MR淋巴管造影显示VX2兔乳腺癌前哨淋巴结

目的:探讨钆剂增强的MR淋巴管造影(MR- LG)用于VX2兔乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)显像的可行性.方法:采用VX2肿瘤软组织块悬液注射法建立30只兔原位乳腺癌动物模型.实验兔在肿瘤接种前后共行2次MR- LG检查(包括对比剂注射前的STIR序列扫描).图像3D重建后,淋巴管引流通路上距离原发肿瘤最近的淋巴结定义为SLN,且成像效果根据3D图像上有无淋巴结和淋巴管显像分成良好和较差两个等级;记录STIR序列扫描和MR- LG显示的所有淋巴结,并与前哨淋巴结病理对照.结果:80％ (24/30)的荷瘤兔完成第二次MR- LG检查,良好3D图像为79.2％ (19/24).在MR - LG图像上,淋巴结信噪比(SNR)均高于其引流淋巴管和同层肌肉(P值均＜ 0.05),SLN与n-SLN、引流淋巴管与同层肌肉之间的SNR无统计学差异.MR- LG图像上可清晰显示SLN和n-SLN(共26枚)的17只荷瘤兔,其STIR图像上共有28枚淋巴结,且两者淋巴结的大小无明显差异(t=0.124,P=0.902);其SLNB检查获得32枚淋巴结(SLN18枚,n- SLN 14枚),且淋巴结大小与MR- LG图像上和STIR序列扫描所显示的淋巴结无统计学差异.结论:钆剂增强MR-LG可较好地显像VX2兔乳腺癌SLN.     

Photo-Guided Sentinel Node Mapping in Breast Cancer Using Marker-Free Photo-Gamma Fusion Lymphoscintigraphy

Purpose

Photo-gamma fusion lymphoscintigraphy (PGFLS) was developed by overlying a conventional planar gamma image on a photograph for the guidance of sentinel node biopsy. The feasibility and accuracy of PGFLS was assessed in breast cancer patients.

Methods

A digital camera and a gamma camera were coordinated to obtain photograph and gamma images from the same angle. Using the distance to the object and calibration acquisition with a flat phantom and radioactive markers, PGFLS was performed both in phantom and in patients without fiducial markers. Marker-free PGFLS was verified using flat phantom, anthropomorphic phantom with markers simulating sentinel nodes and breast cancer patients. In addition, the depth of the radioactive marker or sentinel node was calculated using two gamma images taken at right angles. The feasibility and accuracy of PGFLS were assessed in terms of mismatch errors of co-registration and depth with reference to the data from SPECT/CT.

Results

The mismatch error was less than 6 mm in the flat phantom image at a distance from 50 to 62 cm without misalignment. In the anthropomorphic phantom study, co-registration error was 0.42 ± 0.29 cm; depth error was 0.51 ± 0.37 cm, which was well correlated with the reference value on SPECT/CT (x scale: R² = 0.99, p < 0.01; y scale: R² = 0.99, p < 0.01; depth: R² = 0.99, p < 0.01). In ten patients with breast cancer referred for lympho-SPECT/CT, PGFSL enabled photo-guided sentinel lymph node mapping with acceptable accuracy (co-registration error, 0.47 ± 0.24 cm; depth error, 1.20 ±0.41 cm). The results from PGFSL showed close correlation with those from SPECT/CT (x scale: R² = 0.99, p < 0.01; y scale: R² = 0.98, p < 0.01; depth: R² = 0.77, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The novel and convenient PGFLS technique is clinically feasible, showing acceptable accuracy and providing additional visual and quantitative information for sentinel lymph node mapping. This approach will facilitate photo-guided sentinel lymph node dissection in breast cancer.     

甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移的螺旋CT表现

目的探讨甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移的螺旋CT表现.方法1998-11～1999-12资料齐全44例甲状腺癌术前螺旋CT扫描图像进行回顾性分析,并与术后病理对照.观察淋巴结密度、分区和钙化,评价甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移螺旋CT表现特点.结果据颈淋巴结转移一般特征中心坏死和环状强化.还具有(1)甲状腺癌颈转移淋巴结内细沙样钙化或斑块样钙化,(2)增强有明显强化22例(53.66%).平扫CT值28.00～50.54HU,增强后CT值62.85～145.78HU,并大多接近100HU或大于100HU.结论甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移除中心低密度囊变、坏死和环状强化,淋巴结内见细沙样和斑块样钙化提示甲状腺内占位为恶性,淋巴结增强多较明显,CT值多接近或大于100HU.     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检替代腋窝清扫的临床应用

