Relative Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Food Group Intake in Pregnant Jordanian Women

BackgroundResearch on the relationship between maternal diet and pregnancy outcomes requires valid dietary assessment tools in pregnancy.ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and examine the relative validity and reproducibility of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to estimate food group intake in a sample of pregnant Jordanian women.DesignIn this validation study, food group intake from a culturally sensitive quantitative FFQ was compared with food group intake from three 24-hour dietary recalls.Participants and settingThe validation study was conducted from 2015 to 2017 at the maternity clinics in Jordan University Hospital among 131 healthy singleton pregnant Jordanian women. Of these women, 30 also took part in the reproducibility phase, which involved repeated completion of the FFQ in a time frame of 1 month. Pregnant women who had gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and chronic diseases were excluded.Main outcome measuresRelative validity and reproducibility of a 117-item quantitative FFQ used to estimate usual food intake over a period of 1 month.Statistical analyses performedIntraclass correlation coefficients and weighted κ statistics were calculated to test the reproducibility between the two administrations of the FFQ. Pearson correlations were estimated to validate the FFQ against 24-hour dietary recalls. Cross-classification and Bland-Altman plots were used to examine the agreement between the two dietary assessment methods.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficients between the two FFQs ranged from 0.24 for legumes to 0.93 for processed meats. A moderate level of agreement was observed between two FFQs. De-attenuated and energy-adjusted correlations ranged from 0.08 for sweets and sugar to 0.93 for sugary drinks. On average, 50.9% and 45.2% of participants were classified by the FFQ and the 24-hour dietary recalls into the same quartile based on their crude and energy-adjusted food group intake, respectively. Bland-Altman plots showed satisfactory agreement between two methods for most food groups.ConclusionsThe FFQ showed moderate reproducibility and good relative validity for most food groups.     

Portion Sizes from 24-Hour Dietary Recalls Differed by Sex among Those Who Selected the Same Portion Size Category on a Food Frequency Questionnaire

Background

Accounting for sex differences in food portions may improve dietary measurement; however, this factor has not been well examined.

Ratios of Food Amounts across Three Portion Size Categories on a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Men and Women

BackgroundFor some quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) items, data may be insufficient to set gram weights for multiple portion size (PS) categories. Ratios of food amounts across PS categories may be used to quantify these PS for less frequently consumed food items.ObjectiveTo explore the ratios of food amounts reported in 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDRs) by a sample of participants in a cohort study who chose the A (smallest) or C (largest) PS category on the QFFQ, relative to the food amounts for those who chose the B PS category.DesignThis study was conducted as a cross-sectional design.Participants/settingData were from participants (n=2,360) who completed three 24HDRs and the QFFQ in a calibration study of the Multiethnic Cohort Study in 1994-1997.Main outcome measuresMedian food amounts were calculated from 24HDRs for participants who selected each PS category (A, smallest; B; and C, largest) of items on the QFFQ. A-to-B and C-to-B ratios were computed if reported by five or more people in the 24HDRs: A-to-B ratios for 68 items (men) and 88 items (women); C-to-B ratios for 93 items (men) and 79 items (women).Statistical analyses performedThe t test was used to compare the mean A-to-B ratios and C-to-B ratios as preset on the QFFQ with those from the 24HDRs and to examine sex differences. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean ratios among race and ethnicity groups.ResultsMean A-to-B and C-to-B ratios were 0.71±0.15 and 1.45±0.35 in men and 0.71±0.15 and 1.44±0.40 in women based on the 24HDRs. Compared with the original QFFQ PS (A-to-B ratio=0.5±0.07; C-to-B ratio=1.8±0.30), the ratios were closer to 1 both in men and women (P<0.001). There were no significant sex differences or racial or ethnic differences.ConclusionsThese results provide guidance on appropriate ratios to use to set values for small and large PS categories on a QFFQ, particularly for items with insufficient information on usual PS.     

