组按联合LAK／IL—2疗法治疗转移性黑色素瘤

目的：研究组胺对C57BL／6小鼠脾源性LAK细胞体内杀伤活性的调控作用及可能的机理。方法：以B16恶性黑色素瘤肺转移的C57BL／6小鼠作为治疗对象,比较LAK／IL－2／组胺疗法与LAK／IL－2疗法导致的近期疗效和远期疗效之间的差异。结果：组胺可明显增强LAK／IL－2疗法的体内抗肿瘤转移活性,产生明显的肿瘤消退,近期疗效优于LAK／IL－2疗法;组胺与单纯LAK／IL－2治疗相比,LAK／IL－2／组胺疗法显著提高了荷B16恶性黑色素瘤小鼠的生存时间和生存率,具有较好的远期疗效。组胺的这一协同效应可被H2受体拮抗剂雷尼替丁完全阻断,H2受体激动剂dimaprit则可模拟这一效应。结论：用组胺和LAK／IL－2联合应用在C57BL／6小鼠体内具有较强的协同效应,对B16恶性黑色素瘤细胞的杀伤效果明显优于传统的LAK／IL－2疗法;组胺的这一效应是通过体内单核巨噬细胞上的组胺H2受体介导的。     

顺铂预处理化疗通过免疫调节增强CIK细胞对B16恶性黑色素瘤的抑制作用

目的 观察顺铂( Cisplatin,DDP)预处理化疗联合CIK细胞对B16恶性黑色素瘤的抑制作用,探讨DDP预处理化疗增强细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(cytokine - induced killer cells,CIK cells)抑瘤作用的潜在机制.方法 建立C57BL/6小鼠B16黑色素瘤模型,测量肿瘤体积,绘制...     

过继性免疫化疗对小鼠和人非小细胞肺癌的治疗效应

本文先给细胞毒化学药物,按序给LAK细胞与细胞因子,组成过继性免疫化疗方案。在C57BL/6J鼠体内显示,ADM与LAK有序联合应用对Lewis肺癌株在该鼠肺内瘤结节形成抑制率高达87％,明显高于单用LAK/IL-2的39％(P<0.05)或ADM的26％(P<0.01)。48例非小细胞肺癌治疗结果显示,单用MVP或CAP方案有效率为30％;单用LAK/IL-2有效率为33％,主要表现为对转移灶的治疗作用。而先给CAP或MVP化疗药,按序给LAK/IL-2有效率达69％(P<0.05),并有8％病例肿块消失完全缓解,且未增加副作用。两种方法有序结合,可能增加了对癌细胞亚群的杀伤强度与杀伤谱,因此过继性免疫化疗可作为治疗肺癌的新方案。     

其它（080463～080490）

重组人内皮抑素腺病毒注射液Ⅰ期临床耐受性试验;盐酸托烷司琼防治化疗药物所致消化道反应的多中心Ⅱ期临床试验；钙镁预防奥沙利铂急性神经毒性的临床研究；组胺对C57BL／6小鼠B16黑色素瘤转移行为的影响；西门子加速器X线束的启动性。     

静脉注射特异性激活的巨噬细胞抑制癌的肺部转移

对 B-16黑色素瘤在体内致敏的异种淋巴细胞和 B-16肿瘤细胞一起在体外培养,将其上清与带有 B-16肿瘤的 G57BL/6小鼠的巨噬细胞在体外培养,经培养的巨噬细胞静脉注入接种过 B-16肿瘤的G57BL/6小鼠,抑制了肿瘤在肺部的转移。用2毫升 thioglycollate 腹腔注入进行性生长的 B-16黑色素瘤小鼠,4～5天     

苦参碱衍生物M19对于肿瘤细胞转移的抑制作用

目的:探讨苦参碱衍生物M19对于肝细胞癌和黑色素瘤细胞转移的抑制作用。方法:肝癌细胞Hep3B、MHCC-LM3和黑色素瘤细胞B16F10经M19处理后,检测肿瘤细胞体外迁移能力。建立C57BL/6小鼠黑色素瘤B16F10和裸鼠肝细胞癌MHCC-LM3转移模型,经M19体内给药后,观察肿瘤细胞肝、肺转移情况。结果:M19能浓度依赖性地抑制肝癌细胞和黑色素瘤细胞迁移。M19体内给药使B16F10细胞在小鼠肺的转移减少,且还能抑制MHCC-LM3细胞在裸鼠肺和肝的转移。结论:M19能在体内外抑制肝细胞癌和黑色素瘤细胞的转移。     

