踝关节运动损伤的MRI表现

运动造成的踝关节损伤的发病率有升高的趋势。MRI是目前诊断踝关节损伤的主要手段,可以明确踝关节骨及软骨、韧带和肌腱的损伤,同时还能评估损伤的程度及范围。就踝关节运动损伤所致的骨损伤、骨软骨损伤、韧带损伤、肌腱损伤的影像表现及其损伤程度的评估进行综述。     

踝关节撞击综合征影像学评估

踝关节撞击综合征是一类比较常见的运动损伤,通常是在反复发生急慢性损伤的基础上,造成踝关节的肌腱、韧带、关节软骨进行性损伤,引起纤维组织增生、局部瘢痕组织形成、关节内游离体、骨质增生、骨赘形成等一系列病理改变,伴随过度的背屈和跖屈运动引起相邻组织的撞击、挤压、磨损,导致患者踝关节疼痛、功能障碍等临床症状体征。根据发生撞击...     

踝关节撞击综合征的影像学评价

踝关节撞击是涉及前、后踝关节,包括骨和软组织异常病变的综合征。就踝关节前、后撞击综合征的病理机制、临床症状及影像学特点进行综述,为临床诊断提供影像学依据。     

骨骼肌运动损伤的MRI研究进展

骨骼肌是人体维持姿势、产生能量、提供力量的重要结构,体育运动需要借助骨骼肌完成,因此运动损伤不容忽视。MR因具有较高的软组织分辨力和空间分辨力而具有独特的诊断优势。本文就MR技术在骨骼肌运动损伤方面的应用进展进行综述。     

胫骨远端三平面骨折的影像学表现

目的:评价影像学检查对青少年胫骨远端三平面骨折的诊断价值。方法:收集我院诊治的10例胫骨远端三平面骨折患者的影像学资料。10例均行CR正侧位、低场强MR检查、螺旋CT轴位平扫加三维重建,并随访复查3个月~2年;均行闭合复位石膏外固定治疗。结果:10例依据3种不同分型方法分型:①依据胫骨远端骨骺损伤的位置,10例均为外侧型,无内侧型。②依据骨折后骨折块数目,分为二部分型8例,三部分型2例,无四部分型。③依据骨折线是否累及关节面,分为Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型1例。随访:周围型骨桥形成2例,胫骨远端骨梗死1例。结论:CR、CT、MRI对胫骨远端三平面骨折诊断有重要价值,三者结合可为临床提供最有价值信息,指导治疗。     

踝关节前外侧软组织撞击综合征的MRI评价研究

目的:探讨MRI在踝关节前外侧软组织撞击综合征中的评价价值。方法:回顾性分析经临床、影像证实的踝关节前外侧软组织撞击综合征15例患者的MRI表现,主要观察踝关节前外侧沟内软组织、距腓前韧带、距腓前韧带前方脂肪、距腓前韧带旁积液等。结果:①踝关节前外侧沟内软组织影均不同程度增厚2～5mm(占100%);②距腓前韧带断裂9例(占60%),部分断裂2例(占13%),不能明确4例(占27%);③踝关节前外侧皮下脂肪影明显变薄10例(占67%),有不连续表现5例(占33%);④距腓前韧带旁明显积液11例(占73%),液体少4例(占27%);⑤滑膜增厚1例(占7%),无滑膜增厚14例(占93%);⑥胫骨远端骨髓水肿1例,距骨骨髓水肿3例,多个骨骨髓水肿1例。结论:MRI是评价踝关节前外侧软组织撞击综合征的最佳方法,能够清晰显示踝关节前外侧软组织病损情况及其他合并病变,可为临床诊断及治疗提供充分的资料。     

便秘的影像诊断

便秘是临床常见的症状，引起便秘的原因诸多，有心源性、恶性肿瘤等，其便秘的程度可因病变的性质和时间不同各异.本文介绍了便秘的定义和分类并就便秘的影像学诊断进行了综述。     

