TRAIL受体在膀胱癌中的表达及意义

目的：了解肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导凋亡配体（TRAIL）受体在膀胱癌组织中的表达及意义。方法：采用RT－PCR及Northern blot方法检测TRAIL受体在膀胱癌组织及正常膀胱粘膜中的表达。结果：死亡受体DR4、DR5在膀胱癌组织及正常膀胱粘膜中呈强表达,候受体DcR-1在正常膀胱粘膜呈强表达,假受体DcR-2未见表达。结论：TRAIL基因在膀胱移行上皮细胞癌凋亡机制中可能发挥重要作用。     

TRAIL及其受体与HCC治疗的研究进展

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)是肿瘤坏死因子家族的新型凋亡分子,能够与其受体(TRAILR)作用选择性的诱导细胞凋亡,成为肝细胞肝癌(HCC)治疗研究的热点。但是近几年来研究发现TRAIL治疗对正常肝细胞有一定的毒副作用且存在耐药性。如果能够克服这些难题,TRAIL有望成为治疗HCC的一线药物。研究发现TRAIL联合化学药物、蛋白激酶抑制剂,或构建含TRAIL基因的载体等方法能够避免TRAIL对正常肝脏的毒副作用及逆转耐受。本文就上述治疗方法的研究进展做一综述。     

TRAIL受体在胰腺癌中的表达及意义

目的:研究肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)受体在胰腺癌中的表达及意义。方法:应用半定量RT-PCR,检测TRAILR mRNA在胰腺癌组织,正常胰腺组织及胰腺癌细胞系ASPC-1、Can-pan-2中的表达。结果:死亡受体DR4、DR5在所有胰腺癌组织、正常胰腺组织及胰腺癌细胞系中均有表达,诱骗受体DcR1、DcR2在所有正常胰腺组织及细胞系中均有表达。死亡受体DR4、DR5在胰腺癌组织中有较高的表达,而在正常胰腺组织中呈中低水平表达(P<0.01)。胰腺癌细胞系中死亡受体DR4、DR5呈高水平表达,而诱骗受体DcR1、DcR2仅呈中低水平表达。结论:TRAIL受体在胰腺癌普遍表达,并存在受体类型的表达差异;死亡受体在胰腺癌中高表达,可能在TRAIL诱导胰腺癌细胞凋亡的机制中发挥重要的作用。     

TRAIL及其受体在直肠癌组织中的表达

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)及其受体(DR4、DcR1)在正常直肠和直肠癌组织中的表达.方法 在31例直肠癌和20例正常直肠组织中,用免疫组化法检测TRAIL、DR4和DcR1的蛋白表达.结果 直肠癌组织中TRAIL、DR4和DcR1蛋白的表达阳性率(32.26%、29.03%、0)均低于正常直肠组织(55.00%、70.00%、65.00%),差异均有统计学意义(P=0.015、P=0.000、P=0.000),TRAIL及其受体的表达与直肠癌临床病理特征间无关(P>0.05).结论 直肠癌组织中TRAIL、DR4和DcR1的表达低于正常直肠组织,TRAIL及其受体相互作用所诱导的凋亡效应在直肠癌中有所减弱.     

TRAIL受体在胰腺癌中的表达

目的 研究肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）受体在胰腺癌中的表达及意义。方法 应用半定量RT～PCR法检测TRAIL受体（死亡受体DR4、DR5和诱骗受体DcR1、DcR2）mRNA在胰腺癌组织及正常胰腺组织中的表达。结果 死亡受体DR4和DR5在所有胰腺癌组织和正常胰腺组织中均有表达，且在胰腺癌组织中的表达明显强于在正常胰腺组织中的表达（P〈0．01）。诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2在所有正常胰腺组织中均有表达，而在胰腺癌组织中仅有18例表达DcR1，有20例表达DcR2；诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2的表达水平在胰腺癌和正常胰腺组织中差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。胰腺癌组织中DR5的表达与肿瘤的分化程度和临床分期有关，分化程度越低，DR5的表达量越低，Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肿瘤DR5的表达显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期（P〈0．05）。DR4、DcR1及DcR2在胰腺癌组织中的表达与肿瘤的分化程度和临床分期无关（P〉0．05）。结论 ①胰腺癌组织中普遍存在TRAIL受体的表达，并存在受体类型的表达差异，TRAIL基因受体在胰腺癌凋亡的调控机理中可能发挥重要作用。②胰腺癌组织中DR5的表达与肿瘤的分化程度及恶性程度相关；死亡受体DR4及诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2不能作为判断胰腺癌分化程度及恶性程度的指标。     

