恶性胆道梗阻的内镜治疗

恶性胆道梗阻病死率很高，由于肝胆胰区的解剖特点和肿瘤的生物学特性，手术根治性切除率低。解除胆道梗阻、通畅胆道引流、减轻黄疸是姑息性治疗恶性胆道梗阻的关键。内镜治疗胆道疾病的成功率较以往大大提高。针对不同疾病导致的恶性胆道梗阻，可以选择鼻胆管引流术、内镜胆管内支撑术及联合引流等多种内镜治疗方式以及在内镜技术的基础上进行综合治疗以延长恶性胆道梗阻患者的生存期，提高生活质量。     

经内镜胆管内支架置入术对良恶性胆管梗阻的临床应用

目的探讨经内镜胆管内支架置入术对各种良恶性胆管梗阻的治疗效果。方法95例良恶性胆管梗阻病人先行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查,确定胆管梗阻病变部位和性质后,再决定使用内镜下塑料胆道支架引流（ERBD）和内镜下金属胆道支架引流（EMBE）。结果95例患者中92例插管成功,成功率96.84%（92/95）。针对良性胆管梗阻行ERBD 28例,主要见于胆总管结石;针对恶性胆管梗阻行ERBD 44例,行EMBE 20例,主要见于胰头癌、胆管癌、壶腹癌、原发性肝癌及肝门、肝内转移压迫胆管,所有病例均在引流后总胆红素及直接胆红素明显下降。结论：经内镜下胆管内支架引流术的应用愈来愈广泛,其操作安全而有效,特别是对各种良恶性病变引起的胆管梗阻起了关键性的治疗作用。     

内镜治疗恶性胆道梗阻的应用现状

恶性胆道梗阻是由胆道或其他转移性恶性肿瘤所致的胆道梗阻性疾病,主要以梗阻性黄疸、胆管扩张、肝损伤为其临床表现,后期患者肝功能恶化,容易合并急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎及肾衰竭等病症,大部分患者就医时已为晚期,失去手术机会。经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)内镜下放置鼻胆管引流、支架以及胆道腔内射频消融、内镜下光动力治疗等作为姑息性微创治疗手段,已在临床上广泛开展,而且与经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD)相比,ERCP具有患者痛苦少、操作相对简单等优点。本文整理相关文献,综述经ERCP内镜下解除恶性胆道梗阻的主要方法及其研究现状。     

内镜下胆管引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）加鼻胆管引流（ENBD）、塑料支架置入引流（ERBD）或金属支架置入引流（EMBE）治疗恶性胆道梗阻的疗效比较。方法 136例恶性胆道梗阻患者,分为：ENBD组、ERBD组和EMBE组,观察各组疗效、支架通畅时间及生存时间。结果 三组总体置管成功率95.4%;治疗1周内肝功能及临床症状较术前明显好转,引流总体有效率为91.0%;并发症发生率为5.4%。ERBD组平均通畅时间（88.0±21.9）d,EMBE组平均通畅时间（200.6±46.6）d,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.0 1）;ERBD组平均生存时间（215.4±111.3）d,EMBE组平均生存时间（271.8±100.8）d,两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 经ERCP对恶性胆道梗阻患者给予鼻胆管引流及支架置入是一种安全有效的姑息性治疗方法。     

内镜下胆道金属支架置入联合鼻胆管引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨经内镜胆道金属支架置入术(EBMSD)联合鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效。方法回顾2009年1月至2010年3月采用内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)并留置胆道金属支架,同时联合ENBD治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者共17例,并对疗效、鼻胆管引流情况及术后并发症进行分析。结果 17例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,行ERCP操作22例次,一次置管成功21例次,操作成功率95.45%。术后1周黄疸明显消退,肝功能改善,生活质量提高。术后2例患者鼻胆管引出血性胆汁、6例患者胆汁引流不畅,通过对症处理恢复正常。17例患者中仅2例术后发生高淀粉酶血症,无出血、穿孔、急性胰腺炎、胆管炎发生。结论胆道金属支架置入联合鼻胆管引流具有创伤小、并发症少、疗效确切、重复性强、方便观察、术后恢复快的特点,成为目前治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的重要姑息性治疗手段。     