磁共振3D-TSE(SPACE)序列在评估健康受试者踝关节解剖结构的应用研究

目的 分析3T磁共振3D-TSE(SPACE)序列及常规2D-TSE序列对健康受试者踝关节解剖细节显示的价值.方法 选取30例健康受试者踝关节进行磁共振成像(年龄22~29岁,平均25岁),使用Siemens Magneton Trio Tim 3.0T磁共振扫描仪及膝关节线圈.本研究所使用的MRI序列为二维脂肪抑制T2加权(2D-FS-T2WI-TSE)和三维脂肪抑制T2加权快速自旋回波(perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions,3D-FS-T2WI-SPACE).扫描范围包括踝关节的冠状位、矢状位和轴位.分别计算胫距关节骨软骨,跟骨骨髓,比目鱼肌,胫距关节腔关节液,跟腱及距腓后韧带的信噪比(SNR);分别计算关节液-软骨,关节液-韧带的对比噪声比(CNR).分别就伪影、毗邻结构的鉴别、信号均一性、部分容积效应以及韧带结构起止点等方面来评价2个序列显示图像质量的能力;就感兴趣韧带或肌腱进行任意曲面重建,显示其全长.结果 SPACE序列上各结构SNR及CNR显著优于常规2D序列,二者之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).就图像质量的评估方面,SPACE序列与常规2D序列之间显示结果一致,二者之间的差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 SPACE是一种新的磁共振成像序列,可以进行不同加权图像的扫描,对踝关节正常解剖结构的显示清晰,可以满足临床诊断的需要.     

髋部撞击的影像学评估

髋部撞击是引起髋关节或腹股沟疼痛的常见原因,可以导致髋关节内结构及周围组织的损伤,严重影响患者生活质量。髋部撞击根据发生撞击的部位可以分为股骨髋臼撞击和关节外撞击,后者主要包括棘下撞击、坐骨股骨撞击、髂腰肌撞击及大粗隆骨盆撞击等。了解各种髋部撞击的影像学特点,有助于早期诊断及早期治疗,对于改善预后有十分重要的意义。笔者对各种髋部撞击的影像学表现进行总结,希望提高广大放射科医师对该组疾病的认识。     

便秘的影像诊断

便秘是临床常见的症状，引起便秘的原因诸多，有心源性、恶性肿瘤等，其便秘的程度可因病变的性质和时间不同各异。本文介绍了便秘的定义和分类并就便秘的影像学诊断进行了综述。     

Imaging in the assessment and management of overuse injuries in the foot and ankle

Overuse injuries of the ankle and foot are common in the general and athletic populations. The wide spectrum of overuse injuries includes ligamentous injuries, soft tissue and osseous impingement, osteochondral lesions, tendon injuries, and stress fractures. Some conditions such as impingement syndromes and stress fractures may be missed on initial physical examination, and patients with such injuries often present to a sports or orthopedic clinic with persistent symptoms. With the increasing participation in sports, health-care professionals involved in the care of athletes at all levels must have a thorough understanding of overuse conditions of the foot and ankle, and the use of imaging in the management of these conditions. This article covers the clinical presentation, pertinent anatomy, imaging features, and management of overuse injuries of the foot and ankle.     

Ultrasound of ankle and foot: overuse and sports injuries

Sports and overuse injuries of the ankle and foot are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Ultrasound (US) has been established as an excellent diagnostic modality for foot and ankle injuries, providing a rapid noninvasive, economical, and readily available tool that is well tolerated by the patient with acute or chronic pain. The opportunity for dynamic examination is another advantage of US in evaluating ankle and foot pathology, where maneuvers such as muscle contraction and stressing of the joint may be particularly helpful. In many cases, US can be used as a first-line and only imaging modality for diagnosis. This article focuses on ankle disorders related to sports or overuse that affect tendons, including tendinosis, tenosynovitis, paratendinitis, rupture, dislocation, and ligaments that are commonly torn. The sonographic features of certain common foot disorders related to physical activity and overuse are also discussed, including plantar fasciitis, Morton's neuroma, stress fractures, and plantar plate injury.     

Epidemiology of ankle and foot overuse injuries in sports: A systematic review

Studies regarding ankle and foot overuse injuries are quite diverse in research methodology, data reporting, and outcomes. The aims of this systematic review were to analyze the methodology of published studies regarding ankle and foot overuse injuries in different sports disciplines and to summarize epidemiological data of ankle and foot overuse injuries. Four electronic databases, PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus^® were systematically searched up to June 2011. A total of 89 articles on 23 sports disciplines were included in this review. Soccer, running, and gymnastics were the most frequently studied sports. Achilles tendinopathy, plantar fasciitis, and stress fracture were the most frequently studied injuries. Study design and reporting methods were heterogeneous. Most studies suffered from a weak methodology and poor reporting. The most common weaknesses were lack of a clear case definition, describing assessment procedures and reporting sample characteristics. Due to methodological heterogeneity of studies, inter‐sports and intra‐sports comparisons and meta‐analysis were not possible. Methodology of most studies on incidence and prevalence of ankle and foot overuse injuries is insufficient. Based on the results, we recommend authors to clearly define cases, describe assessment procedures and report sample characteristics adequately.     

