2型糖尿病并发冠心病影响因素的质量-数量Cox回归分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病并发冠心病的影响因素,为制定2型糖尿病性冠心病的预防和控制措施提供理论依据。方法采用质量-数量Cox回归模型对2型糖尿病并发冠心病的影响因素进行探讨。结果吸烟、喜食荤油、糖尿病家族史及高胆固醇水平是2型糖尿病并发冠心病的危险因素,RR值分别为2.125,2.263,1.802和1.197;多食蔬菜和适当增加业余体力活动量是其保护因素,RR值分别为0.634和0.713。结论调节脂代谢、多吃蔬菜和适当的体力活动能延缓2型糖尿病并发冠心病的发生。     

Investigating Whether the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Is Integrated in Routine Dietetic Practice for Management of Chronic Conditions: A National Survey of Dietitians

Evidence supports recommending the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) in the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and solid organ transplant (SOT). However, the evidence-practice gap is unclear within non-Mediterranean countries. We investigated integration of MDP in Australian dietetic practice, and barriers and enablers to MDP implementation for chronic disease management. Dietitians managing CVD, T2D, NAFLD and/or SOT patients (n = 182, 97% female) completed an online survey in November 2019. Fewer than 50% of participants counsel patients with CVD (48%), T2D (26%), NAFLD (31%) and SOT (0–33%) on MDP in majority of their practice. MDP principles always recommended by >50% of participants were promoting vegetables and fruit and limiting processed foods and sugary drinks. Principles recommended sometimes, rarely or never by >50% of participants included limiting red meat and including tomatoes, onion/garlic and liberal extra virgin olive oil. Barriers to counselling on MDP included consultation time and competing priorities. Access to evidence, professional development and education resources were identified enablers. An evidence-practice gap in Australian dietetic practice exists with <50% of participants routinely counselling relevant patient groups on MDP. Strategies to support dietitians to counsel complex patients on MDP within limited consultations are needed.     

中医体质护理辅助治疗2型糖尿病合并冠心病血瘀质80例临床分析

目的：观察中医体质护理对2型糖尿病合并冠心病血瘀质患者D-二聚体（DD）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（FBG）、B型尿钠肽（BNP）的影响,探讨其对改善2型糖尿病合并冠心病血瘀质患者血液高凝状态的作用机制。方法：将104例2型糖尿病合并冠心病血瘀质患者按随机数字表法分为两组,对照组采用拜阿司匹林片,试验组在其基础上加用中医体质护理,4周为一疗程,共连续治疗2个疗程,观察治疗前后两组患者DD、PT、APTT、TT、FBG、BNP的变化。结果：两组治疗前DD、PT、APTT、TT、FBG、BNP比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉O.05）,治疗后试验组PT、APTT、FBG、TT、DD及BNP与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：中医体质护理可有效延长PT、APTT、TT和FBG,并降低DD及BNP,改善2型糖尿病合并冠心病血瘀质患者的血液高凝状态,降低心血管事件风险。     

Household Income Is Related to Dietary Fiber Intake and Dietary Acid Load in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Household income was related to habitual dietary intake in general Japanese people. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between household income and habitual dietary intake in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Household income was evaluated using a self-reported questionnaire and categorized into high and low household income. Nutritional status was assessed using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Among 128 men and 73 women, the proportions of participants with low household income were 67.2% (n = 86/128) in men and 83.6% (n = 61/73) in women. Dietary fiber intake (11.3 ± 4.2 vs. 13.8 ± 6.0 g/day, p = 0.006) was lower, and dietary acid load, net endogenous aid production score (NEAP) (51.7 ± 10.5 vs. 46.8 ± 10.4 mEq/day, p = 0.014) and potential renal acid load score (PRAL) (9.5 ± 10.7 vs. 3.7 ± 14.1 mEq/day, p = 0.011) were higher in men with low household income than in those without. Multivariable linear regression analyses demonstrated that log (dietary fiber intake) in men with low household income was lower than that in those with high household income after adjusting for covariates (2.35 [2.26–2.44] vs. 2.52 [2.41–2.62], p = 0.010). Furthermore, NEAP (54.6 [51.7–57.4] vs. 45.8 [42.5–49.2], p <0.001) in men with low household income were higher than in those with high household income after adjusting for covariates. Contrastingly, household income was not related to diet quality in women. This study showed that household income was related to dietary fiber intake and dietary acid load in men but not in women.     