内镜下胆道支架置入术在高位胆管恶性梗阻中的临床总结

目的探讨经内镜放置胆道支架治疗高位胆管恶性梗阻的疗效及影响因素。方法回顾性分析2008年8月～2014年4月168例高位胆管恶性梗阻行内镜胆道支架置入术的成功率、有效引流率、并发症发生率与30天死亡率、支架通畅时间及生存时间。结果 168例患者中148例成功通过ERCP置入塑料或金属支架,其中13例联合PTCD途径反向导丝与ERCP对接的会师技术置入,成功率88.1%;另外20例行两种处理方法仍未能成功,改行PTCD外引流;有效引流率为91.9%,早期并发症发生率为23.0%,总的支架有效时间59天,总的中位生存时间248天。结论高位胆管恶性梗阻的内镜治疗应根据个体化原则选择不同的治疗方案;内镜治疗过程中进行有效的操作,减少并发症,是临床内镜医生应重视的问题。     

鼻胆管引流对于ERCP术后并发症的防治

目的探讨内镜下鼻胆管引流术预防和治疗ERCP术后胰腺炎、胆道感染、穿孔等并发症的效果。方法回顾分析2003年5月至2005年5月间868例ERCP患者的临床资料,其中657例于内镜治疗后行置鼻胆管引流,211例患者未行鼻胆管引流。在行鼻胆管引流的患者中,胆道结石为354例,胆道恶性梗阻为128例,胆总管扩张为56例,胆总管囊肿为17例,缩窄性乳头炎为34例,ERCP未见明显异常68例;未行鼻胆管或内支架引流的患者中,胆总管结石116例,胆总管扩张51例,胆总管囊肿3例,缩窄性乳头炎11例,ERCP未见明显异常30例。结果两组术后急性胰腺炎发生率分别为1.4%和3.8%(P>0.05),但引流组均为轻症胰腺炎,而非引流组50%为重症胰腺炎。急性胆管炎的发生率分别为0.5%和2%(P<0.05),而且非引流组中40%出现AOSC,需手术治疗。胰管显影率分别为13%和14%(P>0.05);穿孔各2例(0.3%vs0.9%),其中未行鼻胆管引流组中1例经手术后痊愈,其余均经非手术治疗痊愈。结论内镜下鼻胆管引流能有效预防和治疗部分ERCP并发症。     

内镜下胆道支架置入术在高位胆管恶性梗阻中的临床总结

［摘要］ 目的 探讨经内镜放置胆道支架治疗高位胆管恶性梗阻的疗效及影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2008年8月～2014年4月168例高位胆管恶性梗阻行内镜胆道支架置入术的成功率、有效引流率、并发症发生率与30天死亡率、支架通畅时间及生存时间。结果 168例患者中148例成功通过ERCP置入塑料或金属支架,其中13例联合PTCD途径反向导丝与ERCP对接的会师技术置入,成功率88.1%;另外20例行两种处理方法仍未能成功,改行PTCD外引流;有效引流率为91.9%,早期并发症发生率为23.0%,总的支架有效时间59天,总的中位生存时间248天。结论 高位胆管恶性梗阻的内镜治疗应根据个体化原则选择不同的治疗方案;内镜治疗过程中进行有效的操作,减少并发症,是临床内镜医生应重视的问题。     

经内镜胆管内支架置入术对恶性胆管梗阻的临床应用

目的 探讨经内镜胆管内支架置入术对各种恶性胆管梗阻的治疗效果.方法 66例恶性胆管梗阻病人先行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查,确定胆管梗阻病变部位和性质后,再决定使用内镜下塑料胆道支架引流(ERBD)和内镜下金属胆道支架引流(EMBE).结果 66例患者中64例插管成功,成功率96.97%(64/66).行ERBD 44例,行EMBE 20例,主要见于胰头癌、胆管癌、壶腹癌、原发性肝癌及肝门及肝内转移压迫胆管,所有病例均在引流后总胆红素及直接胆红素明显下降.结论 经内镜下胆管内支架引流术的应用愈来愈广泛,其操作安全而有效,特别是对各种恶性病变引起的胆管梗阻起了关键性的治疗作用.     