Relative Validity of a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Intake According to the NOVA Classification in Mexican Children and Adolescents

BackgroundUltra-processed foods (UPFs) are associated with poor diet quality and chronic diseases. UPFs fall into 1 of the following 4 groups classified according to the extent and purpose of processing: group 1 is unprocessed or minimally processed foods (MPFs); group 2 is processed culinary ingredients; group 3 is processed foods; and group 4 is UPFs.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relative validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) compared with two 24-hour dietary recalls (24DRs) `to estimate dietary intake per NOVA food group in Mexican children and adolescents.DesignThis study is a secondary analysis of dietary data from a subsample of children and adolescents who participated in the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey.Participants/settingThe study participants were 217 children (aged 5 through 11 years) and 165 adolescents (aged 12 through 19 years) with complete information for the SFFQ and two 24DRs.Main outcome measuresDaily averages of energy intake and percent of energy intake for each NOVA category were calculated using the SFFQ and two 24DRs.Statistical analysisTo assess relative validity, the SFFQ was compared with two 24DRs to estimate dietary intake per NOVA food group. Mean differences, Spearman correlations, intraclass correlations coefficients (ICCs), and Bland–Altman plots for continuous variables and weighted κ for ordinal variables were calculated.ResultsFor percentage of energy intake, ICCs in children and adolescents were moderate for MPFs (ICC = 0.47 and ICC = 0.56, respectively) and UPFs (ICC = 0.53 and ICC = 0.57, respectively). Bland–Altman plots indicated reasonably consistent agreement for UPFs and MPFs groups in children and adolescents. Classification by quintiles was acceptable in all groups.ConclusionsData from this study indicated reasonable relative validity of the SFFQ to rank the percentage of energy intake from MPFs and UPFs in Mexican children and adolescents.     

Similar 24-Hour Dietary Recall Results from Low-Income Women When Collected by a Paraprofessional Nutrition Educator or Registered Dietitian Nutritionist

Background

The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) is a federally funded, community nutrition education program that assists the low-income population in acquiring knowledge and skills related to nutrition, food safety, food resource management, food security, and physical activity. Evaluation of EFNEP includes a 24-hour dietary recall (24HDR) administered by paraprofessional educators, yet protocols for most large-scale nutrition research studies employ registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) or individuals with educational backgrounds in nutrition or related fields to collect dietary recalls.

Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Nutrients Intake of Pregnant Women in the South-East of Spain

Proper nutrition during pregnancy is pivotal to maintain good health for the child and the mother. This study evaluates the reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to assess nutrient intake during pregnancy in the GENEIDA (Genetics, Early life Environmental Exposures and Infant Development in Andalusia) prospective birth cohort study. In addition, the nutrient intake was estimated and then compared with European guidelines and other studies. Diet information was collected from 690 pregnant women using a FFQ administered at two periods of pregnancy (used for the reproducibility study) and 24-h dietary recall (for the validity study). Statistical approaches included Spearman’s correlation coefficient and percentage agreement, classifying women into the same or adjacent quintiles to assess reproducibility, and limits of agreement (LoA) to evaluate validity. In the study of reproducibility, significant correlations for nutrients adjusted for total energy had an average of 0.417. Moreover, the percentage of subjects classified in the same quintile for nutrient intakes were above 66%. In the validation study, the significant correlation for nutrients adjusted for total energy had an average of 0.272. Nevertheless, the percentage of results in the LoA was above 94%. Our results were similar to other studies suggesting that the FFQ used is a valid tool of collect dietary intakes for South-East Spanish pregnant women.     

Evaluating the Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Comparison with a 7-Day Dietary Record for Measuring Dietary Intake in a Population of Survivors of Colorectal Cancer