目的：探讨腋窝前哨淋巴结活检术在早期乳腺癌中替代腋窝淋巴清扫术的意义。方法：选择15例早期（T1-2N0M0）乳腺癌患者,用1%亚甲蓝溶液行腋窝前哨淋巴结活检,淋巴结阴性,不行腋窝清扫。结果：15例患者随访1～3年,术后无一例出现患侧上肢肿胀、患侧上肢感觉麻木、运动障碍等并发症。所有患者未发现有局部复发及腋窝肿大淋巴结。结论：对于早期乳腺癌患者,腋窝前哨淋巴结活检阴性可替代腋窝清扫术。     

SPECT-CT探测喉癌前哨淋巴结

目的 评价SPECT-CT淋巴显像探测喉癌患者前哨淋巴结(SLN)的价值。方法 30例临床N0期喉癌患者,术前于喉镜引导下注射99Tcm-硫胶体(SC),使用SPECT-CT进行SLN显像;同时,术中用γ探测仪探测放射性"热点"。将手术切除的SLN及颈清扫标本行病理检查。结果 全组30例检出SLN28例,检出率为93.3%。术前平面显像、SPECT-CT分别检出61个和66个SLN。术中用手持式γ探测仪有27例患者探测到SLN,共计70个,检出率为90.0%(27/30)。γ探测仪探测SLN数目与SPECT-CT淋巴显像数目有4例不一致,24例符合,其符合率为85.7%(24/28)。病理结果显示,6例患者有淋巴结转移,占20.0%。SLN检测的灵敏度、特异度、准确率和假阴性率分别为83.3%、95.8%、93.3%和16.7%。结论 术前SPECT-CT淋巴显像能有效探测喉癌患者的SLN,准确预测颈部淋巴结转移情况。     

经皮超声造影对乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定性评估

目的探讨经皮超声造影(CEUS)对乳腺癌术前前哨淋巴结(SLN)的定性诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性分析103例乳腺癌患者术前经皮下CEUS识别并行术中前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的146枚SLN的增强模式。将增强模式分为4型:Ⅰ型,完全均匀增强型;Ⅱ型,周边及髓质均匀增强型;Ⅲ型,周边和(或)髓质不均匀增强型;Ⅳ型,完全无增强型。分析良性与转移性SLN的增强模式特点,评估增强模式对SLN的诊断效能。结果146枚SLN中,良性102枚,转移性44枚。Ⅰ型增强模式100.0%(58/58)为良性,Ⅱ型87.1%(27/31)为良性,Ⅲ型59.5%(22/37)为转移性,Ⅳ型90.0%(18/20)为转移性。SLN的增强模式与其病理性质有关(rs=0.704,P<0.05)。经皮CEUS诊断SLN性质的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度分别为90.9%、83.3%、70.2%、95.5%、85.6%。结论经皮CEUS对乳腺癌术前SLN的定性评估具有较高的诊断价值。     

冷冻治疗兔VX2肝癌的CT评价

目的探讨CT在评价肝癌冷冻治疗疗效中的作用。方法20只新西兰大白兔随机分为对照组(n=10)和氩氦冷冻组(n=10),在肝脏接种VX2肿瘤后第14天分别给予假手术和氩氦冷冻,干预后第7、14、28、42天行CT平扫和双期增强检查,观察2组肿瘤体积和CT动态表现,并比较2组肝内转移有无差异。结果干预后第42天,氩氦冷冻组肿瘤体积(387.68±291.30)mm3明显小于对照组(50872.29±7199.62)mm3。对照组肿瘤呈不规则混杂强化,氩氦冷冻组冷冻区边缘早期呈薄壁环形强化,随后逐渐减弱消失,而中心无强化。氩氦冷冻组肝内转移率(30%)明显低于对照组(100%)。结论兔VX2肝癌氩氦冷冻后CT表现为肿瘤彻底损毁,同时肝内转移减少。CT可作为评价肝癌冷冻治疗疗效的有效手段。     

