双侧下颌角突出合并小颏畸形的治疗

目的 提高双侧下颌角突出伴有小颏畸形的手术治疗效果。方法 用口内入路行双侧下颌角连续弧线截骨术，同时行颏部水平骨前徒延长、小夹板坚强内固定、自体下颌角骨质断端间植骨术，不作咬肌部分切除手术。结果 1996－1999年共收治20例，术后下面部宽短畸形明显改善。咬肌虽未行部分切除，但术后随着咬肌附着点的上移、肌张力降低而发生部分萎缩，下颌角部曲线圆滑，形态自然。结论 双侧下颌角突出伴有严重小颏者，只有同时行双侧下颌角有和颏部水平截骨整形，才能达到全面矫治畸形的目的。下颌角连续弧线截骨术截骨设计灵活、向上可达下颌升支后缘、向下可延续至下颌体下缘，截骨量大；一次完成；截央后的下颌角更加圆滑自然；结合颏部截骨整 术，不仅提高了术后的整体效果，而且可利用截除的下颌角骨质充填于颏部水平截骨断端间，可以保证骨质的愈合，一举两得。     

口内入路下颌骨截骨面下部轮廓整形术

目的 探讨经口内入路行下颌角、下颌体、颏区联合截骨的面下部轮廓整形术的疗效.方法 采用口内入路,分别对双侧下颌角、下颌体行长弧形截骨,对颏部行T型截骨颏成形术截骨,并将剩余骨块重新同定,附着肌肉重新缝合.自2007年3月至2009年5月,对23例面下部宽大的求美者行面下部缩窄成形术.结果 所有求美者的术区均愈合良好,无血肿、切口裂开等现象发生.随访了13例求美者3～12个月.面下部明显变窄、缩小,下颌缘曲线流畅平滑,触摸不到切迹,面部整体轮廓满意,无面部神经受损等其他并发症出现.结论 经口内入路行下颌角、下颌体、颏区联合截骨术,是一种矫正宽大下颌及改善面部轮廓较为理想的方法,而且适用范围较广,并能保留颏部的解剖形态和下颌骨生物力学功能.     

颏体部斜行截骨术矫治宽颏畸形

目的:探讨矫正颏部宽大的新手术方法及适应证。方法:对发育性颏部宽大或下颌角截骨整形、颏部水平截骨整形后自觉颏部宽大的25例患者,采用下颌骨颏体部下缘斜行截骨术。手术截除自颏结节至角前切迹连线以下的下颌骨下缘,同时进行此连线间外侧骨皮质的打磨修整,术后通过正侧面面部形态观察,以及影像资料进行效果评价。结果:正面观:颏部和下颌体部中份较术前明显缩窄;侧面观:下颌缘光滑,下颌角、下颌体以及颏前点之间弧线自然美观,X线可见下颌下缘平整,颏结节不明显,无第二下颌角形成或原有第二下颌角消失;未发生颏神经断裂、下颌骨骨折等并发症。术后随访2个月～2年,效果满意。结论:颏体部下缘斜行截骨术可有效地缩窄颏部,同时矫正颏体部交界区域的突起、凹陷畸形,使颏部与下颌骨角体部协调美观、侧面观自下颌角至颏前点之间的曲线连续自然,可单独实施或作为下颌角截骨整形术、颏部水平截骨整形的补充手术,以达到重塑完美面型目的。     

下颌角截骨同时应用自体骨片行颏成形术

目的:提高双侧下颌角肥大伴有小颏畸形的手术治疗效果。方法:口内入路下颌角斜形截骨,颏部水平截骨向前向下移动,骨片植入。配合钛合金钉、板内固定。结果:本组18例,随访3个月至2年,效果满意,骨移植后无明显吸收。结论:对下颌角肥大同时又有颏部畸形的患者,该方法是一种比较好的面部整形方法。     

下颌角截骨移植隆颏术

目的探讨利用自体下颌角截骨块同期移植隆颏的手术方法。方法经口腔入路,利用下颌角肥大截骨术的下颌角骨块,塑形为适合颏部的形状,Ⅰ期移植于颏部,且以钛钉坚强内固定。结果本组35例患者行双侧下颌角截骨+下颌骨外板磨削术+自体下颌角移植隆颏术,术后移植骨愈合良好,颏部形态符合美学标准。结论下颌角截骨Ⅰ期移植隆颏术,操作方法简单,预期效果可靠,移植骨块与颏部解剖结合,无排异反应。     

