肿瘤抗原MAGE-3基因的克隆与原核表达

目的 克隆肿瘤抗原MAGE-3基因3’端657bp片段，对其编码的蛋白羧基端97-314aa进行原核表达。方法 从含人MAGE-3基因全长cDNA的pUC19／MAGE-3质粒中经聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增3’端657bp片段，并克隆入pGEX-4T-1载体，构建重组原核表达质粒pGEX／MAGE-3，对含有该质粒的大肠杆菌DH5α进行诱导表达。结果 从pUC19／MAGE-3重组质粒中扩增获得一条约660bp的条带，测序结果表明与GenBank公布的MAGE-3序列一致，成功地构建了pGEX／MAGE-3原核表达质粒，含有该质粒的大肠杆菌DH5α经异丙基-β-半乳糖苷(Isopropyl—beta—D—thiogalactopyranoside，IPTG)诱导后表达Mr为54000的谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(Glutathione S-transferse，GST)融合蛋白。表达的融合蛋白约占菌体蛋白总量的28％。结论 成功地构建了pGEX／MAGE-3原核表达质粒，获得了MAGE-3蛋白羧基端97～314aa融合蛋白，为该蛋白应用于肿瘤免疫治疗奠定了基础。     

小鼠γ—干扰素真核表达质粒的构建和鉴定

目的 克隆小鼠γ-干扰素(γ-IFN)基因，构建并鉴定小鼠γ-干扰素真核表达质粒。方法 从BALB／c小鼠脾脏提取总RNA，用RT—PCR方法扩增出小鼠γ-干扰素基因，分别用EcoR Ⅰ、BamH Ⅰ双酶切扩增片段和pcDNA3.1(-)，定向克隆到真核表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)，构建成真核表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)γ-IFN，转化产物通过PCR扩增筛选，双酶切鉴定；阳性克隆进行序列分析。结果 RT—PCR产物电泳可见一约500bp大小目的片段，PCR和双酶切电泳结果均证实已插入约500bp的γ-IFN基因片段；阳性克隆测序结果表明克隆的小鼠γ-干扰素基因完全正确。结论 成功构建了小鼠γ-干扰素真核表达质粒，为进一步气道内实施哮喘小鼠基因治疗打下了坚实基础。     

cTnI( 28-110aa)-linker-TnC融合蛋白基因的构建、表达及鉴定

目的构建及表达人cTnI（28-110aa）-linker-TnC融合蛋白。方法应用PCR技术从人心脏cDNA文库中扩增出cTnI（28-110aa）和TnC基因，通过引物设计在两者之间加上linker序列即编码19个中性氨基酸残基TS-（G4S）3-AC的序列，克隆PCR产物，并构建成pET28a-cTnI（28-110aa）-linker-TnC表达质粒，转化人大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21（DE3），用异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导目的蛋白的表达，NTA树脂亲和层析纯化后检测其纯度和免疫反应性。结果成功构建了cTnI（28-110aa）-linker-TnC融合蛋白的基因，并在大肠杆菌中实现可溶性高表达，在摇瓶中的表达量为20mg／L．经一步NTA树脂亲和层析纯化，获得条带单一的目的蛋白，采用进口全自动免疫检测系统鉴定证实．目的蛋白有较高的免疫反应性。结论采用原核表达方法获得了具有高纯度和高免疫反应活性的cTnI（28-110aa）-linker-TnC融合蛋白。     

弓形虫依钙蛋白激酶Calpain—like基因的克隆及表达

目的克隆弓形虫RH株Calpain—like基因片段，构建原核表达载体，诱导表达Calpain-like基因重组蛋白。方法收集、纯化弓形虫RH株速殖子，提取总RNA，在设计合成的引物中引入SalI和EcoRI酶切位点。应用FIT—PCR扩增弓形虫RH株Calpain—like基因片段，插入pGEM—T载体，提取重组质粒，双酶切获得目的基因，亚克隆到原核表达质粒pET32a，重组子经双酶切、PCR和DNA序列分析鉴定，转化大肠杆菌BL21并以IPTG诱导表达。结果从弓形虫RH株速殖子eDNA中扩增出316bp的Calpain-like基因片段；含pET32a／Calpain—like的重组质粒在宿主菌经诱导后，获得与预期分子量相符的表达产物。结论成功地克隆和表达弓形虫RH株Calpain—like基因，弓形虫Calpain—like基因的克隆表达为进一步筛选弓形虫疫苗候选分子和治疗药物的靶位提供了研究基础。     

细粒棘球绦虫重组质粒pGEX-Eg95的构建及其在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中的表达