组胺对C57BL/6小鼠B16黑色素瘤转移行为的影响

背景与目的:肿瘤生物治疗中微血管壁通透性是大分子抗体偶联药物进入瘤体的主要屏障.组胺可通过增加微血管壁通透性和组织液的生成促进抗体偶联物在肿瘤局部的富集.本研究观察组胺所致微血管壁通透性的增加和组织液的生成增多是否会增加肿瘤血行及/或淋巴的转移.方法:采用瘤细胞悬液接种法将小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16注入小鼠左上肢腋部皮下,建立C57BL/6小鼠荷瘤模型.实验组接种第6天起,背部皮下注射300 mg/kg组胺,隔日一次,共5次,对照组注射等体积生理盐水.组织化学方法检测肿瘤细胞在各脏器的转移情况.分别用Student t-test和四格表资料确切概率法分析组胺对肿瘤细胞增殖和转移的作用.结果:接种成瘤率100%.300 mg/kg组胺隔日一次皮下注射能明显抑制肿瘤的生长,实验组与对照组瘤重分别为(5.26 1.55)g和(6.96±1.31)g,二者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).实验组与对照组淋巴结转移率分别为33.3%和75.0%,血行转移率分别为25.0%和75.0%,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:组胺能够抑制C57BL/6小鼠B16黑色素瘤的血行和淋巴转移,该抑制作用部分与其抑制瘤细胞的增殖有关.     

C57BL/6小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞脾转移机制

 目的　研究C57BL／6小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞脾转移与血行转移的相关性。方法　细胞悬液接种法制备C57BL／6小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞的荷瘤模型，HE染色法观察各组织器官中转移瘤细胞的有无及其生长状态，伊文思蓝尾静脉注射法观察蓝染部位与肿瘤转移阳性部位间的相关性。结果　接种成瘤率100 ％。12只小鼠中有9只出现脾转移，均同时伴有不同程度的局部淋巴结转移， 其中3只尚伴有肺转移。脾转移较肺转移出现早、概率高。大体观脾转移阳性部位位于脾背侧段约全长1／4区域。镜下观脾内转移瘤细胞呈散在分布，生长受抑并向成熟分化。伊文思蓝蓝染部位位于脾背侧段约全长1／4区域，与肿瘤转移阳性部位一致。结论　C57BL／6小鼠的B16黑色素瘤细胞脾转移先于其他脏器转移，其转移途径为血行转移。     

TGF-β诱导肺脏癌相关成纤维细胞高表达IL-17D并促进MDSC募集

目的:探讨TGF-β诱导肺脏癌相关成纤维细胞(CAF)表达IL-17D,并促进骨髓来源的抑制性细胞(MDSC)募集的关键机制。方法:采用C57BL/6小鼠建立B16黑色素瘤细胞肺癌转移模型(肿瘤模型组),另设对照组,每组6只。应用流式细胞术(FACS)检测肿瘤小鼠肺脏CAF及其分泌IL-17D能力和MDSC比例的变化;...     

β-胡萝卜素增强小鼠对同基因肿瘤的免疫应答

给接种 B_(16)黑色素瘤的 C57BL/6小鼠行β-胡萝卜素灌胃,每日10mg/kg。20天后,取小鼠脾细胞和B_1~6黑色素瘤细胞混合注入健康 C57BL/6小鼠皮下,观察肿瘤生长情况并检测脾细胞增殖活性和腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞毒活性。实验组和对照组小鼠肿瘤大小无显著性差异,但实验组肺部瘤转移灶数明显低于对照组;实验组脾细胞增殖活性和巨噬细胞细胞毒活性明显高于对照组。提示β-胡萝卜素可增强小鼠的抗肿瘤免疫功能。     

Antigenic differences among B16 melanoma variants selected for their differing abilities to metastasize: a possible mechanism for effective adjuvant immunotherapy