自体下颌角骨移植隆颏术

目的:介绍自体下颌角骨隆颏术。方法:在下颌角肥大患者截除下颌角后,根据颏部形态要求,将下颌角骨打磨塑形,用钛钉固定于颏部。结果:自2000年来共完成61例自体下颌角骨移植隆颏术,术后随访3月～2年,形态满意60例,不满意1例。结论:下颌角肥大伴有小颏畸形患者行下颌角骨移植隆颏是一举两得的好方法。     

下颌角截骨移植隆颏术

目的 探讨利用自体下颌角截骨块同期移植隆颏的手术方法。方法 经口腔入路，利用下颌角肥大截骨术的下颌角骨块，塑形为适合颏部的形状，Ⅰ期移植于颏部，且以钛钉坚强内固定。结果 本组35例患者行双侧下颌角截骨＋下颌骨外板磨削术＋自体下颌角移植隆颏术，术后移植骨愈合良好，颏部形态符合美学标准。结论 下颌角截骨Ⅰ期移植隆颏术，操作方法简单，预期效果可靠，移植骨块与颏部解剖结合，无排异反应。     

口内小切口入路下颌角肥大整形术的临床研究

目的 探讨口内小切口入路结合电动磨骨器械治疗下颌角肥大的临床疗效.方法 自2010年8月至2012年7月,对32例面下部宽大的求美者行下颌角肥大整形术.于双侧下颌第二前磨牙对应颊龈沟位置向内做约1 cm切口,骨膜下剥离后对双侧下颌角、下颌体行长弧形磨骨.结果 所有求美者的术区均愈合良好,无切口裂开、血肿等现象发生.随访21例求美者4 ～12个月,面下部轮廓明显变窄、缩小,下颌缘曲线平滑规整,下颌角切迹消失,面部形态满意,面部瘢痕不明显,无面神经损伤等并发症发生.结论 经口内小切口入路结合电动磨骨器械治疗下颌角肥大,是一种能够有效改善面部轮廓的微创方法,操作简便,且能保留下颌骨生物力学功能和颏部的解剖形态.     

下颌角肥大矫治术及其常见并发症的处理

目的 探讨下颌角肥大的常见术后并发症发生的原因及防治措施。方法 1996～2001年采用下颌角弧形截骨术治疗下颌角肥大203例，其中19例同时行颧骨截骨降低术，18例行颏成形术，11例行下颌角截除骨质隆颏术，2例行颏下吸脂术，29例行颊脂垫取出术。结果 203例中发生并发症者9例，包括出血及血肿、感染、颏神经损伤、口唇拉伤后增生性瘢痕、双侧不对称及下颌角形态不良。结论 手术治疗下颌角肥大不但要求术前精确设计，手术中还要严格无菌，以免发生髁突骨折等严重并发症。     

高密度多孔聚乙烯假体置入隆颏在面下1／3轮廓成形术中的应用

目的探讨高密度多孔聚乙烯（porous high-density polyethylene,Medpor）假体置入隆颏在面下1／3轮廓成形术中的应用效果。方法149例同时行口内入路Medpor假体置入隆颏及面下1／3轮廓整形,其中行双侧下颌角截骨成形术121例,行双侧下颌角截骨成形术及双侧颧骨截骨降低术28例,并进行术前术后照相对比,观察判断临床效果。结果术后145例（97．3％）颏部外形及面下1／3轮廓改善满意。2例（1．3％）感觉颏部突度改善欠佳,其中1例再次行Medpor假体取出及颏部截骨前移颏成形术。1例（0．7％）感觉颏部假体偏大,行二次手术将假体修小;1例（0．7％）术后6个月因假体偏斜改行颏部截骨颏成形术。20例（13．4％）术后短期感觉下唇麻木,1～3个月后基本消失。随访期间没有发现伤口血肿、感染及假体外露、断裂等并发症。结论Medpor假体组织相容性好,同时经口内入路置入隆颏及下颌角截骨成形术在面下1／3轮廓整形中效果良好。     

口内入路三角块截骨并外板去除和咬肌修薄矫正严重方脸畸形

目的：应用三角块截骨、外板去除和咬肌修薄联合颏部截骨治疗严重方脸畸形.方法：应用口内入路，改良的下颌骨矢状劈开去除外板、摆动锯去除下颌角和咬肌修薄矫正下颌角咬肌肥大，颏部截骨前下移动，取下的下颌骨块充填固定矫正颏部短小.结果：应用该方法治疗严重方脸畸形7例，效果良好，脸型改善明显.结论：三角块截骨、外板去除和咬肌修薄联合颏部整形对矫正严重方脸畸形具有良好的效果。     