BackgroundFood frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are a commonly used method to assess dietary intake in epidemiological studies. It is important to evaluate the validity of FFQs in the population of interest.ObjectiveTo evaluate the validity of an FFQ for measuring dietary intake in survivors of colorectal cancer (CRC), relative to a 7-day dietary record.DesignDietary intake was assessed 1 year after the end of CRC treatment. Participants first completed a 7-day dietary record and 2 weeks later a 253-item FFQ that measured intake in the preceding month.Participants/settingData were used from a subsample of participants (n=100) enrolled in an ongoing prospective study (EnCoRe study) in the Netherlands, from 2015 to 2018.Main outcome measuresEstimated intakes of total energy, 19 nutrients, and 20 food groups as well as scoring adherence to the dietary recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) were compared between both dietary assessment methods.Statistical analyses performedMeans and standard deviations, Spearman rank correlations corrected for within-person variation and total energy, and κ agreement between quintiles were assessed.ResultsThe median Spearman correlation corrected for within-person variation for nutrients and total energy was 0.60. Correlations >0.50 were found for 15 of 19 nutrients, with highest agreement for vitamin B-12 (0.74), polysaccharides (0.75), and alcohol (0.91). On average, 73% (range=60% to 84%) of participants were classified into the exact same or adjacent nutrient quintile. The median Spearman correlation corrected for within-person variation for food groups was 0.62. Correlations >0.50 were found for 17 of 20 food groups, with highest agreement for cereals and cereal products (0.96), fish (0.96), and potatoes (0.99). The Spearman correlation between total scores of the WCRF/AICR dietary recommendations was 0.53.ConclusionsRelative to a 7-day dietary record, the validity of an FFQ for measuring dietary intake among survivors of CRC appeared moderate to good for most nutrients and food groups.     

Development and Pilot Testing of 24-Hour Multiple-Pass Recall to Assess Dietary Intake of Toddlers of Somali- and Iraqi-Born Mothers Living in Norway

The aim of this study was to develop, test, and evaluate a 24-h recall procedure to assess the dietary intake of toddlers of Somali- and Iraqi-born mothers living in Norway. A protocol for a 24-h multiple-pass recall procedure, registration forms, and visual tools (a picture library for food identification and portion size estimation) was developed and tested in 12 mothers from Somalia and Iraq with children aged 10–21 months. Five female field workers were recruited and trained to conduct the interviews. Evaluation data for the 24-h recall procedure were collected from both the mothers and the field workers. Nutrient intake was calculated using a Norwegian dietary calculation system. Each child’s estimated energy intake was compared with its estimated energy requirement. Both the mothers and the field workers found the method feasible and the visual tools useful. The estimated energy intake corresponded well with the estimated energy requirement for most of the children (within mean ± 2 SD, except for three). The pilot study identified the need for additional foods in the picture library and some crucial aspects in training and supervising the field workers to reduce sources of error in the data collection.     

Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake among Jordanians

The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among a convenience sample of healthy adults in Jordan. A modified version of the questionnaire known as Diet History Questionnaire I, which measures dietary intakes over a 1-year period, was administrated to 101 apparently healthy men and women recruited from three large medical centers in Jordan. Fifty-five participants completed the modified FFQ and three 24-hour recalls. Participants (N=101) completed the FFQ two times separated by a 1-month period. Reliability of the FFQ was assessed using test–retest method. Mean age of participants was 33.4±18.5 years. Energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, saturated fat, calcium, and iron had deattenuated correlations of .732, .563, .544, .487, .484, .451, and .459, respectively. The FFQ and 24-hour recalls produced similar agreement percentages ranging between 25.5% and 43.6%. Mean energy-adjusted reliability coefficients ranged from .695 to .943. A Cronbach's α for the total FFQ items of .857 was found. The modified FFQ has reasonable relative validity and reliability for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, saturated fat, calcium, and iron intakes in Jordanian adults over a 1-year period. However, its application may require additional modifications and validation efforts. Future research is warranted to further modify and test the FFQ in a larger and more diverse sample of Jordanians as well as to develop FFQ for the use among other age groups.     