恶性胆道梗阻的内镜诊治

目的:探讨内镜技术在恶性胆道梗阻诊断和姑息性治疗中的应用。方法:1998年1月至2001年12月对261例恶性胆道梗阻病人采用了内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)进行了295例次内镜诊治。结果:造影成功率为97.63%(288/295),置管成功率为89.15%(263/295)。胆道塑料支架(ERBD)组56例中46例发生支架堵塞或移位,支架平均引流时间为(78.4±46.8)d;胆道金属支架(EMBE)组49例中发生支架堵塞14例,支架平均引流时间为(185.4±68.6)d。两组术前和术后血清总胆红素水平均无显著差别。未发生与内镜操作有关的严重并发症与死亡。结论:内镜技术不但能直接使胆管系统清晰显像,同时可作置管引流,改善肝功能,为手术创造条件,或置入永久性胆道支架。用于治疗晚期、病灶不能切除的恶性胆道梗阻病人,不失为一种安全、微创、有效的姑息性治疗手段。     

经内镜胆管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸的临床意义 (附95例报告)

[摘要] 目的:评价内镜治疗梗阻性黄疸患者的临床意义。方法:回顾2003年10月-2008年11月95例胆道梗阻施行十二指肠镜下各种胆道引流术的临床资料。结果:91例引流成功,成功率95．8％(91／95),胆道梗阻症状得到缓解(腹痛缓解、黄疸减退、体温下降),ENBD、ERBD、EMBE疗效满意率分别为93．5％ (58／62)、 93．5％ (29／31) 和100％ (2／2),恶性胆道阻梗者带瘤生存平均10．2月（3－20）,生活质量提高。结论:经内镜引流治疗胆道阻梗,具有创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快、住院时间短及疗效确切等优点,是胆道梗阻的有效治疗方法,它既是胆道良性病变的有效治疗措施,又可延长恶性胆道阻梗者带瘤生存时间并提高生活质量。     

肝门部胆管癌根治术前经内镜鼻胆管引流和经皮经肝胆管造影引流术的临床效果观察

目的对比经内镜鼻胆管引流术(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)和经皮经肝胆管造影引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage,PTCD)作为术前减黄对肝门部胆管癌根治术的不同效果。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年8月,首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院普通外科中心20例行ENBD并完成肝门部胆管癌根治术病人的临床资料,与同期31例行PTCD并完成肝门部胆管根治术病人的临床资料进行比较。比较两组以下指标的差异:病人减黄时间,减黄前及术前、术后肝功能指标(血总胆红素、血直接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、白蛋白水平),术中情况(手术时间、出血量、输血量),术后并发症。结果 ENBD组与PTCD组均能够显著降低胆红素水平(P0.05);PTCD组除了能够降低胆红素水平外,肝功能酶学水平也显著降低(P0.05);ENBD组肝功能酶学减黄前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术中两组手术时间、术中出血量及术后血总胆红素、血直接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、术后住院时间、住院总费用比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);PTCD组与ENBD组围手术期并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(74.2%比60.0%,P0.05),其中PTCD组术后胆管炎发生率更高(48.4%比20.0%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。结论 ENBD和PTCD均能够有效降低术前胆红素水平,PTCD引流更充分,减黄时间更短,肝功能恢复效果更好,ENBD术后胆管炎并发症更低;肝门部胆管癌术前应结合病人的具体情况选择合适引流方式,从而增加手术安全性,减少术后并发症发生率。     

Clinical outcome of simultaneous self-expandable metal stents for palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction

Background: Previous studies have shown that self-expanding metal stents are an effective method for palliation of malignant biliary or duodenal obstruction. We present our experience with the use of simultaneous self-expandable metal stents for palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all patients undergoing simultaneous biliary and duodenal self-expandable metal stent placement between November 98 and May 2001. All the patients had documented evidence of biliary obstruction and symptomatic duodenal obstruction. The patients received endoscopic biliary stenting with biliary Ultraflex or Wallstents, and endoscopic duodenal stenting using enteral Wallstents. They were followed until their death. Results: We identified 18 patients (11 men and 7 women) whose mean age was 65 years, (range, 46–85 years). Malignancies included pancreatic 14 (78%), biliary 2 (11%), lymphoma 1 (5%), and metastatic 1 (5%) disorders. Ten patients previously had plastic biliary stents placed for past malignant biliary obstruction (4 patients had recurrent biliary obstruction). All the patients had evidence of duodenal obstruction. Combined metal stenting was successful in 17 patients. One procedure failed due to a tortuous duodenal stricture. All the patients had effective palliation of biliary obstruction, as evidenced by a decrease in the level of total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Of the 17 patients with successful duodenal stenting, 16 had a good clinical outcome, with relief of obstructive symptoms. No immediate stent-related complications were noted. During the follow-up period, 12 patients died of progression of the underlying malignancy. None of the deaths were stent related. Median survival time was 78 days. Two patients had recurrent biliary obstruction from tumor ingrowth at 45 and 68 days, respectively. Both underwent restenting: one by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and the other by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Two other patients had recurrent duodenal obstruction, respectively, 36 and 45 days after the initial stenting. One obstruction was secondary to tumor ingrowth, and the other was caused by distal stent migration. Both patients had successful duodenal restenting. Conclusion: Combined self-expandable metal stenting for simultaneous palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction may provide a safe and less invasive alternative to surgical palliation with an acceptable clinical outcome. Simultaneous self-expandable metal stents should be considered as a treatment option for patients who are poor candidates for surgery.     

经皮肝穿胆道内外引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的 评价经皮肝穿胆道内外引流术（PTBIED）治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。方法 对43例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者，进行了PTBIED治疗，其中肝门部转移癌14例，胆囊癌8例，胆管癌8例，胰头癌13例。结果 PTBIED成功率为90%，40例血清总胆红素降至正常，3例下降不满意，术后1个月内死亡4例，6个月内死亡20例，生存超过12个月13例。并发症为胆道活动性出血8例（18.6%)，败血症10例（23.3%)，胆道逆行感染6例（14.0%)。胆汁性腹膜炎1例（2.3%)。结论 PTBIED是姑息性治疗手术不能切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸有效的和安全的方法。     

Self-expandable metallic stents for malignant biliary obstruction with an anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction

Background Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ) is associated with pancreaticobiliary cancer. Limited data are available on endoscopic biliary drainage for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction with APBJ. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of self-expandable metallic stents (EMSs) for the management of malignant biliary obstruction with APBJ. Methods Between 1993 and 2005, 324 patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction underwent insertion of an EMS. Six of these patients with concomitant APBJ constituted the subjects of this study. Early (≤30 days after EMS insertion) and late (>30 days after EMS insertion) stent-related complications and stent patency were evaluated in these six patients. Results The cause of biliary obstruction was gallbladder cancer in four patients and pancreatic cancer in two patients. Uncovered EMSs were inserted across the common channel without performance of a biliary sphincterotomy. The diameter of the uncovered EMS used was based on the diameter of the common channel. For all six patients, endoscopic biliary drainage was successful, and their jaundice subsided steadily. None of the six patients experienced early complications, including acute pancreatitis. The mean stent-related complication-free period was 163 days. Stent occlusion caused by tumor ingrowth occurred in two patients. Acute cholangitis and cholecystitis were observed in one patient each. Conclusions Uncovered EMSs are effective for palliation of unresectable malignant biliary obstruction in patients who have APBJ without increasing the risk of stent-related early complications.     

