超声心动图与心导管造影测量动脉导管最小内径的吻合率及临床意义

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)与心导管造影测量动脉导管(PDA)内径的吻合率及临床意义.方法 2008年6月～2009年9月,我单位对63例PDA进行介入封堵治疗.男25例,女38例,年龄5个月～13岁(中位年龄4.5岁),体质量(17.2±5.1)kg.比较经胸超声心动图与心导管造影测量动脉导管最小内径的吻合情况.结果 超声心动图和心导管造影测量动脉导管最窄处内径无明显差异.59例患儿应用国产PDA封堵器封堵成功,3例放置Cook公司弹簧圈,1例由于PDA粗大、呈短管型合并重度肺动脉高压,放弃封堵.封堵术后3～5 d出院,近期随访无不良反应.结论 经胸超声心动图可达到与心导管造影测量动脉导管最窄处内径相当的吻合率,对于术前选择、封堵器械准备,评估病情具有较大的临床价值.     

动脉导管未闭的介入治疗及随访分析

目的总结动脉导管未闭（PDA）介入封堵治疗的临床疗效和随访结果。方法 PDA患者35例,男14例,女21例,年龄3～55岁,体重10～62 kg,肺动脉高压26例,肺动脉平均压33～61 mm Hg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）,19例患者左心室扩大。降主动脉侧位造影显示病理解剖类型为漏斗型29例,管型6例,最窄处直径2～10 mm,均经股静脉途径行封堵术,超声心动图随访。结果所有患者均成功封堵,术后即刻完全封堵33例,2例有少量残余分流,术后24 h彩色多普勒超声检查示分流消失,随访6～96个月,肺动脉压均有下降,左心室内径较前缩小,无严重并发症。结论 PDA介入封堵治疗是安全有效的方法。     

Amplatzer法动脉导管未闭封堵术--超声心动图测量值选择封堵器的可行性

目的探讨直接依据经胸超声心动图(TTE)测量值选择Amplatzer封堵器行动脉导管未闭(PDA)介入治疗的疗效和安全性.方法 30例Amplatzer法治疗的PDA患者进行研究,术前行TTE测量PDA直径、形态及长度,直接依据TTE所测值选择封堵器,术后48 h行TTE复查残余分流情况.结果超声心动图测得30例患者的PDA的最小直径(5.0±1.8)mm,主动脉弓降部造影测量PDA的最小直径(4.9±1.9)mm,两者测量值无显著差异(P＞0.05).造影显示PDA属Krichenko A型19例,C型9例,E型2例.TTE显示PDA属漏斗型20例,管型10例.封堵术后即刻造影显示24例(80%)完全封堵,6例(20%)微量残余分流,48 h TTE显示分流消失.平均肺动脉压由术前的(4.10±2.28)kPa下降至术后(2.42±0.99)kPa(P＜0.01),表明心脏血流动力学改善.技术成功率100%,无并发症发生.结论直接依据TTE测量值选择Amplatzer封堵器行PDA介入治疗是可行的.     

超声心动图在Amplatzer封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭中的应用

目的：探讨超声心动图在Amplatzer封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭（PDA）中的应用。方法：封堵术前超声心动图测量PDA直径、左心腔和肺动脉内径、左室收缩功能指标等,封堵器治疗1周后检测有否残余分流,并复测上述指标。结果：超声心动图检测9例患者的PDA均为管型,PDA直径4－11mm,平均6.8mm,主动脉弓降部88.9%（8例）无残余分流,11.1%（1例）有少量的残余分流;左房、左室及肺动脉内径明显缩小（P＜0.002－0.05）,左室收缩功能明显下降（P＜0.01）,表明心脏血流动力学明显改善。结论：Amplatzer封堵器治疗PDA是一种创伤小、疗效高且安全的介入治疗方法。超声心动图检查对封堵术前PDA大小的判断、封堵术指征的选择、术后残余分流的检测、心脏血流动力学评价以及随访观察等重要的价值。     