Development and Relative Validity of a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Intake among a Multi-Ethnic Population in the Malaysian Cohort Project

Measuring dietary intakes in a multi-ethnic and multicultural setting, such as Malaysia, remains a challenge due to its diversity. This study aims to develop and evaluate the relative validity of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in assessing the habitual dietary exposure of The Malaysian Cohort (TMC) participants. We developed a nutrient database (with 203 items) based on various food consumption tables, and 803 participants were involved in this study. The output of the FFQ was then validated against three-day 24-h dietary recalls (n = 64). We assessed the relative validity and its agreement using various methods, such as Spearman’s correlation, weighed Kappa, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland–Altman analysis. Spearman’s correlation coefficient ranged from 0.24 (vitamin C) to 0.46 (carbohydrate), and almost all nutrients had correlation coefficients above 0.3, except for vitamin C and sodium. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from −0.01 (calcium) to 0.59 (carbohydrates), and weighted Kappa exceeded 0.4 for 50% of nutrients. In short, TMC’s FFQ appears to have good relative validity for the assessment of nutrient intake among its participants, as compared to the three-day 24-h dietary recalls. However, estimates for iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C should be interpreted with caution.     

The Reproducibility and Relative Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Identifying Iron-Related Dietary Patterns in Pregnant Women

Analyzing pregnant women’s iron intake using dietary patterns would provide information that considers dietary relationships with other nutrients and their sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and relative validity of a Qualitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to identify iron-related dietary patterns (FeP-FFQ) among Mexican pregnant women. A convenience sample of pregnant women (n = 110) completed two FeP-FFQ (FeP-FFQ1 and FeP-FFQ2) and a 3-day diet record (3DDR). Foods appearing in the 3DDR were classified into the same food groupings as the FeP-FFQ, and most consumed foods were identified. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine dietary patterns. Scores were compared (FeP-FFQ for reproducibility and FeP-FFQ1 vs. 3DDR for validity) through intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), cross-classification, Bland–Altman analysis, and weighed Cohen kappa (κw), using dietary patterns scores tertiles. Two dietary patterns were identified: “healthy” and “processed foods and dairy”. ICCs (p < 0.01) for “healthy” pattern and “processed foods and dairy” pattern were 0.76 for and 0.71 for reproducibility, and 0.36 and 0.37 for validity, respectively. Cross-classification and Bland–Altman analysis showed good agreement for reproducibility and validity; κw values showed moderate agreement for reproducibility and low agreement for validity. In conclusion, the FeP-FFQ showed good indicators of reproducibility and validity to identify dietary patterns related to iron intake among pregnant women.     

Food and Nutrient Intake in African American Children and Adolescents Aged 5 to 16 Years in Baltimore City

Objective: This study aimed to describe food and nutrient intake for low-income, urban African American children and adolescents, to highlight the need for further nutrition intervention programs and appropriate tools to address overweight and obesity.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using interviewer-administered single 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants were low-income African American boys and girls aged 5–16 years or their caregivers in Baltimore City. Frequency of food consumption and dietary intakes were analyzed by gender and age groups.

Results: Eighty-one participants were included for analysis. Mean daily energy intakes exceeded Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) from 10% to 71% across all gender-age groups: 2304 kcal for children aged 5–8 years; 2429 kcal and 2732 kcal for boys and girls aged 9–13 years, respectively; and 3339 kcal and 2846 kcal for boys and girls aged 14–16 years, respectively. The most frequently reported consumed foods were sweetened drinks, chips, candies, and milk across all age groups. The majority of participants (79–100%) did not meet the DRIs for dietary fiber and vitamin E across all gender-age groups. Milk accounted for 14%, 17%, and 21% of energy, fat, and protein intake, respectively, among children 5–8 years of age, while pizza was the top source of energy, fat, and protein (11%, 13%, and 18%, respectively) among 14-to 16-year-old adolescents. Sweetened drinks and sweetened juices were major sources of sugar, contributing 33% for 5–8 year olds, 29% for 9–13 year olds, and 35% for 14–16 year olds.

Conclusions: Mean daily energy intake exceeded dietary recommendations across all gender-age groups. This study has provided previously unavailable information on diet and highlights foods to be targeted in nutrition intervention programs.     