Quality and Quantity of Protein Intake Influence Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Coronary Heart Disease Patients: From the CORDIOPREV Study

Evidence suggests that enriching a diet with plant-based proteins could reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present work, we evaluated the association between the change in plant protein intake (adjusted by energy) and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with coronary heart disease from the CORDIOPREV (coronary diet intervention with olive oil and cardiovascular prevention) study. At baseline and during the follow-up, patients underwent medical examination and blood and oral glucose tolerance tests. Information on patient’s dietary intake was gathered by registered dietitians using a validated food frequency questionnaire. A total of 106 out of 436 nondiabetic patients at baseline developed type 2 diabetes mellitus after a median follow-up of 60 months. Cox regression analyses showed that patients who belonged to the group that increased plant protein intake exhibited a lower risk of developing the disease (HR = 0.64, (0.43–0.96)). Changes in plant protein intake were positively correlated with changes in carbohydrates, fibre, and legumes intake and negatively correlated with changes in saturated fatty acids intake. Results of the present study support the need of improving diet with plant-based proteins to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

冠心病合并Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清MMP-9及高敏C-反应蛋白表达变化及其临床意义

目的探讨冠心病（CHD）合并2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血清基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）的表达水平及其临床意义。方法选择我院内科收治的CHD合并T2DM患者45例,单纯T2DM患者40例,单纯CHD患者42例,另选择门诊健康体检者30例为正常对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）和免疫散射比浊法检测血清MMP9和hs-CRP的表达水平。结果 CHD合并T2DM组血清MMP-9和hs-CRP的表达水平均显著高于单纯CHD组、单纯T2DM组及对照组（P〈0.05）,单纯CHD组和单纯T2DM组血清MMP-9和hs-CRP的表达水平均显著高于对照组。经Spearman分析,CHD合并T2DM组患者血清MMP-9与hs-CRP呈正相关（r=0.526,P〈0.01）。结论联合检测血清MMP-9与hs-CRP将更有利于早期监测糖尿病冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生和预测患者的预后。     

Dietary Intervention Modulates the Expression of Splicing Machinery in Cardiovascular Patients at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Development: From the CORDIOPREV Study

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major health problem worldwide. T2DM risk can be reduced with healthy dietary interventions, but the precise molecular underpinnings behind this association are still incompletely understood. We recently discovered that the expression profile of the splicing machinery is associated with the risk of T2DM development. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of 3-year dietary intervention in the expression pattern of the splicing machinery components in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients within the CORDIOPREV study. Expression of splicing machinery components was determined in PBMCs, at baseline and after 3 years of follow-up, from all patients who developed T2DM (Incident-T2DM, n = 107) and 108 randomly selected non-T2DM subjects, who were randomly enrolled in two healthy dietary patterns (Mediterranean or low-fat diets). Dietary intervention modulated the expression of key splicing machinery components (i.e., up-regulation of SPFQ/RMB45/RNU6, etc., down-regulation of RNU2/SRSF6) after three years, independently of the type of healthy diet. Some of these changes (SPFQ/RMB45/SRSF6) were associated with key clinical features and were differentially induced in Incident-T2DM patients and non-T2DM subjects. This study reveals that splicing machinery can be modulated by long-term dietary intervention, and could become a valuable tool to screen the progression of T2DM.     