子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的：分析子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的危险因素,为合理治疗子宫内膜癌提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析236例经术后病理学确诊为子宫内膜癌患者的临床和病理学资料,对子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移可能的相关危险因素进行单因素及多因素回归分析。结果单因素分析显示,子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移与CA12-5水平、肿瘤体积、病理类型、病理分级、肌层浸润深度、宫颈及附件受累情况和雌激素受体表达有关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,CA12-5水平、肿瘤直径、病理类型、病理分级、肌层浸润和附件受累情况是淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结论较高水平的CA12-5、肿瘤直径＞2cm、中低分化内膜样癌、深肌层浸润和附件浸润是子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。     

甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的超声表现及对临床治疗的意义

目的:分析甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移的超声表现,探讨转移淋巴结的声像图特征、分布及对临床治疗的指导意义。方法:回顾性分析50例甲状腺癌患者126枚颈部转移淋巴结的超声表现及分布,所有病灶均经手术或超声引导下穿刺活检证实。分析转移淋巴结的长短径比值、边界、皮质厚度、淋巴门、内部囊性变、内部钙化、Adler血流分级、峰值流速(peak systolic velocity,PSV)、RI,并与40枚反应增生性淋巴结对比。结果:转移淋巴结长短径比值较小、边界欠清、皮质增厚、淋巴门高回声消失、内部可见囊性变及钙化、Adler血流分级及PSV均较高,与反应增生性淋巴结相比差异有统计学意义。结论:甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移具有特征性超声表现,其准确诊断及定位有助于指导患者的治疗。     

Retrocrural Lymph Node Metastasis Disclosed by 18F-FDG PET/CT: A Predictor of Supra-diaphragmatic Spread in Ovarian Cancer

Purpose

Retrocrural lymph nodes (RCLNs) communicate with retroperitoneal and posterior mediastinal LNs. It is possible that, when RCLNs are involved, supra-diaphragmatic extension will occur in abdomino-pelvic cancers. The authors investigated performance of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT to diagnose RCLN metastasis and whether RCLN metastases were associated with supra-diaphragmatic lymphatic metastases of ovarian cancer.

Materials and methods

Sixty-seven patients with stage IV ovarian cancer who had undergone ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT were included in this retrospective study. Diagnostic performance of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for RCLN metastasis was evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups by presence or absence of supra-diaphragmatic LN metastasis. The prevalences of RCLN metastasis between the two groups were compared and the odds ratio was calculated.

Results

Sensitivity and specificity of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for RCLN metastasis were 96.3 and 100%, respectively. Of the 67 study subjects, 27 patients had RCLN metastases (40.3%). Fifty patients had supra-diaphragmatic LN metastases. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT showed 26 RCLN metastases in patients with supra-diaphragmatic LN metastases (54.5%), and only 1 in patients without supra-diaphragmatic LN metastasis (5.9%), and the difference between two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The odds ratio that patients with RCLN metastasis would have supra-diaphragmatic LN metastasis was 17.3 (95% confidence interval = 2.1 to 140.9, P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Performance of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT to diagnose RCLN metastasis was excellent. RCLN metastasis revealed by ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT was strongly associated with supra-diaphragmatic LN spread of ovarian cancer. Thus, RCLN metastasis could be used as a predictor of supra-diaphragmatic lymphatic metastasis of ovarian cancer.     

头颈部肿瘤前哨淋巴结放射性核素探测研究进展

头颈部肿瘤前峭淋巴结是指肿瘤淋巴引流区域中的第一级淋巴结。探测头颈部肿瘤前哨淋巴结转移状况为肿瘤的准确分期和手术方案的制定提供了重要依据。放射性核素探讨可对前哨淋巴结进行显示和准确定位,检出率达90%以上,有着良好的应用前景。     

鼻咽癌颈转移淋巴结的多普勒血流信号特征

目的研究鼻咽癌颈转移淋巴结的彩色多普勒血流信号特征.材料与方法鼻咽癌伴颈淋巴结转移患者52例共134枚颈转移淋巴结,在接受治疗前行彩色多普勒血流检查,分析其血流信号特征和血供强度与淋巴结大小、部位的关系.结果鼻咽癌颈转移淋巴结的动脉血管多分布在淋巴结的周边,血流阻抗(RI)高;淋巴结血流强度的分布因淋巴结部位、大小的变化而不同,大淋巴结较小淋巴结血供丰富;中、下颈淋巴结较上颈淋巴结血供丰富.结论鼻咽癌颈转移淋巴结以周边型高阻血流信号为主.血供强度与淋巴结大小、部位有关.     

