血液滤过技术在肝肾综合征患者肝移植术中的应用

目的 探讨肝肾综合征(HRS)患者在肝移植术中采用连续静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗的效果.方法 行肝移植术HRS患者12例,术中均采用CVVH治疗,分析术中各项指标和临床转归情况.结果 患者CVVH治疗期间生命体征平稳,血流动力学指标好转,全身水肿逐渐减轻,呼吸状态好转,电解质及动脉血气明显改善,尿素氮、肌酐、血钾明显降低,均安全渡过手术期.结论 CVVH通过调节和维持HRS患者机体内环境的稳定,为其手术治疗创造有利条件,提高了肝移植术的安全性.     

原位肝移植术后并发曲霉菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后并发曲霉菌感染的诊断和治疗措施. 方法对2000年1月至2006年12月中山大学附属第一医院施行的776例同种原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结原位肝移植术后发生曲霉菌感染的诊治经过.结果 本组患者发生曲霉菌感染13例,感染发生率为1.68%(13/776);其中肺部感染7例,肝脏感染2例,颅内感染1例,多器官感染3例.两性霉素B脂质体是治疗肝移植术后曲霉菌感染的主要药物,对早期病例疗效满意.因曲霉菌感染死亡7例,病死率为53.8%(7/13).结论 防治肝移植术后曲霉菌感染的关键是做好早期诊断,及时治疗.抗真菌治疗应该清除病灶、调整免疫抑制剂及选用敏感抗真菌药物;抗真菌药物的使用应该早期、足量、全程用药.     

纽约肝癌肝移植现状

<正>肝移植是终末期肝病合并原发性肝癌(肝癌)的有效治疗手段,但肝癌肝移植患者手术前后的肝癌治疗策略,及如何减少术后肝癌复发率,仍是目前令人困惑的难题。近年免疫抑制剂和抗肿瘤药物的更新,早期诊断技术的进步,对肝癌肝移植术后复发的防治策略均有启发和促进作用。本文将笔者在美国纽约医学院肝胆与移植外科的临床经验与各位同道分享。1肝癌肝移植标准及影响肿瘤复发的危险因素     

肝移植术后内源性真菌性眼内炎附一例报告和文献回顾

目的探讨肝移植术后并发内源性真菌性眼内炎的临床特征。方法分析1例肝移植术后并发内源性真菌性眼内炎患者的临床资料,回顾相关文献。结果肝移植术后并发内源性真菌性眼内炎较少见,该例为我院超过300例肝移植患者中仅有的1例;早期诊断困难,早期手术,取材病理活检对诊断和治疗有帮助。全身抗真菌治疗注意肝损害。结论肝移植术后并发内源性真菌性眼内炎早期诊断困难,可考虑及早手术治疗,但视功能预后不良。     

肝移植术后真菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肺部真菌感染的早期诊断及治疗方法,合理应用抗真菌药物,以达到良好治疗目的 .方法 回顾性分析我院肝移植中心1997 年7月至2008年7月实施的156 例肝移植患者发生真菌感染的情况.结果 156 例肝移植患者,有14例发生真菌感染,占9.0%;死亡7例,占50.0%.其中白色念珠菌3例,热带念珠菌2例,曲霉菌8例,毛霉菌1例.感染部位主要为肺部(8 /14,57.1%),血液(5/14,35.7%)和腹腔(1/14,7.1%),泌尿系统少见(0/14,0%).氟康唑治疗有效者占23.1%,伊曲康唑治疗有效者占7.7%,卡泊芬净治疗有效者7.7%,总有效率为53.8%.结论 肝移植术后真菌感染的发生率较高,依据影像学检查和病原学检查等可早期诊断真菌感染,及时选用氟康唑、伊曲康唑及卡泊芬净等药物早期治疗是治愈真菌感染的关键.     

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目的 评价血管加压素对合并肝肾综合征（HRS）病人肝移植后肾功能不全的治疗效果。方法 13例合并HRS的肝移植受体，I型行肝肾联合移植。Ⅱ型根据尿量、血肌酐水平等情况选择是否使用三甘氨酰基赖氨酸加压素（terlipressin）或辅助持续肾脏替代疗法（CRRT），观察病人每日尿量、血肌酐水平变化、要后院内病死率和可能出现的副作用。结果 13例HRS病人中Ⅰ型2例。Ⅱ型11例，其中7例术后单独使用Trelipressin，3例使用Terlipressin辅助充CRRT治疗。病人用药前后尿量、血肌酐水平有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。使用Terlipressin后合并HRS病人的肝移植术后院内病死率（15．3％）与未合并HRS病人（14．8％）无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。使用该药可引起高血压、腹泻等副作用，停药后可好转。结论 肝移植术后使用血管加压素可降低合并HRS病人的肝移植术后院内病死率，为治疗合并HRS的肝移植病人术后肾功能不全提供了新的有效措施。     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症(文献综述)

