COVID-19, who suffered from fever, dyspnea, and rapid ARDS. The patient's pulmonary function gradually recovered by combining early mechanical ventilation and ECMO, and finally, this patient was successfully weaned from ECMO and the ventilator. No fibrosis lesions were found in the chest CT, and the patient recovered very well after leaving from the hospital for one month.     

体外膜肺氧合在急性呼吸窘迫综合征的研究进展

体外膜肺氧合作为治疗重症急性呼吸衰竭的一种新型措施,常用于致死性低氧血症的治疗.目前被认为是在机械通气及其他治疗方法无效的情况下最后的选择,它可使患肺得到充分的休息和康复,为挽救急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的生命提供了一个宝贵的契机.随着现代科学技术的发展,这项技术功能更强大,设备更先进,具有良好的临床实用价值.     

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a breakthrough for respiratory failure

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a method for providing long‐term treatment of a patient in a modified heart–lung machine. Desaturated blood is drained from the patient, oxygenated and pumped back to a major vein or artery. ECMO supports heart and lung function and may be used in severe heart and/or lung failure when conventional intensive care fails. The Stockholm programme started in 1987 with treatment of neonates. In 1995, the first adult patient was accepted onto the programme. Interhospital transportation during ECMO was started in 1996, which enabled retrieval of extremely unstable patients during ECMO. Today, the programme has an annual volume of about 80 patients. It has been characterized by, amongst other things, minimal patient sedation. By 31 December 2014, over 900 patients had been treated, the vast majority for respiratory failure, and over 650 patients had been transported during ECMO. The median ECMO duration was 5.3, 5.7 and 7.1 days for neonatal, paediatric and adult patients, respectively. The survival to hospital discharge rate for respiratory ECMO was 81%, 70% and 63% in the different age groups, respectively, which is significantly higher than the overall international experience as reported to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry (74%, 57% and 57%, respectively). The survival rate was significantly higher in the Stockholm programme compared to ELSO for meconium aspiration syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates and pneumocystis pneumonia in paediatric patients     

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients Treated in Medical Intensive Care Unit: Technical Considerations

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used as a salvage therapy in refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although technological progress in the ECMO systems improved the survival rate, prognosis is still significantly worsened by acute kidney injury (AKI), particularly if renal replacement therapy (RRT) is required. There are no exact guidelines recommending which techniques of ECMO and continuous RRT (CRRT) should be used for management of AKI coexisting with respiratory or circulatory failure, and how to combine them. The aim of this review is to describe methods of CRRT and ECMO simultaneous application, and to present advantages of various technical approaches versus possible complications.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎28例的临床特征分析

目的分析28例新型冠状病毒肺炎(novel coronavirus pneumonia,NCP)患者的临床特征及诊疗经验。方法收集2020年1月22日至2月5日南宁市第四人民医院收治的28例NCP患者的临床资料。回顾性分析患者的临床表现、流行病学史、实验室检查、影像学检查和治疗方案。结果28例NCP患者中,1例轻型,25例普通型,2例重型,咽拭子新型冠状病毒核酸检测均为阳性;其中有4起家庭聚集性发病。临床症状以发热、咳嗽为主,短期内进展迅速。28例患者自发病以来体温(腋下)峰值在36.6~39.5℃,其中5例患者整个病程中无发热,体温峰值≤37.0℃。患者从接触至出现症状的时间为1~12 d,从出现症状至核酸检测阳性时间为0~13 d。入院时白细胞计数降低者2例,C反应蛋白升高者5例;丙氨酸转氨酶异常者6例;天冬氨酸转氨酶异常者3例,肌酸激酶升高者10例;肌酸激酶同工酶升高者3例;乳酸脱氢酶升高者4例;降钙素原水平均在正常范围。胸部计算机断层成像表现主要为磨玻璃影(21例),边缘模糊(18例),斑点、斑片影(17例),部分肺纹理增粗、紊乱(7例),可见条索影(7例),病变常进展迅速。1例11岁患儿单用α-干扰素雾化吸入;27例患者予α-干扰素雾化吸入,洛匹那韦利托那韦抗病毒治疗,其中4例出现不良反应后停用。截至2月12日,共9例患者治愈出院,均为普通型,无死亡。结论NCP发病早期以发热、咳嗽为主,肺部病变进展迅速,应尽早、反复多次进行呼吸道病原体检测,以提高新型冠状病毒核酸检测阳性率,对于核酸检测阴性的可疑人群应慎重解除隔离。     

COVID-19 et assistance circulatoire

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is mainly used as a rescue therapy in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). More rarely, COVID-19 can be complicated by hemodynamic failure due to fulminant myocarditis or massive pulmonary embolism necessitating the implantation of venous-arterial ECMO. The management of ECMO during the COVID-19 pandemic is challenging due to some specificities related to the disease characteristics, such as the management of anticoagulation in patients with a hypercoagulable state and an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. In large retrospective cohorts, survival of ECMO-rescued COVID-19 patients with ADRS was reported to be similar to that reported in previous studies on ECMO support for severe ARDS. Full consideration of ECMO candidacy is crucial for appropriate allocation of resources.     

Ablación de taquicardia ventricular asistida con ECMO. Primera experiencia en nuestra institución

Catheter ablation is useful for reducing drug refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes and can be life-saving when VT is incessant or arrhythmic storm. Left ventricular hemodynamic support may be required in patients with VT and hemodynamic instability. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is an alternative to achieve ventricular tachycardia mapping and ablation over long periods of time. We present a case of successful catheter ablation of substrate in a patient with ischemic heart disease and ventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic instability performed using venous- arterial ECMO support. There were not episodes of ventricular tachycardia after 2 years of follow-up.     

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Used in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

IntroductionProtective pulmonary mechanical ventilation, higher positive end-expiratory pressure, neuromuscular blockade, prone positioning, and pulmonary recruitment procedures are all strategies in severe COVID-19 cases. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) can be seen as an alternative to traditional treatment in certain patients when conventional therapy fails. We present a study that intends to systematically review and meta-analysis ECMO use in COVID-19 patients.MethodsWe search major medical databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, MedRxiv) for clinical trials that were released between January 2020 until February 2021, had full-text availability, were written in English, and humans studies.We used National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) quality evaluation methods for retrospective cohort and cross-sectional studies to evaluate the quality of the articles. In addition, we used the Mantel–Haenszel random-effects meta-analysis of using RevMan 5.4.ResultsA total of 33 studies involving 3090 patients were included in the systematic review and six studies in the meta-analysis. There were 828 patients admitted to the ICU, of which 779 patients had ARDS (94%). Of the total study, 527 patients received ECMO therapy (17%). ARDS incidence was associated with complications during ICU care compared to non-ICU care (OR 107.98; 95% CI 55.51–210.03; p < 0.00001). Indirect comparisons, the incidence of mortality was associated with ECMO compared with non-ECMO (OR 15.79; 95% CI 4.21–59.28; p < 0.0001).ConclusionThe incidence of ARDS was associated with complications during ICU stay, and the incidence of mortality was associated with ECMO. Further study about mechanisms involving illness and death of patients from COVID-19 is needed.