严重烧伤大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡及其机制的研究

目的探讨严重烧伤大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法将50只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为烧伤组和对照组,每组25只。烧伤组造成30％TBSAⅢ度烫伤(以下称烧伤),伤后创面涂碘伏抗感染,并于伤后6 h抽取大鼠静脉血后处死,留取肾脏标本。对照组除不烫伤外,其余处理同烧伤组。采用原位缺口末端标记法检测两组大鼠肾脏细胞凋亡率。流式细胞术检测肾脏细胞中肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)各受体的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。同时检测大鼠血浆尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)含量。结果烧伤组大鼠肾脏细胞的凋亡率为(32．4±1．1)％,明显高于对照组[(1．0±0．6)％,P<0．05];而大鼠肾脏组织中TRAIL诱骗受体DcR1的mRNA及蛋白表达水平显著低于正常对照组(P<0．05)。伤后6 h,烧伤组大鼠BUN值[(13．3±2．0)nmol/L]及Cr值 [(76．4±2．0)μmol/L]均明显高于对照组[(5．2±0．7)mmol/L、(40．2±2．8)μmol/L,P<0．05]。结论 TRAIL凋亡通路可能参与介导了严重烧伤大鼠肾脏细胞的凋亡。     

TRAIL受体在人骨肉瘤组织中的表达

目的 研究肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)受体在骨肉瘤细胞中的表达情况。方法 应用逆转录—聚合酶链反应(RT—PCR)对22例骨肉瘤组织标本、MG—63骨肉瘤细胞株、U251脑胶质瘤细胞株以及正常人外周血淋巴细胞TRAILR1—R4 mRNA表达进行检测。结果 22例骨肉瘤组织标本中15例同时表达TRAILR1、-R2和-R3，4例同时表达TRAIL-R1和-R2，只表达TRAIL-R1或-R2者3例，所有标本中均未检测到TRAIL，-R4表达；MG-63骨肉瘤细胞株、U251脑胶质瘤细胞株以及正常人外周血淋巴细胞则均检测到TRAILR1、-R2和-R3的联合表达。结论 死亡受体TRAIL-R1，R2在骨肉瘤中的普遍表达，是TRAIL诱导骨肉瘤细胞凋亡的分子基础；死亡受体和诱骗受体的差异性分布，并非TRAIL对选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞的关键性因素，可能还受其它因子调控。     

TRAIL与消化系统肿瘤

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand，TRAIL)是一个新发现的肿瘤坏死因子家族成员，是TNF家族中继TNF、FasL之后发现的第三个凋亡分子。TRAIL可大量快速诱导转化细胞、肿瘤细胞和病毒感染细胞发生凋亡，而正常细胞则可逃逸它的杀伤作用。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体及其受体与抗肿瘤治疗

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(ｔｕｍｏｒｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒｒｅｌａｔｅｄａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ ｉｎｄｕｃｉｎｇｌｉｇａｎｄ ,ＴＲＡＩＬ)是近几年发现的肿瘤坏死因子 (ｔｕｍｏｒｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＴＮＦ)超家族成员 ,为Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白 ,能与其受体 (ｔｕｍｏｒｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒｒｅｌａｔｅｄａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ ｉｎｄｕｃｉｎｇｌｉｇａｎｄｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ,ＴＲＡＩＬＲ)结合 ,启动细胞内的信号转导 ,激活半胱—天冬氨酸蛋白酶 (ｃｙｓｔｅｉｎｅｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇａｓｐａｒａｔｅｓｐｅｃｉ…     

TRAIL信号通路在胃癌的研究现状

目的介绍肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）及其受体在胃癌的研究现状。方法检索PUB-MEDLINE和中国期刊全文数据库（CJFD），综述国内、外近年关于TRAII．及其受体在胃癌的相关研究文献。结果TRAIL在胃癌组织表达水平报道情况差异较大，但其与胃癌的分化程度和浸润、转移情况密切相关。其受体DR4及DR5在胃癌组织均表达阳性，而DcR1及DcR2在胃癌组织亦有表达阳性的报道。caspase-3、caspase-8和survivin对胃癌TRAIL信号通路有重要调节作用。5-氮2，-杂脱氧胞苷、阿霉素、5-氟尿嘧啶、α-生育酚及X射线照射可协同增强TRAIL对胃癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用。结论胃癌可能适合TRAIL靶向治疗，但其作用机理较为复杂并受到多因素影响。尚有如何有效增强和调控TRAIL凋亡诱导作用及TRAIL有何潜在毒性等诸多问题亟待研究。     

Role of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in the pathogenesis of varicocele-induced testicular dysfunction