胆道并发症是原位肝移植术后的常见并发症,是目前导致肝移植失败的主要原因之一。对其病因、预防、早期诊断及有效治疗的研究非常重要。     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症

胆道并发症是原位肝移植术后的常见并发症,是目前导致肝移植失败的主要原因之一。对其病因、预防、早期诊断及有效治疗的研究非常重要     

三甘氨酰基赖氨酸加压素对肝肾综合征病人肝移植术中肾功能的影响

肝脏移植是终末期肝脏疾病最根本的治疗手段。在这类病人中,合并肝肾综合征(HRS)的并不少见,手术过程中肾功能的维护与改善是手术治疗成功的关键之一。有报道应用血管加压素以及扩充血容量等方法改善HRS患者肾功能并取得较好效果,但在肝移植术中应用血管加压素对肾功能的影响如何则未见报道。本文拟研究肝移植术中,在维持血液动力学稳定的条件下应用三甘氨基赖氨酸加压素(Terlipressin),观察其对HRR患者肾功能的影响。     

肝移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后肺部真菌感染的早期诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾分析20例肝移植术后肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料,分析其原发病、免疫状态、感染真菌的种类及抗真菌药物的应用。结果20例患者念珠菌感染17例,死亡2例,曲霉菌感染3例,死亡2例。氟康唑、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B治疗有效率70％,伏立康唑、卡泊芬净治疗有效率100％。结论肝移植术后真菌感染高发,以危重患者为主要目标人群,发生早,病情重。诊断分三级,达到临床诊断即应及早治疗。治疗以伏立康唑为首选,严重感染者联合应用卡泊芬净效果良好。     

Outcomes for hepatorenal syndrome and acute kidney injury in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a single-center experience

Acute kidney injury occurs commonly among patients with advanced liver disease. These patients may undergo liver transplantation with subsequent improvement in hepatic function. However, the renal outcomes of these patients after liver transplantation has only occasionally been reported. Knowledge of these outcomes would be useful to identify patients who may benefit from combined liver-renal transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed 29 patients who subsequently went on to have a liver transplantation. Seventeen of cases could be ascribed to hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and 12 cases to ATN. Four patients with non-HRS and 12 patients with HRS required hemodialysis prior to transplantation. The duration of kidney injury prior to transplantation was 7.75 +/- 7.53 weeks in the HRS group and 5.09 +/- 4.47 weeks in the ATN group (P = NS). Demographic variables between patients with HRS and ATN were similar with the exception of a higher prevalence of diabetes among the ATN group (P < .05). At 3 months post-liver transplantation, 66% of patients with non-HRS and 77% of those surviving patients with HRS showed serum creatinine values less than 1.5 mg/dL. No patients remained on chronic hemodialysis at 3 months post-liver transplantation. The outcome of kidney dysfunction and more specifically, HRS, among those patients surviving to liver transplantation was excellent with subsequent resolution in the majority of patients. Determination of prognostic factors for renal outcome will require multicenter prospective trials, which would be useful to determine which patients benefit from combined liver-renal transplantation.     

The course of type 1 hepato-renal syndrome post liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Hepato-renal syndrome (HRS) is a functional form of renal failure that occurs in patients with end-stage liver disease. Previously considered fatal without liver transplantation, treatment with vasoconstrictors and albumin has been demonstrated to improve renal function in patients with type 1 HRS. Liver transplantation is still considered the definitive treatment for HRS. However, the renal recovery rate and those factors that predict recovery post orthotopic liver transplantation have not been determined. METHODS: We reviewed the hospital course of 28 patients who met the International Ascites Club criteria for type I HRS and who underwent orthotopic liver transplant. The patients' demographic and pre- and post-operative laboratory data were recorded; patients were followed for 4 months post-transplantation or until death. RESULTS: The MELD score of the patients was 30+/-6. The mean duration of HRS prior to liver transplantation was 37+/-27 days. HRS resolved in 16 patients (58%). The mean time to resolution of HRS was 21+/-27 days, with a range of 4-110 days. Eight (50%) patients in whom the HRS resolved were undergoing pre-transplantation dialysis. The age of the recipients (49+/-10 vs 56+/-12; P = 0.05), the total bilirubin level on post-operative day 7 (6.0+/-4.3 vs 10.1+/-5.9 mg/dl; P = 0.04), alcoholic liver disease and the requirement for post-transplant dialysis were predictors of resolution of HRS by univariate analysis. Only alcoholic liver disease and post-transplant dialysis were independent (negative) predictors of resolution of HRS. Seven of the 12 (58%) patients who developed chronic renal insufficiency remained dialysis dependent. The pre-operative serum creatinine was non-significantly higher in the non-resolvers who remained dialysis dependent compared to those who did not require long-term dialysis (3.0+/-1.0 vs 2.3+/-0.4 mg/dl; P = 0.1) Four patients died; in three of these patients the HRS had resolved prior to their death. CONCLUSION: HRS is not always cured by orthotopic liver transplant. Pre-transplantation dialysis or a long waiting period should not preclude transplantation in patients with HRS. HRS may not resolve in patients with alcoholic liver disease. We were unable to accurately define that group of patients with HRS who required long-term dialysis and could theoretically benefit from combined liver-kidney transplantation.     