Most C57BL/6J mice will develop pulmonary metastases four to six weeks after excision of B16 melanoma isografts and begin to die within 40 days. When applied in an adjuvant setting after isograft excision, specific B16 immune RNA (I-RNA) therapy prevents pulmonary metastases and prolongs survival in 50% of treated animals. Since increased in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against B16 targets has been demonstrated in animals whose survival is improved by B16 I-RNA therapy, we have proposed that the treatment functioned, at least in part, by specifically altering host CMC in vivo. In this study, C57BL/6J splenocytes were specifically sensitized in vitro by B16 I-RNA exposure and examined for cytotoxic effect on variants of B16 melanoma selected for their differing metastatic potential in vivo. F10 tumor targets (explanted from a B16 melanoma vairant producing frequent pulmonary metastases in vivo) were consistently more sensitive to specific in vitro cytotoxic effect than F1 target cells (from a B16 melanoma variant with low metastatic potential in vivo). Lung metastases (F1 mets) were explanted after intravenous (IV) injection of F1 and used as target cells in the in vitro CMC assays. F1 mets demonstrated greater cytotoxic effect than F1 targets after exposure to B16 I-RNA-treated syngeneic splenocytes. C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed at weekly intervals following adjuvant in vivo B16 I-RNA therapy (after B16 isograft excision), and their splenocytes were shown to be consistently more cytotoxic in vitro to B16 and F10 than to F1 target cells. Splenocytes harvested from mice treated with I-RNA specific to antigenically distinct Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) after 3LL isograft excision had no cytotoxic effect on any of the B16 variants. When nonsensitized C57BL/6J splenocytes were examined for cytotoxic effect in natural killer (NK) assays or in NK inhibition assays, differences in cytotoxic sensitivity of B16, F10, F1, and F1 mets could not be demonstrated. We conclude, therefore, that specifically sensitized effector cells could distinguish antigenic differences among B16 variants selected for differing in vivo metastatic potiential. These differences were tumor specific and could be demonstrated by cytotoxic splenocytes after either in vivo B16 I-RNA treatment or in vitro B16 I-RNA exposure. The relationship of these antigenic differences to in vivo metastatic potential and to the effectiveness of adjuvant B16 I-RNA therapy is discussed.     

Antitumor efficacy of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2 in vivo: successful immunotherapy of established pulmonary metastases from weakly immunogenic and nonimmunogenic murine tumors of three district histological types

We have recently shown that the systemic administration of lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK cells) plus relatively low doses of recombinant interleukin 2 (RIL-2) or the administration of high doses of RIL-2 alone can reduce the number of established pulmonary metastases from the weakly immunogenic MCA-105 sarcoma in mice. We have now analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of these treatments on both weakly and nonimmunogenic tumors of three distinct histological types in two different mouse strains. In all experiments, LAK cells were administered i.v. on days 3 and 6 and RIL-2 was injected i.p. from days 3 through 8 after tumor induction. The MCA-101 sarcoma was completely nonimmunogenic as defined by its inability to successfully immunize C57BL/6 mice. Nevertheless, administration of LAK cells plus 7,500-10,000 units RIL-2 was highly effective in reducing the number of established 3-day pulmonary metastases from this sarcoma [at 7,500 units RIL-2, mean number of metastases 37 +/- 11 (SE); P less than 0.05; at 100,000 units, 2 +/- 1; P less than 0.05] when compared to Hanks' balanced salt solution treated control animals (116 +/- 9). Likewise, RIL-2 alone at doses of 20,000 units/injection or greater had significant antimetastatic effects (77 +/- 12; P less than 0.05). Established 3-day pulmonary metastases from the MCA-38 adenocarcinoma in C57BL/6 mice and the M-3 melanoma in C3H mice were also susceptible to adoptive immunotherapy with LAK cells plus RIL-2 and with high dose RIL-2 alone. Treatment of mice with LAK cells alone or with low doses of RIL-2 alone (less than or equal to 20,000 units/injection) had little if any antitumor effects. LAK cells were tested for cytolytic activity in vitro against tumor target cells of a variety of histological types; there was no discernible relationship between susceptibility to lysis by LAK cells in vitro and therapeutic efficacy in vivo. These findings have thus demonstrated that the successful immunotherapy of established pulmonary metastases with LAK cells plus RIL-2 or with high dose RIL-2 alone includes: tumors that are immunogenic and nonimmunogenic; tumors of distinct histological types such as sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma; and tumors in at least two different mouse strains, C57BL/6 and C3H, and that there is little correlation between the in vitro lysability of tumor cells by LAK effectors and the susceptibility of these same tumors to successful immunotherapy in vivo.     