超声心动图在自制带阀门血管内支架封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭中的价值

目的 评估超声心动图在自制带阀门血管内支架封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭（PDA）中的应用价值。方法 20例PDA患者，堵闭术前超声心动图测量PDA的内径、左房室大小等，并对PDA进行分型。术中检测封堵器所在的位置、是否牢固夹闭PDA、周围有无分流等。结果 术前超声心动图测量的PDA圆柱管型内径大小与造影结果无明显差别（P〉0．05），且与分型无关（P〉0．05）；20例PDA患者，内径在1．6～10mm，其中有6例内径大于6mm，彩色多普勒（CDFI）均显示封堵器堵闭牢固，无残余分流。结论 超声心动图对自制带阀门血管内支架封堵器治疗PDA有可靠的指导作用，自制带阀门血管内支架封堵器对内径大于6mm的PDA堵闭效果肯定。     

超声诊断及心血管造影在先天性心脏病介入封堵术中的联合应用

目的评价超声诊断及心血管造影在先天性心脏病(CHD)介入治疗中的联合应用价值。方法分析139例经超声心动图(UCG)检查确诊并成功进行介入封堵术的CHD患者,其中室间隔缺损(VSD)65例、动脉导管未闭(PDA)74例。介入术前均行心血管造影检查并测量VSD右室出口和PDA狭窄处最小直径;介入术后重复造影及超声检查评价封堵器位置、形态、有无残余分流等。结果超声检查及心血管造影均能明确诊断先天性心脏病,对其位置部位、形态均能良好显示。上述两种方法测量65例VSD缺损直径分别为(5.46±2.64)mm和(4.26±2.23)mm,测量74例PDA最窄处直径分别为(5.53±1.45)mm和(4.37±1.27)mm,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论超声诊断对VSD及PDA术前病例筛选及术后疗效评评估更具优势,而在VSD和PDA介入封堵术中心血管造影对病变直径测量及封堵器选择更为可靠。     

超声心动图在先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用11例分析

目的：探讨超声心动图在房间隔缺损（ASD）、室间隔缺损（VSD）及动脉导管未闭（PDA）等先天性心脏病封堵术中的应用。方法：6例VSD,4例ASD、1例PDA在经胸超声心动图测量缺损大小后行Amplatzer封堵器封堵。结果：11例患者在经胸超声心动图引导下放置封堵器9例获得成功,无封堵器漂移、栓塞、心律失常、心内膜炎、心包填塞等并发症。结论：经胸超声心动图对先天性心脏病封堵术术中的病例选择、术中监测及术后复查具有重大的意义。     

超声心动图在房间隔、室间隔缺损和动脉导管未闭Amplatzer封堵术中的应用研究

目的探讨超声心动图在Amplatzer封堵器封堵房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)及动脉导管未闭(PDA)中的应用价值.方法应用经胸超声心动图(TTE)或/和经食管超声心动图(TEE)对21例ASD、9例VSD和12例PDA患者行经导管Amplatzer封堵术治疗.结果41例患者Amplatzer封堵术成功,术中及术后均无并发症,1例巨大PDA合并肺动脉高压近期存在少量残余分流.结论超声心动图对于Amplatzer封堵ASD、VSD、PDA术前病例选择、术中指导监测、选择封堵器型号与术后疗效评价及随访均有重要价值.     

胸骨上窝超声切面检查在动脉导管未闭封堵术中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图检测动脉导管未闭(PDA)的最佳途径,研究其对封堵术的临床指导价值.方法采用经胸骨旁大动脉短轴及胸骨上窝切面超声显示PDA,对18例行经皮心导管PDA封堵术患者的术前超声心动图结果进行回顾性分析,并与血管造影比较.结果经胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面及胸骨上窝切面超声对PDA的显示率均为100%,大动脉短轴切面、胸骨上窝切面及血管造影检出漏斗型PDA分别为(2/18)、(8/18)和(8/18),大动脉短轴切面检出率低于胸骨上窝切面(χ2=4.984 6,P=0.025 6);以上切面及血管造影显示PDA最窄处内径分别为(4.63±2.73) mm、(6.49±2.29) mm及(6.87±1.90) mm.结论应用经胸骨上窝切面探测PDA,对其分型及长度、内径测值相对准确,与血管造影结果一致性好,有利于指导临床PDA封堵术.     