Differential Diagnosis of Axillary Inflammatory and Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Rabbit Models by Using Diffusion-Weighted Imaging: Compared with Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective

This experiment aims to determine the diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the differentiation of axillary inflammatory lymph nodes from metastatic lymph nodes in rabbit models in comparison with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods

Conventional MRI and DWI were performed at 4 weeks after successful inoculation into the forty female New Zealand white rabbits'' mammary glands. The size-based and signal-intensity-based criteria and the relative apparent diffusion coefficient (rADC) value were compared between the axillary inflammatory lymph nodes and metastatic lymph nodes, with histopathological findings as the reference standard. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the aforementioned criteria and rADC value in differentiating the axillary inflammatory lymph nodes from metastatic lymph nodes.

Results

Thirty-two axillary inflammatory lymph nodes and 46 metastatic ones were successfully isolated and taken into pathological analysis. The differences of the aforementioned criteria between the two groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the rADC value of the inflammatory lymph nodes (0.9 ± 0.14) was higher than that of metastatic ones (0.7 ± 0.18), with significant difference (p = 0.016). When the rADC value was chosen as 0.80, the area under the ROC curve is greater than all other criteria, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for differentiating two groups were 86.2%, 79.3%, 81.2%, 84.2%, and 85.6%, respectively.

Conclusion

Diffusion-weighted imaging is a promising new technique for differentiating axillary inflammatory lymph nodes from metastatic lymph nodes. Compared with routine magnetic resonance sequences, DWI could provide more useful physiological and functional information for diagnosis.     

兔VX2移植性肝癌模型的制作及螺旋CT评价

目的研究VX2移植性肝癌模型的特点及螺旋CT监测的价值.方法将兔VX2瘤组织块混于生理盐水中,经开腹注入45只新西兰大白兔的肝左、肝右或肝中叶内,接种后的不同时期行CT平扫加增强双期扫描.结果在45只兔中有40只接种成功,原位成瘤率为88.8%,其中肝脏单发结节有25只,多发结节15只,分别占62.5%、37.5%,原位成瘤伴有异位种植的有9只.CT检查平扫表现为低密度或等密度,增强扫描动脉期表现为高密度,门脉期为低密度,肿瘤边缘增强,2周内阳性率为46.7%,第3周为90.0%,不同时期检出率有统计学差异(χ2=4.12,Ρ＜0.05).结论经开腹注射法制造肝癌模型是一种简单、易行的方法,但易发生异位种植和多发结节,CT平扫加增强是一种准确可靠的监测方法.     

乳腺癌X线特征与VEGF-C表达及肿瘤腋窝淋巴结转移的相关性研究

目的 研究乳腺癌X线征象与肿瘤组织血管内皮生长因子 C( VEGF C)表达及腋窝淋巴结转移的相关性. 资料与方法 分析105例乳腺癌及腋窝淋巴结的X线征象,利用免疫组织化学染色检测标本中VEGF C的表达水平,分析乳腺癌某些X线征象与VEGF C表达及腋窝淋巴结转移的关系. 结果 VEGF C的过表达与腋窝淋巴结转移密切相关(P＜0.05);乳腺癌X线征象中:肿瘤≥2 cm、边缘有"毛刺征"及血管影增多、增粗组中VEGF C阳性表达率及腋窝淋巴结转移率分别较＜2 cm、无"毛刺征"和血管影正常组高(P＜0.05);转移性腋窝淋巴结主要表现为"门"结构消失及实质厚度不均匀(P＜0.05)等. 结论 通过乳腺癌的X线征象可以评价其组织中VEGF C的表达水平及腋窝淋巴结的状态,乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移主要表现为淋巴结结构的改变,当腋窝淋巴结发生实变、实质厚度不均时,可疑为转移性淋巴结.X线对判断乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移有明显优势.     

能谱 CT 多模态参数对胃腺癌转移性淋巴结的诊断价值

目的：比较能谱 CT 多模态参数与传统 CT 征象对胃腺癌转移淋巴结的诊断价值。方法对37例胃腺癌患者采用腹部宝石 CT 能谱成像(GSI)增强模式扫描,进行 CT 图像分析,定位、标记胃周淋巴结,术中摘除相应淋巴结并送病理。运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)得出鉴别转移淋巴结各能谱 CT 定量指标的准确度及特异度,并与 CT 征象相比,评价其诊断效能。结果动脉期转移组淋巴结40~80 keV 单能量节段能谱曲线斜率(λHU )、标化碘基物质浓度(NIC)均低于非转移组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05);而静脉期无差异。动脉期λHU 和 NIC 联合诊断的效能较 CT 征象更具显著优势(P 均<0.01)：敏感度84.3% vs 61.4%、特异度88.4% vs 81.3%、准确度86.8% vs 73.6%。结论能谱 CT 为鉴别诊断胃腺癌转移与非转移淋巴结提供定量分析,能够明显提高诊断胃腺癌淋巴结转移的准确度。     