A Mobile Phone Based Method to Assess Energy and Food Intake in Young Children: A Validation Study against the Doubly Labelled Water Method and 24 h Dietary Recalls

Mobile phones are becoming important instruments for assessing diet and energy intake. We developed the Tool for Energy Balance in Children (TECH), which uses a mobile phone to assess energy and food intake in pre-school children. The aims of this study were: (a) to compare energy intake (EI) using TECH with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured via doubly labelled water (DLW); and (b) to compare intakes of fruits, vegetables, fruit juice, sweetened beverages, candy, ice cream, and bakery products using TECH with intakes acquired by 24 h dietary recalls. Participants were 39 healthy, Swedish children (5.5 ± 0.5 years) within the ongoing Mobile-based Intervention Intended to Stop Obesity in Preschoolers (MINISTOP) obesity prevention trial. Energy and food intakes were assessed during four days using TECH and 24 h telephone dietary recalls. Mean EI (TECH) was not statistically different from TEE (DLW) (5820 ± 820 kJ/24 h and 6040 ± 680kJ/24 h, respectively). No significant differences in the average food intakes using TECH and 24 h dietary recalls were found. All food intakes were correlated between TECH and the 24 h dietary recalls (ρ = 0.665–0.896, p < 0.001). In conclusion, TECH accurately estimated the average intakes of energy and selected foods and thus has the potential to be a useful tool for dietary studies in pre-school children, for example obesity prevention trials.     

Feasibility and Acceptability of Dietary Intake Assessment Via 24-Hour Recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire among Women with Low Socioeconomic Status

Background

Comprehensive evaluation of dietary interventions depends on effective and efficient measurement to quantify behavior change. To date, little is known regarding which self-reported measure of dietary intake is most feasible and acceptable for use in evaluation of the effectiveness of diet intervention studies among underserved populations.

中文版儿童青少年共情问卷的信效度研究

目的 汉化儿童青少年共情问卷 (the Empathy Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents,EmQue - CA),探究其信效度。方法 经Brislin翻译法将原版问卷译成中文,采取多阶段分层整群随机抽样法在辽宁省沈阳市、大连市、锦州市和铁岭市分别抽取1所小学与1所中学,共2 160名学生参与调查,使用SPSS 20.0与AMOS 22.0软件处理数据。结果 中文版EmQue - CA总量表及其3个分量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.921、0.881、0.795、0.852,重测信度为0.918。探索性因子分析(EFA)得到3个公因子,累计方差贡献率为66.342％;验证性因子分析(CFA)结果显示,汉化版EmQue - CA与原始问卷的3因素模型一致（χ2/df = 2.642、RMR = 0.010、RMSEA = 0.041、GFI = 0.972、AGFI = 0.960、TLI = 0.978、IFI = 0.982、CFI = 0.982、PGFI = 0.685）。结论 中文版EmQue - CA具有良好的信效度,可用作测评本国儿童青少年共情能力。     

Comparison of the 24 h Dietary Recall of Two Consecutive Days,Two Non-Consecutive Days,Three Consecutive Days,and Three Non-Consecutive Days for Estimating Dietary Intake of Chinese Adult

The specific forms of 24 h dietary recall used by national nutrition surveys differ, such as two non-consecutive days and three consecutive days. However, it is unclear which form of 24 h dietary recall is more accurate in the Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of 24 h recalls on two consecutive days (C2), three consecutive days (C3), two non-consecutive days (NC2), and three non-consecutive days (NC3) in estimating Chinese adult dietary intake. A total of 595 participants completed more than twenty-three 24 h recalls. The average of all completed 24 h recalls of each subject was defined as the individual’s true dietary intake. The dietary intake in the four scenarios of 24 h recalls was calculated using the within-person mean (WPM) method and National Cancer Institute (NCI) method and compared with the true values. Equivalent testing was used to evaluate whether scenarios NC2 and C3 were equivalent. Bias and mean bias were used as a measure of precision and accuracy, respectively. For the WPM method, the precision between the four scenarios was similar. For mean, the accuracy between the four scenarios was similar, yielding estimates that were close to the true intakes. However, for percentiles, the accuracy in descending order was scenario NC3, C3, NC2, and C2. Furthermore, the difference between two and three days was greater than that between consecutive and non-consecutive days. In most case, the distribution of dietary intakes calculated from scenarios NC2 and C3 was equivalent with equivalence margins of 5% (p < 0.05). Usually, the NCI method was significantly more accurate than the WPM method. We concluded that three non-consecutive 24 h recalls relative to three consecutive days increases accuracy. Two non-consecutive days can be substituted to some extent for three consecutive days. The new form of 24 h recall needs to be used with caution when applied practically in the China nutrition surveys. Furthermore, using the NCI method to calculate dietary intake from 24 h recall may be a way to reduce costs and increase accuracy.     

