骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症的影响因素分析

目的探讨烟威地区骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症的影响因素。方法取山东省文登整骨医院2012年1月至2016年12月骨科收治的31 652例骨创伤住院患者作为研究对象(烟威地区),采用彩色多普勒超声或静脉造影进行检查,最终确诊1 424例并发静脉血栓栓塞症患者。回顾性分析入组患者基本资料,包括性别、年龄、既往病史、吸烟史、骨创伤部位、深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)好发部位、伴随疾病等进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,分析骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症的影响因素。结果 31 652例骨创伤住院患者中,1 424例确诊为并发静脉血栓栓塞症,发生率为4.50%。其中,DVT 1 304例,发生率为4.12%,肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)237例,发生率为0.74%。单因素及多因素Logistic分析结果显示:骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症发生率与年龄、是否需要长期制动、骨创伤部位、糖尿病、D-二聚体水平、简明损伤分级(abbreviated injury scale,AIS)及创伤严重程度评分(injury severity scale,ISS)具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论骨创伤患者并发静脉血栓栓塞症发生率与年龄、是否需要长期制动、骨创伤部位、糖尿病及D-二聚体水平、AIS分级及ISS评分关系密切。     

静脉血栓栓塞症患者护理随访系统的设计与应用

目的 设计针对静脉血栓栓塞症出院患者的护理随访系统,观察并评价其应用效果.方法 组建研究团队,基于护理程序设计结构化随访表单,构建静脉血栓栓塞症出院患者健康教育知识库,以医院信息系统为支撑平台构建结构化护理随访系统,于2018年1月正式投入使用,统计运行期间各质量评价指标及随访结果.结果 截至2020年6月,随访静脉血栓栓塞症患者3 417例(4 783例次),静脉血栓栓塞症出院患者电话随访通话成功率为96.78％.2018～2020年30 d内因静脉血栓栓塞症或静脉血栓栓塞症相关原因再入院率由3.60％降至2.88％;患者服药依从性、用药信息了解度及对护理服务满意度逐年提高.结论 基于护理程序设计的结构化护理随访系统可有效提升随访工作质量及效率,为高质量、规范化、同质化随访服务提供保障.     

及时干预法在骨科术后静脉栓塞症预防中的应用

目的探讨及时干预法在骨科术后静脉血栓栓塞症预防中的效果与评价。方法本院在2010年2月至2012年9月期间．共收治各类骨科手术患者70例,将其随机分成实验组（35例）和对照组（35例）,其中对照组给予传统常规护理,实验组则依据对静脉血栓形成的危险因素的评估结果及时给予特殊护理,对比分析两组患者的各项血常规结果及静脉血栓栓塞的发生率等。结果实验组患者发生静脉血栓栓塞1例,发生率为2．86％;对照组患者发生静脉血栓栓塞7例,发生率为20．00％,实验组的发生率显著低于对照组（X^2=5．0807,P〈0．05）。结论与传统常规护理相比,基于对静脉血栓形成的危险因素的评估结果而制定的特殊护理,可有效地降低静脉血栓的发生率,且不会对血常规指标造成影响,可见该法是一种安全有效的护理方法,应在临床中推广应用。     

外科手术后并发静脉血栓形成17例临床分析

目的探讨外科手术后并发静脉血栓形成的临床表现,治疗和预防.方法对外科5年所做的15 346例手术统计,并发静脉血栓17例,其中下肢静脉栓塞(DVT)16例,肠系膜静脉栓塞(MVT)1例,肺栓塞(PE)3例,发生在术后3～10 d;治疗下肢大静脉的栓塞给予介入取栓和静脉溶栓治疗,MVT给予手术取栓治疗,其它患者给予低分子右旋糖酐加维脑路通或复方丹参静滴,并患肢局部理疗.结果 2例并PE者死亡,其他治愈.结论术后并发静脉血栓形成原因很多,临床重点在预防和早期诊断;因本组并发症出现在术后,故应慎用全身性溶栓剂和作用强的抗凝剂,介入治疗、理疗、扩管剂及中小剂量抗凝剂临床应用效果好.     

恶性肿瘤患者静脉血栓栓塞症防治的研究进展

静脉血栓栓塞是恶性肿瘤患者常见的并发症,防治静脉血栓栓塞症也是恶性肿瘤综合治疗的一个重要组成部分,笔者就恶性肿瘤患者静脉血栓栓塞症的预防及治疗相关研究进展进行综述。     

阿哌沙班用于静脉血栓栓塞的延长治疗

阿哌沙班是一种新型口服Xa因子抑制剂,其治疗剂量固定且无需监测,研究表明其可有效预防骨科大手术后静脉血栓栓塞。为研究其对静脉血栓栓塞的延长治疗是否有效,作者对2 486例静脉血栓栓塞患者进行了一项随机、双盲、对照研究,治疗维持12个月。     