Common bile duct strictures associated with chronic pancreatitis

Common bile duct (CBD) strictures associated with chronic pancreatitis may cause significant hepatobiliary disease. Nine patients with chronic alcohol-related pancreatitis and CBD obstruction requiring operative biliary or pancreatobiliary decompression are reported. Alkaline phosphatase was the most specific biochemical indicator of cholestasis. Abnormal CBD anatomy was delinated accurately in 89 per cent of cases with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). All strictures were localized to the intrapancreatic portion of the distal CBD. Pancreatic pseudocysts (PPC) were identified in six (67%) cases. All nine patients underwent biliary decompression. Simultaneous PPC drainage or pancreatic duct decompression (Peustow procedure) was performed in eight cases (89%). No perioperative mortality occurred, and all patients reported subjective improvement in symptoms. Biliary tract strictures sufficient to cause clinical or biochemical cholestasis are a poorly recognized complication of chronic pancreatitis. Cholangiography (PTC or ERCP) should be obtained in order to delineate radiographic features, and extent and severity of the biliary stricture because there is no predictable correlation between levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and liver histopathology. A percutaneous biopsy is requisite to document changes in hepatic morphology. In order to prevent potential hepatobiliary complications such as cholangitis and secondary biliary cirrhosis, biliary strictures should be managed surgically even in anicteric and otherwise asymptomatic patients. Simultaneous treatment of associated pancreatic pathology can be performed if necessary with little added morbidity.     

非金属胆道支架内引流治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎35例临床分析

【摘要】〓目的〓评价非金属胆道支架内引流治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的疗效。方法〓回顾性分析经非金属胆道支架内引流治疗的35例AOSC 患者的临床资料,其胆管梗阻原因为单纯肝外胆管结石30例,恶性肿瘤导致梗阻4例,胆道术后良性狭窄1例,在综合治疗基础上,通过十二指肠镜行非金属胆道支架内引流进行胆道减压。结果〓35例均成功放置胆道支架,术后无急性胰腺炎、胆道穿孔、十二指肠穿孔、出血等重大并发症发生,行非金属胆道支架置入引流后5天,血白细胞总数、血清总红素、直接胆红素、酶学指标均显著下降。结论〓非金属胆道支架内引流作为一种AOSC治疗手段,具有创伤轻、住院时间缩短、患者痛苦减少、符合现代医学治疗微创发展方向的优势,是一种安全有效的胆道引流方法。     

经内镜内外引流治疗不同部位胆道梗阻方法探讨(附104例报告)

目的探讨内镜诊治不同病变、不同部位胆道梗阻的价值. 方法回顾分析1998年10月～2002年11月104例胆道梗阻施行十二指肠镜下各种胆道引流术的临床资料. 结果 97例引流成功,成功率93.3%(97/104),胆道梗阻症状得到缓解(腹痛缓解、黄疽减退、体温下降),ENBD、ERBD疗效满意率分别为93.0%(66/71)和93.3%(28/30). 结论经内镜引流治疗胆道梗阻,具有创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快、住院时间短及疗效确切等优点,注意引流部位和方法的选择,可进一步提高经内镜胆道引流术的成功率.     

Carcinoma of the ampulla of vater

Summary Endoscopically placed biliary endoprostheses were used to treat obstructive jaundice in 71 patients with ampullary carcinoma. Successful placement of an endoprosthesis was achieved in 68 patients (95.8%). Bilirubin declined in 67 patients (98.5%). There was no procedure-related mortality. Twenty-two patients (31%) received further surgical therapy, and 47 received an endoprosthesis as their only therapeutic intervention. In the latter group, bilirubin normalized in 44 of 46 patients surviving longer than 30 days (95.7%). Mean survival was 466 days (median 410, range 23-1515), which compares favorably with surgical palliation. Complications mainly involved clogging of the endoprosthesis, which was easily treated endoscopically and, more significantly, duodenal stenoses secondary to continued tumor growth in almost 25% of the patients. Although endoscopic drainage is a safe and effective method of relieving biliary obstruction in patients with ampullary carcinoma, we feel it should be reserved for poor surgical candidates and for those patients with a limited life expectancy due to metastatic disease.