Relative Validity of a Short 15-Item Food Frequency Questionnaire Measuring Dietary Quality,by the Diet History Method

Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) are commonly used dietary assessment tools. The aim was to assess the relative validity of a 15-item FFQ, designed for the screening of poor dietary patterns with a validated diet history (DH). The study population was derived from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies. The DH registrations were harmonized in accordance with the FFQ frequencies. The agreement was assessed by Cohen’s kappa with corresponding confidence intervals (CI) for the frequency and categorical variables. Bland–Altman plots were used for the numeric variables. The study comprised data from 848 individuals (55.2% women). Overall, there was high agreement between the methods, with the exact and adjacent level of agreement over 80% for eight variables. The proportion attributed to the opposite frequency was fairly low for most of the frequency variables. Most of the kappa values were in fair or moderate agreement. The highest kappa values were calculated for the type of cooking fat (k = 0.68, CI = 0.63–0.72) and sandwich spread (k = 0.55, CI = 0.49–0.53), and the lowest for type of bread (0.13, CI = 0.07–0.20) and sweets (0.22 CI = 0.18–0.27). In conclusion, the FFQ showed overall good agreement compared with the DH. We, therefore, think it, with some improvements, could serve as a simple screening tool for poor dietary patterns.     

Relative Validity and Reproducibility of a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for Determining Nutrient Intake in Older Adults in New Zealand: The REACH Study

Dietary intake is an important predictor of health and disease outcomes. This cross-sectional study evaluated the relative validity and reproducibility of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing energy and nutrient intake in older adults. Dietary data were collected 2018–2019 in Auckland, New Zealand from a convenience sample of community-dwelling adults (65–74 years, n = 294, 37% male) using a 109-item self-administered FFQ at baseline (FFQ1) and four weeks later to assess reproducibility. FFQ1 was compared to a four-day food record to determine relative validity. Agreement between dietary assessment tools was assessed for both raw and energy-adjusted nutrient intakes using paired t-tests, correlation coefficients, weighted kappa statistic, Bland–Altman plots, and linear regression analysis. Energy adjustments moderately improved the relative validity and reproducibility for most nutrients. For energy and energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, the mean correlation coefficients were 0.38 (validity) and 0.65 (reproducibility); the mean weighted kappa statistics were 0.27 (validity) and 0.51 (reproducibility). A significant slope of bias was present in 54% (validity) and 25% (reproducibility) of Bland–Altman plots. The Researching Eating, Activity, and Cognitive Health (REACH) FFQ has acceptable relative validity and good reproducibility for ranking nutrient intakes in older New Zealand adults, but is less suitable for assessing absolute nutrient intakes.     

不同膳食调查方法评估人群能量和营养素摄入量的比较

目的比较称重法、回顾法和食物频率法在评估人群能量和营养素摄入的差异性和相关性。方法2002年中国居民营养与健康调查中同时使用称重法、回顾法和食物频率法进行膳食调查的15～75岁居民23198名(男性11107,女性12091),利用称重法和食物频率法的结果对回顾法进行修正。结果与称重法相比,回顾法低估能量、脂肪、脂肪供能比、维生素E以及大部分矿物质的摄入,频率法低估脂肪、蛋白质供能比、脂肪供能比、维生素E和钠的摄入,称重法修正回顾法和频率法修正回顾法与称重法的相关系数,以及高估和低估人群方面都没有明显的差别。结论以称重法为标准的验证结果表明,称重法修正回顾法和频率法修正回顾法在调查能量和营养素摄入时与称重法的相关性均较好,后者可以代替前者。