应用Caprini风险评估模型预防下肢静脉曲张术后静脉血栓栓塞症

目的探讨Caprini风险评估模型预防下肢静脉曲张术后静脉血栓栓塞症的效果。方法将887例下肢静脉曲张手术患者按照入院时间分为对照组462例和观察组425例。对照组给予常规术后护理及治疗,观察组在此基础上使用Caprini风险评估模型评估患者静脉血栓栓塞症的风险,并根据风险程度采取相应的干预措施。结果观察组发生静脉血栓栓塞症1例,对照组发生9例,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 Caprini风险评估模型用于下肢静脉曲张患者可有效降低术后静脉血栓栓塞症的发生,对静脉血栓栓塞症早期预防早期筛查具有重要意义。     

急性静脉血栓栓塞症抗凝治疗的合理应用

治疗急性静脉血栓栓塞症时最紧迫的目标是预防肺栓塞、降低死亡率,其次是局限血栓范围、减轻症状、预防复发性静脉血栓事件和下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征。应该即刻开始用肝素或低分子肝素抗凝治疗,同时使用或逐渐过渡到口服维生素K拮抗剂维持抗凝治疗。抗凝治疗可以有效地预防静脉血栓复发,但存在出血的风险,因而应根据静脉血栓复发和出血的风险,进行抗凝治疗时限的临床抉择。例如无诱因的急性静脉血栓栓塞症病人的静脉血栓复发风险较高。对于继发于一过性危险因素的静脉血栓栓塞症、出血风险较高的病例选择短期抗凝治疗;对无诱因的静脉血栓复发病例或有确认长期存在危险因素的静脉血栓栓塞症,如癌症、抗凝血酶缺乏等,选择长期的抗凝治疗。     

基于循证构建静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系

目的 构建静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系,为静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理质量评价和监测提供工具.方法 以"结构—过程—结果"模式为理论框架,采用澳大利亚JBI循证方法收集评价证据,由小组讨论筛选指标,初步拟订静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标,进行2轮专家函询确立静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系,最后通过层次分析法计算指标权重.结果 静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系包含3项一级指标、6项二级指标、22项三级指标;2轮函询专家积极系数分别为84.85％与96.43％,权威系数分别为0.863与0.869,协调系数分别为0.099～0.163,0.096～0.135.结论 构建的静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系过程严谨,具有可靠性,权重分配合理,可用于临床静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理质量评估.     

腹膜癌静脉血栓栓塞症高危患者围手术期预防护理

目的 总结腹膜癌患者围手术期静脉血栓栓塞症防治的规范化护理经验。方法依据腹膜癌患者围手术期的静脉血栓栓塞症防治技术,制订并实施腹膜癌患者手术期静脉血栓栓塞症防治的临床护理路径,并应用于256例腹膜癌静脉血栓栓塞症高危患者。结果术后发生静脉血栓栓塞症14例,其中深静脉血栓13例,均为下肢肌间静脉血栓,肺栓塞1例;通过定期随访,截至2022年1月1日,14例患者静脉血栓栓塞症均恢复良好。结论腹膜癌患者围手术期静脉血栓栓塞症防治临床护理路径的建立与实施,使围术期静脉血栓栓塞预防规范化,促进了患者术后康复。     

Treatment of renal vein thrombosis associated with nephrotic syndrome

Renal vein thrombosis is a rare entity in which true incidence is unknown. The disease occurs most frequently in patients with nephrotic syndrome, but it also can occur in the presence of other hypercoagulable state. Two cases of renal vein thrombosis with nephrotic syndrome which were treated by thrombectomy are reported here. One patient was successfully treated by renal vein and inferior vena cava thrombectomy before developing severe pulmonary embolism. The other was treated by renal vein thrombectomy by which fatal shock was able to be prevented. In those cases, immediate operation was indicated, primarily to prevent additional, possibly fatal, pulmonary embolism and also to improve perfusion of the kidney. In the hope of salvaging the kidney, thrombectomy may be the treatment of choice for acute renal vein thrombosis, complication of pulmonary embolism and inferior vena cava thrombosis, right renal vein thrombosis without collateral flow and acute renal vein thrombosis with shock.     