Imaging of athletic injuries to the ankle and foot

Conventional radiographs in conjunction with clinical examination remains the primary method for evaluating the acute athletic injury. In most cases, suspected acute tendon and ligament injuries are initially treated based on physical examination. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with its multiplanar capability and superb soft tissue contrast, is quickly becoming the method of choice for evaluating chronic foot and ankle pain and further defining the extent of tendon and ligament injuries. This article reviews the common acute and chronic (overuse) foot and ankle athletic injuries with an emphasis on imaging characteristics.     

Inflammation in overuse tendon injuries

Overuse tendon injuries present with pain and swelling of the affected tendon with associated decrease in exercise tolerance and function of the limb. After early inflammatory and degenerative hypotheses, the term "tendinopathy" is now deemed a more appropriate reflection of the mixed histopathological picture seen in operative biopsies from affected patients. The condition presents histopathological evidence of "failed healing response," but its etiology remains unclear. The incidence of tendinopathy is increased in individuals with obesity and decreased insulin sensitivity (as seen in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus). These groups of patients also exhibit an increased risk of developing a state of chronic low-grade, systemic inflammation. This paper considers the theoretical bases to discuss whether these conditions may predispose to the development of tendinopathy and the implication that such a relationship may have on its management.     

Introduction to overuse injuries

An understanding of the cellular response to injury helps to explain overuse trauma. Tendons, bursae, cartilage, bone and nerves all can break down owing to the repetitive forces from sporting activities. A precise diagnosis and thoughtful use of medication and modalities in a complete rehabilitation program help to minimize disability.     

Rehabilitation of overuse injuries of the shoulder

The most common overuse injuries in sports medicine are rotator cuff tendinitis and shoulder impingement. Anatomic and biomechanical analysis of the shoulder complex demonstrates the likelihood of overuse injury to this region. Total rehabilitation includes relief of inflammation, restoration of normal joint arthrokinematics, and rotator cuff strengthening. The reduction of force overload to the shoulder in sport-specific activities and total arm strengthening are also emphasized in a comprehensive rehabilitation program.     

Lower leg overuse injuries in athletes

Achilles paratenonitis and medial tibial syndrome are the most common specific overuse injuries among athletes in Finland, and they are a problem especially in endurance sports, such as long-distance running and jogging. Conservative treatment is often successful, but if it fails operative treatment is necessary. The surgical methods developed in Finland, which are widely used in the treatment of Achilles paratenonitis and medial tibial syndrome, are presented with clinical follow-up results in this paper. The patients operated on for Achilles paratenonitis were some years older than the patients operated on for retrocalcaneal bursitis (mean 38.4 versus 32.3 years). Results after operation were excellent or good in 92.4% of 291 patients operated on for Achilles paratenonitis, 84.2% of the 63 operated on for retrocalcaneal bursitis and 79% of the 47 operated on for medial tibial syndrome. All the patients treated operatively were patients in whom conservative treatment had failed. In conclusion, operative treatment of Achilles paratenonitis or medial tibial syndrome in athletes is indicated when these complaints do not respond to any type of conservative treatment.     

Impact and overuse injuries in runners

Forces that are repeatedly applied to the body could lead to positive remodeling of a structure if the forces fall below the tensile limit of the structure and if sufficient time is provided between force applications. On the other hand, an overuse injury could result if there is inadequate rest time between applied forces. Running is one of the most widespread activities during which overuse injuries of the lower extremity occur. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of knowledge related to overuse running injuries, with a particular emphasis on the effect of impact forces. Recent research has suggested that runners who exhibit relatively large and rapid impact forces while running are at an increased risk of developing an overuse injury of the lower extremity. Modifications in training programs could help an injured runner return to running with decreased rehabilitation time, but it would be preferable to be able to advise a runner regarding injury potential before undertaking a running program. One of the goals of future research should be to focus on the prevention or early intervention of running injuries. This goal could be accomplished if some easily administered tests could be found which would predict the level of risk that a runner may encounter at various levels of training intensity, duration, and frequency. The development of such a screening process may assist medical practitioners in identifying runners who are at a high risk of overuse injury.