2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢紊乱与冠心病的关系探讨

目的探讨2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗、血脂、糖化血红蛋白与冠心病的关系。方法对51例新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病(CHD)患者进行空腹血糖(FBG),空腹胰岛素(FINS),糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),甘油三脂(TG),胆固醇(CHO),高密度脂蛋白(HDL),低密度脂蛋白(LDL)和微量白蛋白尿测定,计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI),体重指数(BMI)。114例新诊断2型糖尿病无冠心病患者为对照组。结果2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者BMI,FBG,FINS,HbA1c,TG,CHO,LDL和微量白蛋白尿水平比对照组高,ISI和HDL均比对照组低。结论2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者存在明显脂代谢紊乱,胰岛素抵抗及超重。2型糖尿病患者控制血糖,改善脂代谢,减少胰岛素抵抗,对预防和减少2型糖尿病冠心病的发生有重要意义。     

Thirst for Information and Needs Reflections of Type 2 Diabetes Patients Receiving Insulin Treatment in North-East Ethiopia: A Qualitative Exploration

Objectives:Ongoing, proactive, planned, and patient-centered diabetes education is the cornerstone of care for all persons with diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the information needs of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients receiving insulin treatment in North-East Ethiopia. Methods:The study was conducted from July 2019 to January 2020 using a qualitative enquiry (phenomenological approach) with purposive sampling. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were used to collect data until reaching theoretical saturation. The participants were type 2 diabetes patients receiving insulin treatment. They were identified from the diabetes patients’ registration book at the diabetes clinic and interviewed at their appointment time, and were selected to include wide variations in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. Twenty-four participants (11 men and 13 women), with a median age of 57 years, were interviewed. The data were organized using QDA Miner Lite version 2.0.7 and analyzed thematically using narrative strategies.Results:Most participants had not heard of diabetes before their diagnosis. They had limited knowledge of diabetes, but ascribed different connotations for it in the local language (Amharic). The needs reflections of patients were categorized into diabetes education and participants’ recommendations. Diabetes education was totally absent at hospitals, and patients received education primarily from the Ethiopian Diabetes Association and broadcast and digital media. Thus, the major concern of patients was the availability of diabetes education programs at health institutions.Conclusions:Patients’ main concern was the absence of routine diabetes education, which necessitates urgent action to implement diabetes education programs, especially at health institutions.     

Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Selected Lifestyle Elements among Young Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus from Northeast Poland: A Case-Control COVID-19 Survey

An appropriate balanced diet and dietary patterns are important at every stage of life, but in the case of young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), it is especially crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to assess health and nutritional behaviors, mainly adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland among women with T1DM, and to compare them with a healthy population. This survey (based on a questionnaire) was conducted in December 2020 and included 219 young women, healthy (n = 106) and with T1DM (n = 113), from northeast Poland. Over 30% of the study group admitted that they did not engage in any physical activity. A large proportion declared that their screen time was 5–7 h a day (48% in control and 40% in T1DM group). High intakes of sweet-beverages, sweets and red meat, but also low intakes of olive oil, fish and nuts were observed. The vast majority of participants (60% vs. 71%) were moderately adherent to the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). The study demonstrated that despite the similarity between the behaviors of healthy people and those with T1DM, negative health and nutritional practices, such as low physical activity, long screen time, medium and high levels of stress and inappropriate eating habits were observed.     

Intake of Refined Carbohydrates and Whole Grain Foods in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease

Recent survey data indicate that more than 50% of all adult Americans are overweight or obese. In parallel with this epidemic of weight gain in the general population, the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly rising. Although their precise contributions are unclear, dietary factors are thought to affect body weight and the development of insulin resistance. Recent epidemiological data indicate that diets rich in high-fiber whole grains are associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 DM. These data are consistent with results from recent metabolic experiments, suggesting favorable lipid profiles and glycemic control associated with higher intake of whole grains, but not with refined grains. It seems prudent, therefore, to distinguish whole-grain rather than refined-grain cereal products for the prevention of chronic diseases.     