经胸超声心动图在指导 PDA 封堵术术前及术中的临床意义

目的：探讨经胸超声心动图在指导动脉导管未闭（PDA）封堵术术前及术中的应用价值。方法选择2013年1月-2013年12月我院收治的经诊断需行 PDA 封堵术的患者106例,随机分为观察组（53例）和对照组（53例）,观察组采用超声心动图指导的 PDA 封堵术进行治疗,对照组采用传统造影方法进行治疗。结果观察组和对照组PDA 内径比较无显著性差异（P ＞0．05）,对照组 X 线暴露时间、对比剂用量和发生并发症例数显著高于观察组（P ＜0．05）;观察组在无残留分流方面显著高于对照组,在有残留分流方面显著低于对照组（P ＜0．05）。结论经胸超声心动图指导 PDA 封堵术术前及术中的效果显著,不仅可以降低 X 线暴露时间、对比剂用量和并发症发生例数,而且还可以减少术后患者残余分流的比例,且安全性较好,值得临床推荐应用。     

Accuracy of noninvasive ejection fraction measurement in a large community-based clinic

OBJECTIVE: Compare the agreement of two dimensional echocardiography (echocardiography) and electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), with left ventricular contrast angiography (angiography) for the evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. DATA SOURCE: American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data Registry(TM) (ACC-NCDR). PARTICIPANTS: Patients from a large, community-based clinic in central Wisconsin. METHODS: Consecutive patients (1999-2002) were identified from the ACC-NCDR dataset who underwent angiography and echocardiography or SPECT within 1 month of each other for evaluation of LVEF. Noninvasive LVEF values were compared to those obtained by angiography using the paired t-test. Regression analysis was used to assess the relation between the compared methods. Bland-Altman analyses were performed to assess the agreement between LVEF values obtained by the noninvasive techniques and angiography. Sensitivity and specificity of detecting depressed LVEF were determined for noninvasive techniques. Regression equations were determined for estimating angiographic values from the echocardiographic or SPECT values. RESULTS: Five hundred thirty-four patients underwent 542 angiographic studies: SPECT in all 534 patients, combined SPECT and echocardiographic studies in 201 patients, and combined angiographic and echocardiographic studies in 202 patients. Correlation of angiographic LVEFs with both echocardiographic and SPECT LVEFs was significant (r = 0.70 and r = 0.69, respectively; p < 0.0001). Echocardiographic LVEFs were lower than those determined by angiography (49% +/- 1.0% versus 54% +/- 1.0%; p < 0.0001). SPECT LVEFs were also lower than angiographic LVEFs (49% +/- 0.6% versus 57% +/- 0.6%; p < 0.0001). For 201 patients who underwent both SPECT and echocardiography, SPECT LVEFs were lower (47% +/- 1.0% for SPECT versus 49% +/- 1.0% for echocardiography; p < 0.05). Bland-Altman analysis revealed widely varying differences between techniques with broad confidence intervals. Nonetheless, sensitivity and specificity for determining LVEFs of <40% for SPECT and echocardiography were 90% and 86%, and 75% and 89%, respectively. LVEF of < or = 35% was correctly assessed by both SPECT and echocardiography. Sensitivity and specificity for SPECT were 82% and 89%, and 81% and 88% for echocardiography. CONCLUSION: At our institution, LVEFs obtained noninvasively by echocardiography or SPECT are lower than angiographic LVEFs with widely fluctuating differences. Regression equations can be used to correct the noninvasive readings. Although lower, noninvasive techniques appear to accurately assess depressed LVEFs (<40% and <35%). The accuracy of noninvasive techniques for the evaluation of LVEF should be considered when managing and determining prognoses of patients with cardiac conditions. Individual institutions should determine the validity of the noninvasive techniques they use to assess LVEF.     

Echocardiographic predictors of failure in patients undergoing coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus.

In this study, we sought to determine whether the risk of failure of coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) could be predicted on the basis of echocardiographic variables. The echocardiographic characteristics of patients in whom PDA coil occlusion failed were compared with those in whom the procedure was successful. A total of 5 variables were evaluated: PDA diameter (PDAd); indexed PDAd; PDA shape; left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; and the presence of flow reversal in the descending aorta. We found that 2 variables related to the size of the duct (PDAd and PDAd/body surface area), and 2 related to the magnitude of the shunt (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and flow reversal) were positively associated with failure (P <.05). PDAd and flow reversal had the greater effect in each group and remained significant when they were put into a logistic regression model to predict failure (P =.004 and.053, respectively). In conclusion, echocardiographic variables can predict risk of failure in patients undergoing PDA coil occlusion.     