介入治疗实验研究中兔VX2肝癌模型制作的改进和CT评价

目的 改进兔ＶＸ２肝癌模型的制作使之更适合介入治疗学研究,同时探讨瘤灶的ＣＴ表现及螺旋ＣＴ在检测瘤灶中的作用。材料与方法 实验动物为新西兰大白兔（８０只）,瘤种采用动物自身接种传代保存,取瘤块组织（１～２ｍｍ＾３大小）接种肝脏左叶深部,于接种后７、１４天分别行ＣＴ平扫、动脉早期、门脉期早期、门脉期扫描,少数动物于接种后２１天再次ＣＴ扫描。结果 ７２只（９０％）动物接种成功,瘤灶以种植后２周ＣＴＪ了     

胃癌组与正常组螺旋CT淋巴结检出率比较研究

目的　分析螺旋CT对正常人与胃癌患者淋巴结检出情况。方法　对 88例正常人和 10 6例胃癌患者进行上腹部螺旋CT扫描 ,比较淋巴结检出情况。结果　正常组与胃癌组间淋巴结检出情况有显著差异。螺旋CT对淋巴结总检出率为 3 9.7% ,转移阳性淋巴结检出率达 69.2 %。结论　淋巴结密度增高对CT淋巴结检出率有重要影响 ,淋巴结CT检出率与胃癌具有明显相关性 ,对胃癌淋巴引流区域检出的淋巴结必须给予高度重视     

兔VX2肝肿瘤射频消融疗效评价——超声造影、增强CT与病理对比研究

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)与增强CT检查在评价肝肿瘤VX2肝肿瘤模型射频消融(RFA)疗效方面的作用. 资料与方法 9只兔VX2肝肿瘤模型作RFA治疗后1周同时作CEUS与增强CT检查,与病理作对照,比较CEUS与增强CT在评价RFA疗效的准确性. 结果 9只中8只病理发现残留肿瘤灶,1只完全消融,残留灶在CEUS与增强CT上均可见强化.3只炎性反应带能被CEUS正确评价,而增强CT将其中2只误认为是残留灶.1只残留灶位于肋骨下未能被CEUS检出.CEUS、增强CT、两者联合诊断的敏感率、特异性和诊断准确率分别为86%、88%、86%,90%、78%、85%,94%、75%、91%.三组之间差异均无统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 CEUS与增强CT均能较可靠评价RFA疗效,两者具有良好的相关性和一致性; CEUS与增强CT联合评价可提高评价准确率.     

CT-guided lymphoscintigraphy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a feasibility study

Accurate knowledge of lymphatic drainage facilitates planning of surgery for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new injection technique for lymph node detection in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and larynx, in whom simple peritumoural injection is hampered by the tumour localisation. Computed tomography (CT)-guided lymphoscintigraphy was performed in a total of 13 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and larynx who could not be injected by simple visual inspection. In a first step, contrast medium-enhanced axial 5-mm-thick CT slices of the neck were obtained. After tumour localisation on these CT images, 1–2 ml contrast medium and, in the event of appropriate distribution, subsequently 50 MBq technetium-99m colloid were injected at one to three peritumoural sites under CT guidance. Peritumoural tracer distribution was controlled by thin-slice CT. Subsequently, planar scintigrams from anterior, right and left lateral views were obtained. In all patients, peritumoural colloid application was feasible, as shown on control CT scans. Post injection, neither severe nor minor complications were noted. The patients complained of only low pain sensations with an average score of 1.8 on a pain scale from 0 to 10. Lymphatic drainage was identified in nine of the 13 patients, with a total of 14 detected lymph nodes. In six patients, ipsilateral sentinel lymph nodes were visualised; bilateral sentinel lymph nodes were identified in one patient and contralateral lymphatic drainage was observed in two patients. CT-guided lymphoscintigraphy is a feasible and minimally invasive diagnostic tool for sentinel lymph node detection in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and the larynx. In contrast to endoscopic colloid injection under general anaesthesia, this technique seems to be a well-tolerated method for lymphatic mapping prior to surgical procedures.