发育性偏颌畸形的整形外科矫治

目的探讨发育性偏颌畸形的外科矫治方法。方法通过对21例发育性偏颌畸形患者的畸形部位与程度，分别采用LefortⅠ型截骨、下颌升支矢状劈开、颏部水平截骨、下颌骨外板截除、下颌骨外板移植等项整形手术治疗，并就该类患者颌面结构特征、手术方式的选择及疗效进行了回顾性分析。结果自1997年7月至2003年10月共治疗发育性下颌偏斜畸形21例，根据不同的类型采用相应的手术方法，获得了满意面部形态和殆功能。结论发育性偏颌畸形，根据不同类型运用相应的措施，通过恢复面部骨性轮廓支架和殆关系，配合术前术后的正畸治疗，可获得满意的临床效果。     

颏成形术发展及现况

颏部是维持面部平衡和协调的重要元素,大小和空间位置的变化可导致各种畸形。颏成形术是最早开展的颅颌面轮廓整形之一,主要包括假体植入隆颏术、自体骨植入隆颏术和颏截骨成形术。近年来,计算机辅助外科、机器人外科及3D打印技术开始应用于颏成形术中。本文对颏成形术的发展及现况进行综述。     

口内入路下颌角弧线形截骨术

目的:探索更好的下颌角肥大截骨缩小术式。方法:为获得更好的术后效果,我们采用口内入路下颌角弧形截骨术,将弧形截骨线延长到颏神经处,并对颏结节进行打磨,使截骨线延续流畅,伴小颏者同时行隆颏或颏截骨前移。结果:自2002年以来,我科采用口内入路下颌角长弧线形截骨术矫正320例下颌角肥大患者,均取得了良好的效果。结论:口内入路延长弧形截骨术缩小下颌角可以获得更好术后效果。     

Osseous genioplasty: A case series

Introduction:

The chin (mentum) is vital to the human facial morphology as it contributes to the facial aesthetics and harmony both on frontal and lateral views. Osseous genioplasty, the alteration of the chin through skeletal modification, can lead to significant enhancement of the overall facial profile.

Aim and Study Design:

A case series was designed to study the long-term results of osseous genioplasty in Indian patients with regard to patient satisfaction, complications, and long-term stability.

Materials and Methods:

All subjects who underwent osseous genioplasty either alone or as a component of orthognathic surgery between January 1992 and December 2010, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years, were included. The genioplasty was performed using standard protocols of assessment and execution. Post-operative evaluation included patient satisfaction, complications and radiological evidence of long-term stability. A comprehensive score was formulated for the purpose of the study.

Results:

Thirty-seven subjects underwent osseous genioplasty with at least 2 years of follow-up in the study period. This included 17 male and 20 female subjects, with a mean age of 22.8 years (15-52 years) and a mean follow-up of 3 years 4 months (2 years to 4 years and 11 months). Nineteen subjects underwent isolated genioplasty while 18 underwent genioplasty as a part of orthognathic surgery. The procedures included advancement (22), pushback (9), side-to-side (4) and vertical reduction (2) genioplasty. Thirty-six subjects (97.3%) were extremely pleased with the results with only one subject expressing reservations, without, however, demanding any further procedure. There were no significant complications. The osteotomised segment was well maintained in its new position with good bony union and minimal resorption. Overall, 35 (94.6%) cases had excellent results and 2 (4.4%) cases had good results, according to the comprehensive score.

Conclusions:

Osseous genioplasty is a safe and effective means of creating a beautiful and balanced facial profile by producing alterations in the chin morphology with minimal complications and excellent and stable long-term results.KEY WORDS: Chin deformity, mentoplasty, osseous genioplasty     

Chin projection creation in patients with facial and cervical burn scar contracture

Background

Loss of cervicomental angle is characteristic of severe facial and cervical burned patients due to scar contracture. This micrognathia-like deformity is also seen in patients following chin and neck reconstruction using skin expanded flaps. The aim of modern plastic surgery is to restore a harmonious and symmetrical facial appearance for burn survivors.

Methods

Six facial and cervical burned patients with micrognathia-like deformity after neck reconstructions were reported. Chin augmentation with Medpor implant through submental approach was performed in 4 patients and intraoral access in 2 cases to restore their favorable chin projections. Five of them received cervicomental contour reconstruction simultaneously.