The higher frequency of varicocele in men with infertility has drawn attention and resulted in increased research at the molecular level towards treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptors in varicocele-induced testicular dysfunction in an experimental rat model. The rats were divided into three groups: control, sham and varicocele. Varicoceles in rats were induced by partial ligation of the left renal vein and left testes. The rats were analyzed 13 weeks after surgery. The degree of DNA fragmentation within cells in the testis was determined using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Tubule degeneration was evaluated using the Johnsen score. The expression of TRAIL and its receptors was detected by immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques. The apoptotic index, Johnsen score and the expression of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors were examined. The data are presented as the mean±s.d. and were analyzed using computer software. The Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn''s multiple comparison tests were used in the statistical analyses. The germ cell apoptotic index was increased in rats with varicoceles when compared with the sham and control groups (P=0.0031). The Johnsen score was significantly decreased in the varicocele group when compared with the sham and control groups (P<0.0001). Immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses showed that after varicocele induction, the expression of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R4 in germ cells was increased and the expression of TRAIL-R2 was decreased. There are no significant differences among the groups in terms of TRAIL and TRAIL-R3 receptor expression. The results of this study indicate that TRAIL and its receptors may have a potential role in the pathogenesis of varicocele-induced testicular dysfunction.     

Expression of TRAIL and Fas in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Aim: Differentiating between parathyroid lesions is still difficult and ambiguous. In cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, appropriate and prompt diagnosis is of great importance for effective treatment and follow-up. A great amount of mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of primary hyperparathyroidism, such as disturbance in balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors. Therefore, we examined whether immunohistochemical expression of apoptotic factors, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas, could have clinical utility as a marker of proliferative lesions of parathyroid gland. Materials and methods: Parathyroid specimens of 58 consecutive patients who had undertaken surgery due to primary hyperparathyroidism were incubated with purified mouse monoclonal antihuman antibodies: anti-TRAIL and anti-Fas. Staining was considered positive when at least 5% of the cells showed immunoreactivity. Results: The percentage of cells which were positively stained for TRAIL in parathyroid hyperplasia was 9.65%, in parathyroid adenoma 8.31%, and in normal controls 2.24%. Immunoreactivity for TRAIL was detected in 91.89% of parathyroid hyperplasias, 85.71% of parathyroid adenomas, and none in healthy glands. The percentage of cells with a positive reaction to Fas in parathyroid hyperplasia was 8.92%, in parathyroid adenoma 8.09%, and in normal tissue 1.9%. The expression of Fas was found in 94.59% of parathyroid hyperplasias, 90.48% of parathyroid adenomas, and none in healthy glands. Conclusions: In our study, hyperplasias demonstrated the highest expression of TRAIL and Fas, whereas in adenomas it was increased compared to normal tissue, but lower than in hyperplasias. These factors could be an additive tool in the differential diagnosis of parathyroid lesions.     

胰岛素强化治疗对严重烫伤大鼠血清凋亡配体的作用

目的 了解大鼠严重烫伤后血清凋亡相关配体的变化及胰岛素强化治疗的作用.方法 将150只Wistar大鼠随机分为假伤组、烫伤组和治疗组.烫伤组和治疗组烫伤后立即腹腔注射等渗盐水40 mL/kg复苏;治疗组伤后24 h皮下注射胰岛素0.25 U/100 g,以后每12小时注射1次,共注射5 d.第1～5天的剂量分别为0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25 U/100 g,将大鼠血糖控制在3～6 mmol/L.假伤组浸入37℃温水假伤后不进行液体复苏.于伤后1、4、7、10、14 d抽取各组大鼠腹主动脉血,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清TNF-α、可溶性Fas配体(sFasL)、可溶性Fas受体(sFas);放射免疫法检测血清胰岛素水平.结果 烫伤组大鼠伤后1 d血清TNF-α水平[(30.9±8.7)ng/L]即达高峰,与假伤组[(12.7±2.8)ng/L]和治疗组[(16.8±4.7)ng/L]比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),以后逐渐下降;治疗组大鼠伤后血清TNF-α水平虽然有所上升,但在伤后7 d内明显低于烫伤组(P<0.01).烫伤组、治疗组大鼠血清sFasL分别在伤后7～14 d和4～10 d高于假伤组(P<0.05),此后逐渐恢复至正常水平.伤后4～10 d治疗组sFas水平明显高于烫伤组及假伤组(P<0.05).伤后7、10 d烫伤组大鼠血清sFasL与sFas比值高于假伤组,而治疗组则在伤后7 d低于烫伤组(P<0.05),伤后14 d 2组均接近正常水平.烫伤组大鼠血清胰岛素水平在伤后4～10d低于假伤组(P<0.05).治疗组从伤后第1天起血清胰岛素水平即显著升高,伤后4 d[(327±15)μU/mL]达高峰,并显著高于假伤组[(42±15)μU/mL,P<0.01]和烫伤组[(28±10)μU/mL,P<0.01],随着治疗的进行,该指标逐渐恢复到正常水平.结论 胰岛素可能通过调节凋亡配体的分泌而抑制烧伤后细胞凋亡.     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体对Omi/HtrA2不同表达水平前列腺癌细胞的促凋亡作用