Factors predictive of venous thrombotic complications in patients with isolated superficial vein thrombosis

OBJECTIVE: Superficial vein thrombosis may be complicated with venous thromboembolism. We examined factors predictive of venous thromboembolism in superficial vein thrombosis, which, to our knowledge, had not been prospectively studied before. DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed post hoc analysis of the STENOX trial, a prospective randomized controlled trial that investigated various antithrombotic therapies in 427 hospitalized patients with objectively confirmed symptomatic isolated superficial vein thrombosis. The value of various baseline characteristics as predictive factors of venous thrombotic complications at 3 months was studied with logistic regression. Venous thrombotic complications were defined as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or recurrence or proximal extension of superficial vein thrombosis. RESULTS: Venous thrombotic complications occurred in 78 patients. Independent predictive factors for complications were superficial vein thrombosis of recent onset (odds ratio [OR], 3.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-6.27), severe chronic venous insufficiency (OR, 2.75; CI, 1.10-6.89), male gender (OR, 2.17; CI, 1.28-3.68), and history of venous thromboembolism (OR, 2.07; CI 1.06-4.04). Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred in 19 patients. Only severe chronic venous insufficiency was an independent predictor of this complication (OR, 4.50; CI, 1.30-15.61). CONCLUSIONS: After symptomatic isolated superficial vein thrombosis, venous thrombotic complications are relatively frequent, and are more likely to occur in men, in patients with a history of venous thromboembolism or with severe chronic venous insufficiency, or in whom superficial vein thrombosis is recent. Knowledge of such predictive factors may be useful for determining appropriate treatment in patients with superficial vein thrombosis and for designing future phase III clinical trials.     

Thromboembolic complications in patients with advanced cancer: Anticoagulation versus greenfield filter placement

Thirty patients with Stage III/IV cancer and thromboembolic complications between 1987–89 were reviewed. Twelve patients had a deep venous thrombosis proximal to the calf diagnosed by duplex scanning or contrast venography, 15 patients had a pulmonary embolism diagnosed by a high-probability pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan or arteriogram, and three patients had both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Patients were treated primarily with anticoagulation (Group A =20 patients) or a Greenfield filter (Group B=10 patients). Seventy-five percent (15/20) of the Group A patients developed 19 bleeding or thrombosis-related complications: major bleeding (7), recurrent deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (4), inability to attain consistent therapeutic anticoagulation levels (3), heparininduced thrombocytopenia (3), or progression of deep vein thrombosis (2). A Greenfield filter was eventually placed in 10 (50%) of the Group A patients without complications. Thirty percent (3/10) of the Group B patients developed progression of deep vein thrombosis that required anticoagulation. One other Group B patient died due to a guidewire-induced arrhythmia. Although patients with advanced cancers and venous thromboembolic disease have a high complication rate with either treatment, initial treatment with a Greenfield filter appears more definitive. Anticoagulation should be reserved for patients with progressive, symptomatic deep vein thromboses after placement of a filter.Presented at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, June 2, 1990, Los Angeles, California.Supported by a grant from the John F. Connelly Foundation.     

Diagnosis and therapy of progressive thrombophlebitis of epifascial leg veins

INTRODUCTION: The thrombophlebitis is generally regarded as a harmless disease. However, the progressive varicophlebitis represents a subgroup of thrombophlebitis in which the proximal portion of the thrombus can ascend into the deep vein system with the complication of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a period of 15 months ten patients were operated upon in whom a progressive varicophlebitis was diagnosed with color-flow duplex scanning. Eight of them were men, two were women. The average age was 56 years. RESULTS: Nine patients had an ascending thrombosis of the greater saphenous vein. One patient had the origin of the thrombus in the shorter saphenous vein. In one patient the ascending thrombosis of the greater saphenous vein was the reason for a segmental pulmonary embolism. The indication for operation was given when the proximal portion of the thrombus was within 10 cm of the confluence to the deep vein system. The operative procedure comprised the ligature of the epifascial vein. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of thrombophlebitis should not be restricted only to clinical examination. Color-flow duplex scanning is preferred to compression venous ultrasonography. The ascending contrast venography as invasive diagnostic procedure should only be performed for the clarification of further questions. In ascending varicophlebitis ligature of the confluence from the superficial to the deep vein system is a safe procedure to avoid a progression of the disease or embolism. In case of postoperative recanalisation of the superficial varicose vein a second operation with stripping of the vein can be performed.     

Pulmonary embolism secondary to venous thrombosis of the arm

Pulmonary embolism is described as an infrequent complication of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis. We have reported our recent clinical experience with 14 patients admitted to the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center who had a clinical diagnosis of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis documented by phlebography of the thrombosed arm. The causes of thrombosis were effort (three patients), trauma (three patients), drug abuse (four patients), underlying neoplastic disease (three patients), and congenital venous malformation (one patient). Pulmonary emboli were diagnosed by arteriogram, ventilation perfusion scans, and arterial blood gas abnormalities in five patients with respiratory symptoms for an incidence of 35.7 percent. Immediate anticoagulation with heparin, then switching to warfarin sulfate after 5 days, was the standard therapy in all patients. Follow-up examinations between 3 and 24 months demonstrated mild postphlebitic syndrome consisting of pain and minimal swelling in two patients. We conclude that pulmonary emboli may be a more frequent complication of axillary and subclavian vein thrombosis than has generally been recognized.     