Barriers and Facilitators Associated with the Adoption of and Adherence to a Mediterranean Style Diet in Adults: A Systematic Review of Published Observational and Qualitative Studies

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been linked with physical and mental health benefits. Previous research, however, suggests that adoption and adherence to a Mediterranean diet might be difficult for people who live outside of the Mediterranean region. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the factors that influence adoption and adherence to a Mediterranean style diet in adults aged 18 years old and over, as identified in published observational and qualitative studies. Following registration of our protocol on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42018116515), observational and qualitative studies of adults’ perceptions and experiences relevant to following a Mediterranean style diet were identified using systematic searches of databases: MEDLINE, the Cochane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus, over all years of records until February 2022. A narrative synthesis was then undertaken. Of 4559 retrieved articles, 18 studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were included. Factors influencing adoption and adherence to a MedDiet were identified and categorized as: financial, cognitive, socio-cultural, motivational, lifestyle, accessibility & availability, sensory & hedonic and demographic. Similar barriers and facilitators are often reported in relation to healthy eating or the consumption of specific healthy foods, with a few exceptions. These exceptions detailed concerns with specific components of the MedDiet; considerations due to culture and traditions, and concerns over a cooler climate. Suggestions for overcoming these barriers and facilitators specific to adoption and adherence to the Mediterranean diet are offered. These data will inform the development of future studies of robust methodology in eating behaviour change which offer pragmatic approaches for people to consume and maintain healthy diets.     

2型糖尿病患者病程长短与骨密度和骨代谢指标关系的研究

目的研究病程长短对2型糖尿病患者骨密度及骨代谢生化指标的影响。方法随机选择2型糖尿病患者68例,按其病程分为三组,I组：病程〈5年,18例;Ⅱ组：病程5～10年,22例;Ⅲ组：病程〉10年,28例,并随机选择与糖尿病组年龄、体重指数相匹配的非糖尿病对照组18例。采用生化法测定所有研究对象血清总碱性磷酸酶、血钙、血磷、尿钙、尿磷等,应用DPX～L型双能X线法测定腰椎、股骨颈和全身的骨密度。结果不同病程长短的3组2型糖尿病患者性别比例相当,糖化血红蛋白水平和合并下肢血管病变差异无统计学意义。2型糖尿病组较对照组骨密度降低（RO．05）;Ⅲ组腰椎、股骨颈及全身的骨密度较对照组减低（P〈0．05）;I组股骨颈及全身的骨密度均高于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。I组、Ⅱ组血钙明显高于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）,而I组与Ⅱ组血钙比较差异无统计学意义。结论病程大于10年的2型糖尿病患者骨质疏松发生的危险性增加。     

Identifying Behavioural Determinants to Uptake and Adherence to a Whey Protein Supplement for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative Interview Study

Interventions targeting diet and physical activity have demonstrated to be effective for improving glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. However, initiating and sustaining these changes remains a challenge. Ingestion of whey protein has shown to be effective for improving glycaemic control by increasing insulin and incretin secretion, and influencing appetite regulation; however, little is known about what influences uptake and adherence. We conducted a qualitative interview study to explore behavioural determinants of uptake and adherence to a commercially made whey protein supplementation. In total, 16/18 adults with type 2 diabetes who participated in an RCT took part in a semi-structured interview. Seven themes were generated from the data following thematic analyses. The most frequently reported determinant of uptake was the expectation that the supplement would improve health status (e.g., type 2 diabetes management), as a consequence of appetite suppression and weight loss. Determinants of adherence included palatability; the belief that the supplement was an appetite suppressant; and receiving positive reinforcement on the effects of the supplement. Frequency of consumption led to reduced adherence with some participants. Findings support that the whey protein supplement is a viable management option for adults with type 2 diabetes; however, uptake will be driven by conveying information on the positive effects of the supplement on appetite suppression and glycaemic control. Adherence will be determined by palatability, behavioural prompting, and positive reinforcement.     

Effectiveness of a Motivational Nutritional Intervention through Social Networks 2.0 to Increase Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Improve Lung Function in Active Smokers: The DIET Study,a Randomized,Controlled and Parallel Clinical Trial in Primary Care