Results

Patient follow-up ranged from 12 to 18 months. No implants became exposed nor infected. All patients had satisfactory results. We reviewed our experience with the use of the Medpor implant in burn chin reconstruction including preoperative and postoperative radiograph analysis.

Conclusions

With proper patient selection, pre-operative planning, and taking care of details during operation, augmentation genioplasty with Medpor implant offers a reliable, simple and satisfactory solution for improving micrognathia-like facial configurations in patients with scar contracture following severe burns.     

Osseous genioplasty in facial aesthetic surgery--a personal perspective reviewing 54 patients.

The chin is an important and often neglected feature of facial balance. Genioplasty is a useful procedure in aesthetic surgery and often can be combined with other procedures to obtain an optimal aesthetic outcome. A retrospective case note review of the senior author's (BMJ) experience of aesthetic genioplasty over an 11-year period was undertaken. Cases with non-aesthetic indications for genioplasty were excluded and overall 64 patients were included in this study. Our technique of intraoral osseous genioplasty is described and discussed. A total of 54 patients underwent osseous genioplasty, eight underwent alloplastic genioplasty and two underwent removal of a chin prosthesis only. Most of the patients who had an osseous genioplasty had a sliding advancement correction. Four of these patients required secondary surgery, five had additional minor complications and there were seven cases of transient numbness. Nine patients had a genioplasty alone, 26 had one additional procedure and 19 had more than one, with an average of 2.9 additional procedures. Twenty-four patients had a simultaneous rhinoplasty and 18 had a facelift. Osseous genioplasty is our preferred technique for its versatility and long-term stability compared to alloplastic methods. If performed correctly it provides excellent results with a high degree of patient satisfaction and few long-term complications.     

计算机辅助模拟偏突颌患者颏部不对称与成形术的相关性研究

目的 应用计算机辅助外科模拟软件重建偏突颌畸患者的三维头颅模型,研究颏部不对称程度与矢状劈开截骨是否同期行水平向颏成形术之间的联系,得出水平向行颏成形术参考指标.方法 对40例偏突颌畸形患者行回顾性研究.A组20例行单颌矢状劈开截骨同期行水平向颏成形术;B组20例单纯行单颌矢状劈开截骨,根据患者术前的扫描数据,重建三维头颅模型,并确立下颌牙合平面：①测量双侧下颌第一磨牙颊沟相对上颌第一磨牙近中颊尖距并且计算其差值绝对值X.②将双侧颏结节、双侧下颌角点在下颌牙合平面进行投影,两侧颏结节投影点连线为L1,左侧颏结节投影点与左侧下颌角点投影点连线L2,右侧颏结节投影点与右侧下颌角点投影点连线L3,L1与L2成角度为∠α,L1与L3成角为∠β,计算∠α与∠β差值绝对值Y.将数据导入SPSS13.0软件,分析X、Y两者之间的关系;将Y与偏突颌患者单颌矢状劈开截骨是否同期行水平向颏成形手术关联性,进行统计学分析.结果 X与Y存在线性正相关,直线回归方程为：Y= 1.15＋0.88X;Y〉（5.39±0.68）°时,偏突颌患者行SSRO术须同期行水平向颏成形手术.结论 偏突颌患者颏结节于下颌牙合平面投影点连线,分别与左右两侧颏结节投影点和下颌角点投影点连线所成夹角的差值绝对值〉（5.39±0.68）°时,行矢状劈开截骨术时须同期行水平向颏成形术.     

The osseous genioplasty

Despite its existence for nearly half a century and its versatility in solving a complex range of chin deformities, osseous genioplasty through an intraoral approach remains a rusty tool in many surgeons' armamentarium. The osseous genioplasty is not solely within the domain of the maxillofacial or craniofacial surgeon; it is well within the reach of any surgeon whose practice involves facial aesthetics. The surgeon who masters this relatively simple procedure can solve a broad range of chin deformities that an implant cannot solve: a chin that is too long, too short, or asymmetric.     

The contribution of genioplasty in esthetic surgery of the face

The chin position in overall facial aesthetics is well known and it has an important influence on personality and relations with others. For most plastic surgeons, genioplasty is limited to chin advancement with alloplastic implants. Sliding horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular symphysis is not well known: the technique is simple, fast and safe. Indications are multiple (augmentation, reduction, straightening, lengthening). Improvement is both aesthetic and functional (labial gap). In deficiencies of the submental region, genioplasty may be compared to muscular transposition. Several cases of aesthetic and orthognathic surgery are presented to emphasize the value of the procedure.