Prospective validation of detection and quantitative assessment of chronic aortic regurgitation by a combined echocardiographic and Doppler method

To establish the accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of chronic aortic regurgitation (AR), 87 patients were included in a two-step prospective study. In a first consecutive series of 56 patients, two-dimensional directed M-mode echocardiography and pulsed wave Doppler (PWD) studies were performed within a 24-hour interval of a conventional contrast aortic angiography, which showed AR in 46 patients. Sensitivity and specificity of PWD in the detection of AR were both 100%. To quantitate AR, a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) PWD mapping was scored. Significant differences between 1, 2, and 3 to 4 angiographic grades of AR were obtained. As some overlap existed between groups, a multifactorial analysis of PWD and echocardiographic measurements was performed: optimal discrimination was obtained when a new score combining LVOT mapping by PWD, diastolic left ventricular diameter, and aortic root dimension was considered. A prospective validation of this combined echocardiographic-Doppler method was then applied on a second group of 31 catheterized patients with AR. Correlation obtained (r = 0.86; p less than 0.001) confirmed the accuracy of this new method in the prediction of the severity of AR.     

Echocardiographic guidance for transcatheter coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in the catheterization laboratory.

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of transthoracic echocardiography as a guide to monitor the completeness of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion immediately after coil implantation. In all, 52 patients who underwent Gianturco coil implantation for PDA occlusion were evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography within 15 minutes after the first coil implantation in the catheterization laboratory. According to Doppler echocardiographic findings, these patients were classified into 3 groups: group 1, complete occlusion without residual shunt; group 2, a residual PDA diameter < 1 mm and no continuous waveforms detected; and group 3, a residual PDA diameter >or= 1 mm or continuous waveforms. There were 34 patients in group 1, 10 patients in group 2, and 8 patients in group 3. In a 12-month follow-up the complete occlusion rate was 100%, 90%, and 87.5% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. We conclude that immediate Doppler echocardiography is useful in assessing the status of residual PDA just after coil implantation. Residual shunt < 1 mm and lack of continuous waveform on Doppler scan indicate sufficient ductal closure of PDA.     

The elusive link between coronary lesion morphology and dobutamine stress echocardiography results

Background. Coronary lesion angiographic morphology of the complex type is associated to enhanced susceptibility to ischemia during vasodilator adenosinergic stress testing and attributed to the reduced vasodilatory capacity of the damaged endothelium. Whether coronary lesion morphology can also influence the results of adrenergic pharmacologic stress test remains unknown. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between coronary plaque morphology and dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) results. Methods and results. We analyzed DASE (up to 40 mcg/kg/min plus atropine) and coronary angiography data of 42 patients with single vessel disease and no totally occluded vessel at angiography. 7 patients had angina, 35 had previous infarction. A diagnostic DASE was performed in all patients within 1–10 (mean 4.7 ± 3.4) days before coronary angiography. An angiographic lesion was considered complex when irregular borders and/or intraluminal lucencies, suggestive of ulcer and/or thrombus were present. According to the angiographic lesion morphology (Ambrose classification), 2 groups were identified: Group I, with simple lesion; Group II with complex lesion. The two groups were similar for number of patients (n= 21), age (I=55 ± 11 vs II=53 ± 7 years, p=ns), coronary stenosis severity expressed as% diameter reduction (I=77 ± 14 vs II=78 ± 15%, p=ns), presence of previous infarction (I=17 vs II=18 pts, p=ns). No difference was found in the prevalence of positivity between the two groups (I=72 vs II=62%, p=ns). The two groups achieved a similar peak dobutamine dose (I=32 ± 9 vs II=33 ± 9 mcg/kg/min, p=ns) and peak Wall Motion Score Index (I=1.5 ± 0.26 vs II=1.45 ± 0.28, p=ns). Conclusions. In patients with non occlusive single vessel disease, coronary morphology of complex type is not associated with greater vulnerability to dobutamine induced ischemia.     

主-肺动脉间隔缺损的超声心动图诊断

目的:总结6例先天性主-肺动脉间隔缺损(APSD)超声心动图诊断的经验及教训.方法:2000年10月～2003年6月间经超声心动图诊断主-肺动脉间隔缺损的患儿6例,其中男4例,女2例;平均年龄6.8岁.结果:与术后结果对照,超声心动图确诊3例,漏诊1例,误诊2例.结论:APSD是一种易误诊和漏诊的少见先天性心脏病.提高对本病的认识、仔细的超声检查、结合升主动脉造影和CT等检查有助于确诊.     