Background: Diet can help preserve lung function in smokers, as well as aid individuals who avoid smoking. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutritional intervention, using the Social Networks 2.0 tool, to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and improve lung function in smokers without prior respiratory disease. Methods: A randomized controlled parallel design was used. The participants were assigned to either the intervention or control group. Data from representative smokers without respiratory disease (n = 77) aged 18–70 years were analyzed. The participants completed a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and their adherence to the diet was evaluated by using the questionnaire called the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score (MEDAS, with 14 items), which considers ≥9 points to indicate high adherence. The lung function was assessed by spirometry. Associations among variables were determined by logistic regression. Results: A comparison of the variables at the end of the study between the control and intervention groups showed that the intervention significantly increased adherence to the MD based on the MEDAS questionnaire (0.69 (2.1) vs. 2.05 (2.03); p = 0.009). Specifically, the consumption of fruits was increased after two years in both groups; however, a more significant increase was detected in the intervention group (121 (178) vs. 12.7 (167) in the control group; p-value = 0.008). In the unadjusted analysis, the intervention only showed a statistical significant increase in the score of adherence to the MD (β: 1.36; 95% CI 0.35; 2.3; p = 0.009), and this increase was maintained after adjusting for age and sex (β: 1.15; 95% CI 0.05; 2.2; p = 0.040) and after adjusting for various sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables (β: 1.17; 95% CI 0.02; 2.31; p = 0.046). The pulmonary function parameters improved more in the intervention group; however, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Conclusions: A nutritional intervention based on a dietetic-nutritional education program resulted in a significant increase in adherence to the MD. However, some evidence suggests that an MD dietary intervention can improve lung function, but in our study, we were not able to demonstrate this. Further research is needed to obtain more robust data and confirm a possible benefit of the program before it can be extended to general practice.     

Reduced Rank Regression-Derived Dietary Patterns Related to the Fatty Liver Index and Associations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Ghanaian Populations under Transition: The RODAM Study

The Fatty Liver Index (FLI) is a proxy for the steatotic component of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). For sub-Saharan African populations, the contribution of dietary factors to the development of NAFLD in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains to be clarified. We identified sex-specific dietary patterns (DPs) related to the FLI using reduced ranked regression (RRR) and evaluated the associations of these DPs with T2DM. This analysis used data from the RODAM, a multi-center cross-sectional study of Ghanaian populations living in Ghana and Europe. The daily intake frequencies of 30 food groups served as the predictor variables, while the FLI was the response variable. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for T2DM were calculated per one standard deviation increase in the DP score using logistic regression. In males, the DP score explained 9.9% of the variation in their food intake and 16.0% of the variation in the FLI. This DP was characterized by high intakes of poultry, whole-grain cereals, coffee and tea, condiments, and potatoes, and the chance of T2DM was 45% higher per 1 DP score-SD (Model 2). Our results indicate that the intake of modernized foods was associated with proxies of NAFLD, possibly underlying the metabolic pathways to developing T2DM.     

Assessing the Physiological Effects of Traditional Regional Diets Targeting the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Implementing Mediterranean,New Nordic,Japanese, Atlantic,Persian and Mexican Dietary Interventions

Traditional regional diets are considered as sustainable dietary patterns, while many have been examined with regard to their health benefits. The aim of the present systematic review was to aggerate all evidence on the physiological effects of regional diets among adults at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Three databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) implementing any regional diet (Mediterranean (MedD), Persian, Southern European Atlantic, Japanese, Chinese, new Nordic, or other) while examining cardiovascular risk factors among adults at increased risk. Primary outcomes included anthropometric indices and secondary outcomes involved blood lipid concentrations, glucose metabolism, inflammation and other markers of CVD progression. Twenty RCTs fulfilled the study’s criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis, with the majority implementing a MedD. Adherence to most of the regional diets induced a reduction in the BW and anthropometric indices of the participants. The majority of RCTs with blood pressure endpoints failed to note a significant reduction in the intervention compared to the comparator arm, with the exception of some new Nordic and MedD ones. Despite the interventions, inflammation markers remained unchanged except for CRP, which was reduced in the intervention groups of one new Nordic, the older Japanese, and the Atlantic diet RCTs. With regard to blood lipids, regional diet interventions either failed to induce significant differences or improved selective blood lipid markers of the participants adhering to the experimental regional diet arms. Finally, in the majority of RCTs glucose metabolism failed to improve. The body of evidence examining the effect of regional dietary patterns on CVD risk among high-risk populations, while employing an RCT design, appears to be limited, with the exception of the MedD. More research is required to advocate for the efficacy of most regional diets with regard to CVD.