Antitumor efficacy of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 in vivo: survival benefit and mechanisms of tumor escape in mice undergoing immunotherapy

The studies described in this paper showed that the combination of i.v.-transferred lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and i.p. injections of recombinant interleukin-2 (RIL-2) was highly effective in vivo in reducing established pulmonary metastases of natural killer cell-resistant, MCA-105 sarcoma and B16 melanoma in mice. A 3-day in vitro incubation of normal C57BL/6 splenocytes in medium containing pure RIL-2 generated LAK cells that, when combined with RIL-2, reduced the mean number of established pulmonary micrometastases of the B16 melanoma and of the MCA-105 sarcoma from 179 and 140, respectively (in groups treated with Hanks' balanced salt solution alone), to 12 (P = 0.01) and 6 (P = 0.01), respectively. This combined immunotherapy also consistently resulted in significant prolongation of survival in mice with established, 3-day or 10-day pulmonary metastases of the MCA-105 sarcoma. Mice autopsied at time of death revealed a massive involvement of tumor in the lungs and liver in the group receiving Hanks' balanced salt solution alone compared to a small number of residual large lung or liver metastases in the group receiving LAK cells plus RIL-2. Experiments were designed to test whether variants existed in the original tumor cell inoculum that were resistant to killing by LAK cells and thus could account for the metastases that "escaped" the combined immunotherapy of LAK cells plus RIL-2 in vivo. Metastases of the MCA-105 sarcoma that escaped the combined therapy of LAK cells plus RIL-2 were dissected from the organs of mice upon autopsy and directly tested for susceptibility in vitro to lysis by LAK cells in 4-h and 18-h 51Cr release assays. Target cells derived from the metastases were lysed to an equivalent extent as those prepared from a fresh MCA-105 sarcoma that was growing s.c. In addition, successful reduction of pulmonary metastases established by the i.v. infusion of MCA-105 sarcoma cells obtained from metastases that escaped a prior round of therapy with LAK cells and RIL-2 could be achieved in vivo by the combined immunotherapy as well as by high doses of RIL-2 alone. Culture adapted, natural killer cell-resistant B16 melanoma cells surviving two successive treatments with LAK cells in vitro remained as susceptible to LAK cell lysis as untreated B16 melanoma cells in 18-h 51Cr release assays.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Effect of immunotherapy with allogeneic lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2 on established pulmonary and hepatic metastases in mice

The adoptive transfer of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in conjunction with the systemic administration of recombinant interleukin 2 (RIL-2) results in the regression of established pulmonary and hepatic micrometastases from a variety of immunogenic and nonimmunogenic murine tumors in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Recent studies have shown that this therapeutic approach can mediate the regression of cancer in humans as well. Because of the practical difficulties in obtaining syngeneic or autologous LAK cells for the therapy of cancer in humans we have now evaluated the antitumor efficacy of allogeneic LAK cells generated from different strains of mice. The in vitro lysis of fresh tumor targets by LAK cells is not a major histocompatibility complex-restricted phenomenon since LAK cells of BALB/c-H-2d, DBA/2-H-2d, and C3H-H-2k origin all exhibited lytic activity when tested against allogeneic MCA-102-H-2b tumor cells in short term 51Cr release assays. In vivo, the i.v. transfer of allogeneic LAK cells combined with i.p. injections of RIL-2 reduced the number of established pulmonary metastases induced by either MCA-105 or MCA-101 tumors which are syngeneic to C57BL/6 hosts. The extent of reduction of these pulmonary metastases by the allogeneic LAK cells was directly dependent upon the dose of RIL-2 given; increasing doses of systemically administered RIL-2 resulted in increasingly greater reduction in the numbers of established 3-day pulmonary sarcoma metastases. In dose titration experiments, adoptive transfer of at least 2 doses of 10(8) allogeneic LAK cells was necessary to achieve significant antitumor effect in vivo. Allogeneic LAK cells were also successful in mediating significant regression of hepatic micrometastases. Again, the i.v. transfer of allogeneic LAK cells had a smaller therapeutic benefit compared to i.v. transfer of syngeneic LAK cells. When allogeneic LAK cells were injected intraportally, however, they were as effective as syngeneic LAK cells. Allogeneic LAK cells had little, if any, therapeutic effect on established pulmonary and hepatic metastases when administered to recipients previously immunized to the histocompatibility antigens on the donor cells. Taken together, our results indicate that allogeneic LAK cells from several strains of mice are effective in lysing fresh MCA-102 tumor in vitro and that when given i.v. in sufficient numbers, in conjunction with RIL-2, they can mediate significant reduction in the number of established pulmonary and hepatic micrometastases in nonalloimmunized C57BL/6 mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Critical factors regulating site-specific brain metastasis of murine melanomas