Severe hypoxemia associated with liver disease: Mayo Clinic experience and the experimental use of almitrine bismesylate

Severe hypoxemia associated with chronic liver disease is an uncommon disorder most likely due to an intrapulmonary vascular abnormality that has characteristics of both ventilation-perfusion mismatching and diffusion limitation. Anatomically, the intrapulmonary vascular abnormalities can occasionally be detected by angiography. Physiologically, the gas exchange abnormalities can be substantiated by contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiography. Although orthodeoxia and platypnea have frequently been found in these patients, echocardiographic data suggest that vascular abnormalities can exist in the absence of orthodeoxia. We describe 11 patients who had severe hypoxemia and chronic liver disease and review their pulmonary angiographic, contrast echocardiographic, and arterial blood gas findings. Among five of these patients who were given almitrine bismesylate, an experimental medication thought to alter ventilation-perfusion relationships in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, one had improved oxygenation. We recommend that patients with hypoxemia associated with chronic liver disease have detailed studies to rule out reversible forms of hypoxemia and that those with severe hypoxemia undergo testing to determine the existence of intrapulmonary vascular abnormalities, especially if liver transplantation is considered.     

超声对主动脉窦瘤破裂的瘤体形状及合并室间隔缺损频谱特点的研究

目的：探讨超声显像对主动脉窦瘤破裂的瘤体形状与破口大小和数量的关系,以及合并室间隔缺损声像图特点。方法：28例主动脉窦瘤破裂患者,其中12例合并室间隔缺损,将其声像图表现与手术结果进行对比分析室间隔缺损患者,二维超声心动图测量的缺损大小明显低于手术所见,二维超声结合频谱多普勒能准确鉴别有无室缺,结论：超声显像能根据窦瘤形状判断破口大小和数量,通过血流频谱特点。能确定是否合并室间隔缺损。     

Left atrial volume determination by echocardiography

To validate echocardiographic left atrial volume measurements, 25 patients with mitral stenosis were studied before and after mitral balloon valvuloplasty. Seven normals served as controls. The modified Simpson's rule was used for echocardiographic and angiographic left atrial volume determination from two orthogonal planes. Left atrial antero-posterior diameter was measured from parasternal long axis view and supero-inferior and medio-lateral diameters from apical four-chamber view. Transthoracic echocardiographic left atrial volume correlated well, but systematically underestimated angiographic left atrial volume (y=0.4x+27, r=0.92). Monoplane transesophageal echocardiography did not improve correlation, nor the underestimation. Out of the several left atrial diameters, antero-posterior dimension showed the closest correlation with angiographic volume (r=0.91), which persisted after exclusion of patients with atria >400 ml (r=0.84). Futhermore, relative changes of antero-posterior diameter after mitral valvuloplasty were closely related to the relative changes observed in left atrial volume (r=0.82). Our results suggest that, in spite of a consistent underestimation, bidimensional, transthoracic echocardiographic and angiographic left atrial assessment correlate closely. Moreover, it is suggested that the mere antero-posterior diameter from transthoracic two-dimensional image is sufficient in clinical practice for routine follow-op of left atrial volume.     

成人动脉导管未闭的超声心动图特点及声学造影在诊断中的作用

目的：通过分析以重度肺动脉高压为主要表现的成人动脉导管未闭(PDA)的超声心动图特点，探讨超声心动图确诊此类PDA的有效方法。方法：12例伴重度肺动脉高压的PDA患者，分别采用Philips Sonos 5500及GE Vivid7型超声心动图仪进行检查，用维生素B6注射液5ml与碳酸氢钠注射液5ml等比混合进行静脉超声造影，根据降主动脉内有无造影剂出现判定有无PDA。结果：常规超声诊断此类PDA的难度很高和容易漏诊，而注射超声造影剂后所有患者降主动脉内均出现较多造影气泡，提示主动脉与肺动脉间存在交通。结论：以重度肺动脉高压为主要表现的成人PDA的超声心动图特点包括：(1)以右房室大为主要表现，左心大小多在正常范围；(2)肺动脉显著扩张，肺动脉收缩压多在100mmHg以上；(3)用超声造影观察降主动脉的方法有助于迅速确诊PDA。