Low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of pulmonary embolism

Unfractionated heparin is the traditional treatment of choice for patients presenting with submassive pulmonary embolism. However, newer low-molecular-weight heparins have been developed and tested in several clinical trials in the last 2 decades because of the many limitations of unfractionated heparin. The pharmacologic properties of the low-molecular-weight heparins allow them to be administered subcutaneously in fixed, weight-adjusted doses without need for laboratory monitoring. Different studies have recently proved their efficacy in the treatment of patients with deep vein thrombosis. Because there is good evidence that deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are 2 expressions of a single disease, the use of low-molecular-weight heparins has been extended to patients presenting with clinically stable pulmonary embolism. In particular, the results of 2 important clinical trials, the Columbus and the Thésée, have conclusively proved that the low-molecular-weight heparins are as safe and effective as unfractionated heparin. In some centers, approximately 80% of patients with deep vein thrombosis are treated at home. This suggests that carefully selected patients with clinically stable pulmonary embolism can receive home treatment with low-molecular-weight heparins.     

Thromboembolic complications after major abdominal surgery: effect of thoracic epidural analgesia

In a prospective study of 50 patients subjected to major abdominal surgery, the frequencies of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were analysed. The patients were randomized to one of two groups receiving either neurolept anaesthesia or neurolept anaesthesia combined with thoracic epidural analgesia. Five patients were excluded. No special anti-thrombotic prophylaxis was administered. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed with the 125I-fibrinogen test and pulmonary embolism with pre- and postoperative lung perfusion scintigraphy combined with lung X-ray. Patients with positive scintigraphy were subjected to pulmonary angiography for verification of the diagnosis. Deep vein thrombosis was treated when diagnosed. The frequency of deep vein thrombosis was equal in both groups (38%). No patient with pulmonary embolism was recorded during the first seven days after operation. It is concluded that the addition of thoracic epidural analgesia to neurolept anaesthesia does not alter the postoperative frequency of deep vein thrombosis in patients subjected to major abdominal surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment of postoperative deep vein thrombosis might prevent pulmonary embolism. Problems encountered in the diagnosis of postoperative pulmonary embolism are discussed.     

Thrombembolische Komplikationen nach Sprunggelenkprothesenimplantation

Background

Total ankle replacement is becoming an increasingly used treatment for patients with degenerative arthritis of the ankle; however, there is limited literature available addressing the incidence of thromboembolic complications after total ankle replacement. Therefore, we performed a systematic literature review addressing thrombosis prophylaxis and incidence of thromboembolic complications after total ankle replacement. Furthermore, we evaluated the incidence of thromboembolic complications in our clinic.

Methods

A systemic literature review was performed using established medical literature data bases. The following information was retrieved from the literature: thrombosis prophylaxis and duration and deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism as postoperative complication. The incidence of thromboembolic complications was evaluated in our patient cohort including 964 total ankle replacement procedures.

Results

A total of 21 clinical studies were included in the systematic literature review. The range of incidence of thromboembolic complications was between 0.0 % and 4.8?%. In our patient cohort the incidence of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis was 3.4?%. There were no cases of pulmonary embolism. All patients received low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis.

Conclusion

The incidence of thromboembolic complications in our patient cohort was comparable to that of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing total knee or hip replacement or ankle fusion. We suggest the prophylactic use of low molecular weight heparin for patients after total ankle replacement.     

Therapeutic and clinical course of deep vein thrombosis

We have reviewed our experience with the treatment of 250 patients with deep vein thrombosis diagnosed by contrast venography. The level of thrombosis was recorded according to the anatomic level to which it extended. A third of the patients had cancer, and the most common clinical findings were swelling and pain. The risk of the development of pulmonary embolism, based on the anatomic level of initial deep vein thrombosis, revealed the following: 12 of 115 patients (10 percent) with level I (calf) deep vein thrombosis developed pulmonary embolism, as did 2 of 27 patients (7 percent) with level II (popliteal) disease, 5 of 60 (8 percent) with level III (thigh) disease, 1 of 19 patients (5 percent) with level IV (groin) disease, and 2 of 26 patients (8 percent) with level V (iliac) disease. Based on our favorable experience with heparin we believe that heparin is the treatment of choice for deep vein thrombosis regardless of the anatomic level. The incidence of pulmonary embolism does not appear to be influenced significantly by the level of the deep vein thrombosis.     

腰椎间盘突出症术后下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症术后下肢深静脉血栓的发生原因及诊治。方法总结了1993—2005年我科6例腰椎间盘突出症术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床资料。结果5例经彩色多普勒超声扫描确诊,1例发生肺梗塞死后尸体解剖确诊。2例静脉抗凝、溶栓治疗,3例血管介入溶栓治疗,疗效满意。结论下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种多因素疾病,发生率有增加趋势,后果十分严重,应引起骨科医生的高度重视。