The intracarotid injection of B16 melanoma cells syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice and K-1735 melanoma cells syngeneic to C3H/HeN mice results in site-specific brain metastasis in C57BL/6 x C3H/HeN F1 mice. The K-1735 cells produce lesions only in the brain parenchyma, whereas the B16 cells produce lesions only in the meninges and ventricles. To determine the mechanisms that regulate this site-specific brain metastasis, we transfected the melanoma cells with DNA from plasmids pSV2neo or pSV2hvgro, which confer resistance to the drugs neomycin and hygromycin, respectively. Hybrids between the B16 and K-1735 cells were obtained by fusion. Cells of the K-1735 x K-1735 hybrid produced lesions only in the brain parenchyma of C57BL/6 x C3H/HeN F1 mice, whereas all B16 x K-1735 hybrids produced lesions only in the meninges and the ventricles. Initial cell arrest in the meninges or the brain parenchyma, production of collagenolytic activity, motility, and expression of CD44 did not predict or correlate with site-specific brain metastasis. The response of the different melanomas and hybrid cells to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) correlated with growth in the brain parenchyma. B16 cells and B16 x K-1735 hybrids bound more TGF-beta than K-1735 cells. The in vitro growth of B16 cells and all B16 x K-1735 hybrid cells was significantly inhibited by TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2, whereas the growth of K-1735 cells and K-1735 x K-1735 hybrids was enhanced. Since TGF-beta is abundant in brain tissue, the results suggest that the ability of melanoma cells to proliferate in the brain parenchyma determines the production of site-specific brain metastasis.     

Reduction of pulmonary metastases of B16 melanoma by human recombinant interleukin 2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in immunosuppressed C57BL/6 mice receiving anticancer agent

The immunosuppressive effect of a water-soluble nitrosourea derivative, 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl) methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (ACNU), was evaluated in terms of the cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes, and the restoring effect of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and/or human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) on the cytotoxicities of spleen lymphocytes was examined in ACNU-treated C57BL/6 mice. In addition, we tested whether the administration of LAK cells and/or rIL-2 could reduce the increased numbers of pulmonary metastases in ACNU-treated mice. The maximum effective dose of ACNU suppressed the cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes and pretreatment with ACNU enhanced the induction of artificial pulmonary metastases. The administration of LAK cells and/or human rIL-2 restored the cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes against YAC-1 and syngeneic B-16 melanoma cells in ACNU-treated mice, and these treatments partially suppressed the increased numbers of artificial pulmonary metastases of B-16 melanoma cells in ACNU-treated mice. These results are extremely important in providing a rationale for the introduction of adoptive immunotherapy using LAK cells and rIL-2 in patients with advanced cancer who are being treated with anticancer agent(s).     

腺病毒介导的胞嘧啶脱氨酶自杀基因联合IL-2基因疗法的肿瘤治疗作用及免疫机理分析

目的以腺病毒作为载体，将大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶（ＣＤ）基因与小鼠ＩＬ－２基因联合转移，研究其体内抗肿瘤作用及免疫机理。方法小鼠皮下接种黑色素瘤Ｂ１６Ｆ１０细胞后３天，肿瘤局部注射表达ＩＬ－２的重组腺病毒ＡｄＩＬ－２和表达ＣＤ的重组腺病毒ＡｄＣＤ，然后连续１０天给予５－氟胞嘧啶（５－Ｆｃ）３００ｍｇ／ｋｇ进行治疗。结果联合治疗组荷瘤小鼠皮下肿瘤结节的生长明显受到抑制，小鼠存活期明显长于ＡｄＩＬ－２、ＡｄＣＤ／５－Ｆｃ、ＡｄｌａｃＺ／５－Ｆｃ或ＰＢＳ组。经联合治疗后，小鼠脾细胞的ＮＫ活性和ＣＴＬ杀伤活性明显增强；肿瘤瘤体内ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８细胞浸润增加；肿瘤细胞表达Ｈ－２Ｋｂ和Ｂ７－１分子明显增加。结论联合应用自杀基因和ＩＬ－２基因治疗，一方面可以明显抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长，另一方面可以提高机体对肿瘤细胞免疫应答，增加机体的抗肿瘤作用，是肿瘤基因治疗中一条行之有效的途径。