目的 观察肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)对前列腺癌细胞(PC-3M)不同丝氨酸蛋白酶Omi/HtrA2表达水平的促凋亡作用.方法 构建其小分子干扰RNA(siRNA)表达载体,辅助设计Omi/HtrA2特异性siRNA序列.合成后克隆入真核表达载体psiRNA-hH1neo.脂质体法转染psiRNA-Omi/HtrA2载体至PC-3M中,检测Omi/HtrA2在PC-3M细胞中的表达及psiRNA-Omi/HtrA2对Omi/HtrA2沉默效应后的转录和表达.用原位末端转移酶标记技术检测Omi/HtrA2基因沉默后,计算不同浓度TRAIL(50、100、200、500 μg/L)下PC-3M细胞凋亡指数(AI).结果 Omi/HtrA2在PC-3M细胞中高表达.酶切和DNA测序证实siRNA基因序列正确,且准确克隆入psiR-NA-hH1neo载体中.psiRNA-Omi/HtrA2载体可特异性抑制PC-3M细胞中Omi/HtrA2的表达.不同浓度TRAIL(50、100、200、500 μg/L)对转染psiRNA-Omi/HtrA2载体后PC-3M细胞AI分别为7.23、14.87、22.65、31.78.而未转染组分别为15.28、24.17、36.33、47.76.两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 Omi/HtrA2在前列腺癌细胞凋亡过程中起重要作用,TRAIL促进前列腺癌细胞的凋亡,其效果与TRAIL浓度及Omi/HtrA2表达水平相关.     

Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are posing great threats to global health within this century. Studies have suggested that estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) play important roles in many physiological processes in the kidney. For instance, they are crucial in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and modulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) system in the kidney. Estrogen takes part in the kidney repair and regeneration via its receptors. Estrogen also participates in the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis via its receptors in the proximal tubule. The ERα polymorphisms have been associated with the susceptibilities and outcomes of several renal diseases. As a consequence, the altered or dysregulated estrogen/ERs signaling pathways may contribute to a variety of kidney diseases, including various causes-induced AKI, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), lupus nephritis (LN), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), CKD complications, etc. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that targeting estrogen/ERs signaling pathways might have protective effects against certain renal disorders. However, many unsolved problems still exist in knowledge regarding the roles of estrogen and ERs in distinct kidney diseases. Further research is needed to shed light on this area and to enable the discovery of pathway-specific therapies for kidney diseases.     

TRAIL真核表达质粒的构建及抑制肝癌生长的实验研究

目的构建TNF相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)基因的真核表达质粒，观察其对BALB／c裸鼠肝癌细胞皮下移植瘤模型的抑瘤作用。方法提取U937细胞总RNA．用RT-PCR方法扩增出胞外区(114—281aa)，连入溶菌酶信号肽序列，构建分泌型TRAIL重组质粒；建立裸鼠7402肝癌细胞皮下移植瘤模型，纯化后的质粒DNA与脂质体聚乙烯胺混合后经肌肉注射进行基因转染，体内验证重组蛋白的抑瘤活性，采用TUNEL法进行肿瘤组织细胞凋亡检测。结果肿瘤体积测定结果显示．TRAIL对肝癌细胞生长有抑制作用；凋亡检测光镜下可见有棕褐色凋亡细胞，细胞凋亡指数增高。结论重组TRAIL质粒能引起肿瘤细胞的凋亡，抑制7402肝癌细胞的生长。     

T3 对 MG63 细胞株 TRAIL，QPG，QPGL 表达的影响

目的观察在不同浓度T3环境下人成骨肉瘤MG63细胞株肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)及其护骨素(OPG)、护骨素配体(OPGL)的表达,探讨甲亢性骨质疏松症的发病机制。方法用不同浓度T3(对照组,10-12、10-10、10-8mol/L组)分别刺激培养的MG63细胞24h,RT-PCR法检测TRAIL,OPG,OPGLmRNA的表达。结果T3对MG63细胞中TRAIL,OPGLmRNA的表达,均按照对照组、10-12mol/L组、10-10mol/L组、10-8mol/L组顺序递增(P<0.05),OPGmRNA的表达按照此顺序递减(P<0.05),10-8mol/L组TRAILmRNA的水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。同时,OPG/OPGL比率按照对照组、10-12mol/L组、10-10mol/L组、10-8mol/L组顺序递减。结论T3可能导致成骨细胞中TRAIL和OPGL表达增多,OPG的表达减少。这可能是甲亢性骨质疏松症的重要发病机制之一。