Immediate recovery of renal function after orthotopic liver transplantation in a patient with hepatorenal syndrome requiring hemodialysis for more than 8 months

Severe liver dysfunction may lead to impairment of renal function without an underlying renal pathology. This phenomenon is called hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), which is associated with a poor prognosis showing a median survival of less than 2 months if renal replacement therapy is necessary. Liver transplantation is the best therapeutic option to regain renal function, but because of poor survival, these patients often die before transplantation. Herein we report a 37-year-old patient with ethyl-toxic liver cirrhosis who underwent hemodialysis due to HRS type I for more than 8 months. After living donor liver transplantation, diuresis immediately resumed, renal function soon recovered, and intermittent hemodialysis was stopped at 18 days after transplantation. Renal function was stable with a serum creatinine <2 mg/dL during the last 5 years posttransplantation. As far as we know, only a few cases of an anuric patient suffering from HRS have been reported with a survival beyond 8 months and full recovery of renal function after liver transplantation. This underlined that renal replacement therapy in HRS should be considered as a possible bridging method to liver transplantation even for longer periods.     

Hepatorenales Syndrom

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a unique form of acute renal failure occurring in patients with advanced cirrhosis or acute liver failure. In patients with ascites the incidence of HRS is 8?% and in end-stage liver disease 75?% of patients suffer from HRS. Vasodilation of splanchnic arteries with subsequent decrease of effective blood volume, arterial pressure and renal vasoconstriction is hypothesized to be the central pathophysiological mechanism leading to acute renal failure. Moreover, cardiac output might be decreased in advanced cirrhosis. There are two types of HRS: while HRS type 1 is characterized by a rapid progression to acute renal failure often triggered by a precipitating event, e. g. bacterial peritonitis, which can rapidly develop into multiorgan failure, HRS type 2 shows a more steadily or slowly progressive course to renal failure with increasing ascites. Type 1 HRS has the worst prognosis. Treatment options include pharmacological treatment with vasoconstrictors and albumin and placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) but can only partially improve the survival rate. Liver transplantation is the ultimate and only definitive treatment of patients with HRS.     

Le syndrome hépatorénal : mise au point

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a severe complication of cirrhosis. It develops as a result of abnormal hemodynamics, leading to systemic vasodilatation and renal vasoconstriction. Increased bacterial translocation, various cytokines and systemic inflammatory response system contribute to splanchnic vasodilatation, and altered renal autoregulation. An inadequate cardiac output with systolic incompetence increases the risk of renal failure. Type 1 HRS is usually initiated by a precipitating event associated with an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response, resulting in multiorgan failure. Vasoconstrictors are the basic treatment in patients with type 1 HRS; terlipressin is the superior agent. Norepinephrine can be used as an alternative. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt may be applicable in a small number of patients with type 1 HRS and in most patients with type 2 HRS. Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for HRS. The decision to do simultaneous or sequential liver and kidney transplant remains controversial. In general, patients who need more than 8 to 12 weeks of pretransplant dialysis should be considered for combined liver–kidney transplantation.     

Hepatorenal syndrome: from physiopathology to treatment

OBJECTIVES: Data synthesis on physiopathology and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). DATA SOURCES: Data were searched in the Medline database from 1975 to 2002 using the following key-words: hepatorenal syndrome, ascite, cirrhosis and portal hypertension. DATA EXTRACTION: Publications from 1986 to 2002 were selected depending on the quality of their methodology and their pertinence. One publication from 1975 was kept. DATA SYNTHESIS: Hepatorenal syndrome is a common and severe complication of patients with advanced liver cirrhosis with ascites. It is a functional renal failure due to intense vasoconstriction of the renal circulation secondary to an intense splanchnic vasodilatation. Two types of HRS are differentiated mainly by the speed and the magnitude of the renal failure. Liver transplantation remains the best treatment but is rarely applicable because of the short survival after diagnosis. In the last few years, new therapy have been developed, vasoconstrictor drugs which mainly elicit their effects on the splanchnic circulation as vasopressin and principally its analogues ornipressine and terlipressine are effective in improving renal function and could act as bridge for liver transplantation. The place of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt remain to be evaluated. CONCLUSION: Prognosis of patients with HRS remains poor but the pharmacologic treatment by terlipressine has improved the prognosis particularly in order to wait liver transplantation.     

肝移植围手术期肝肾综合征的综合治疗临床观察

目的探讨肝移植围手术期以特利加压素（terlipressin）为基础的综合治疗措施对改善HRS病人肾功能及提高术后生存率的作用。方法对术前16例及术后15例HRS病人采用以terlipressin为基础的综合治疗，观察治疗前后血Cr及24h尿量的变化以及术后ICU时间、感染率、急性肾衰发生率、死亡率等各项指标。结果单纯使用terlipressin治疗的病人，治疗前后的血Cr及24h尿量的变化差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；CRRT的使用能明显改善病人的临床症状；与同期行肝移植的非HRS病人相比，经综合治疗的HRS病人的ICU治疗时间较长、感染率较高（P〈0．05），但ARF的发生率及死亡率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论对肝移植围手术期的HRS病人采用terlipressin结合CRRT及2剂赛尼哌诱导疗法的综合治疗可以明显改善病人的肾功能，提高生存率。     

Medical management of hepatorenal syndrome

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is defined as the occurrence of renal dysfunction in a patient with end-stage liver cirrhosis in the absence of another identifiable cause of renal failure. The prognosis of HRS remains poor, with a median survival without liver transplantation of <6 months. However, understanding the pathogenesis of HRS has led to the introduction of treatments designed to increase renal perfusion and mean arterial blood pressure using vasopressors and albumin, which has led to improvement in renal function in ～50% of patients.     

Renal replacement therapy in special settings: extracorporeal support devices in liver failure

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type I is a unique form of acute kidney injury resulting from renal vasoconstriction in the setting of systemic and splanchnic arterial vasodilation in patients with end-stage liver disease. The only definitive treatment currently available is liver or liver-kidney transplantation. The goal of extracorporeal support (ECS) systems in HRS is to bridge eligible liver failure patients to transplantation or functional recovery by means of detoxification, assistance with biosynthesis of key metabolic products, and regulation of inflammation. ECS systems in liver disease can be divided into two broad categories: cell-based and noncell-based systems. While cell-based systems aim to provide functions similar to those of normal hepatocytes, noncell-based systems do not incorporate tissue; they provide detoxification utilizing membranes and adsorbents. There are no standard guidelines for the application of ECS systems. Published studies are too small and show considerable differences in primary indication, primary endpoint, and treatment protocols for "intervention" and "standard" treatment groups. This article reviews the available evidence regarding the optimal use of ECS devices in HRS, makes evidence-based practice recommendations, and delineates key questions for future studies.     

Optimal Initial Treatment for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Preserved Liver Function: Transplantation or Resection?

Partial hepatic resection has been the mainstay of curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic patients with preserved liver function. Liver transplantation for HCC was initially developed as a treatment option for patients with unresectable tumors associated with Child B or C cirrhosis. However, in recent years, some authors have advocated liver transplantation even for resectable early HCC associated with Child A cirrhosis. Whether transplantation or liver resection is the optimal initial treatment for early HCC in compensated cirrhosis depends on the survival results and also the availability of liver grafts. Recent studies comparing liver resection and transplantation for early HCC in Child A cirrhotic patients demonstrated similar long-term survival. While liver transplantation is associated with a lower tumor recurrence rate, this benefit is counteracted by long-term complications such as immunosuppression related infections and neoplasms. Patients put on transplantation waiting list run a significant risk of tumor progression and dropout, while liver resection is immediately applicable to all. A premature liver transplantation may expose patients to the side effects of immunosuppression earlier than necessary. With the current shortage of liver grafts, advocating primary liver transplantation for patients with early HCC associated with compensated cirrhosis will increase waiting time of transplantation and further increases the chance of dropout. Resection first and salvage transplantation for recurrent tumors or liver failure has been shown to be a feasible strategy in the majority of patients, and this appears to be the optimal strategy with the best use of organs.