目的构建细粒棘球绦虫重组质粒pGEX-Eg95,并研究该质粒在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中的表达。方法超声粉碎细粒棘球蚴组织提取总RNA,通过RT—PCR扩增Eg95抗原编码基因;克隆至原核表达载体pGEX—1λT,构建重组质粒pGEX-Eg95;转化大肠杆菌BL21,经异丙基硫代-β—D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达后用SDS-PAGE和Western blowing对表达产物进行分析和鉴定。结果RT-PCR扩增出471bp的Eg95抗原编码基因;双酶切证实Eg95抗原编码基因成功插入pGEX-1λT中;SDS-PAGE分析显示表达产物为相对分子质量约42500的重组蛋白,与预期结果一致,表达的蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的21％;Western blot鉴定显示重组蛋白能被细粒棘球蚴感染鼠血清识别。结论成功构建了细粒棘球绦虫重组质粒pGEX-Eg95,该质粒在大肠杆菌BL21中获得了高效融合表达,表达的融合蛋白具有特异的抗原性。     

日本血吸虫重组质粒pET32α-Sj26GST—Sj32的构建及其在大肠埃希菌BL21（DE3）中的表达

目的构建日本血吸虫重组质粒pET32α-Sj26GST—Sj32,分析该质粒在大肠埃希菌BL21（DE3）中的表达情况。方法超声粉碎日本血吸虫成虫提取总RNA,通过RT—PCR扩增获得Sj26GST和Sj32抗原编码基因,然后采用基因拼接法（geneSOEing）剪接Sj26GST和Sj32,得到Sj26GST—Sj32融合基因,克隆至原核表达载体pET32α（＋）,构建重组质粒pET32α一Sj26GST—Sj32,转化人大肠埃希菌BL21（DE3）,经异丙基硫代-β—D．半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达后用SDS—PAGE和Westem—blot对表达产物进行分析和鉴定。结果基因拼接法扩增出约1991bp的Sj26GST—Sj32融合基因;双酶切和PCR鉴定证实Sj26GST—Sj32融合基因成功插入pET32α（＋）中,SDS—PAGE分析显示表达产物为分子质量约82000Mr的重组蛋白．与预期结果一致,表达的蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的22％：Western—blot鉴定重组蛋白能被日本血吸虫感染的兔血清识别。结论成功构建了日本血吸虫重组质粒pET32α一Sj26GST—Sj32,该质粒在大肠埃希菌BL21中获得了高效融合表达,表达的融合蛋白具有特异的抗原一件     

金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B基因克隆、表达及其抗血清在食物中毒快速检测上的应用

目的克隆和表达金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B（SEB）基因，制备金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素B（SEB）的多克隆抗体，应用于金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒的诊断。方法用核酸扩增技术从金黄色葡萄球菌菌株中分离产生肠毒素B的标准菌株，采用高保真PCR技术从金黄色葡萄球菌野生株中扩增全长SEB，目的片段经TA克隆后DNA序列测定，重组质粒pGEM—SEB经酶切获得的SEB基因片段与真核表达载体pGEX-4T-3连接，将重组真核载体pGEX-4T-3-SEB转化人E．coli BL21（DE3）株，在0．1mmol／LIPTG诱导下，诱导SEB基因在E-coli BL21（DE3）株中表达，用谷光苷肽Sepharose4B柱分离纯化GST融合蛋白，用SDS—PAGE检测重组SEB（rSEB）的表达，重组蛋白免疫BALB／c小鼠获得抗血清，并用抗血清与天然的SEB和rSEB进行Westembolt分析。结果成功克隆了822bpSEB基因，编码272个氨基酸，在E．coli BL21（DE3）株中表达了rSEB，分离纯化的rSEB能够诱导小鼠产生IgG抗体，此抗体不仅能够与rSEB反应，而且能够与天然的SEB特异性的反应。结论重组SEB具有抗原特性，制备的特异性抗体可应用于金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒的快速诊断，将能够建立特异性强、敏感性高的金黄色葡萄球菌的诊断体系，同时也有助于对SEB在抗肿瘤机制、炎症过程中的作用等方面研究。     

人LIGHT胞外区基因的克隆及融合蛋白的表达

目的：克隆人LIGHT胞外区基因（hsLIGHT），构建其原核表达质粒，并诱导其在大肠杆菌中表达融合蛋白。方法：采用RT-PCR方法从HL60细胞中扩增hsLIGHT，将其克隆人原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-2，构建其重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-2／hsLIGHT，以不同浓度IPTG诱导表达，于不同时间经SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析、鉴定。结果：经RT-PCR扩增获得的hsLIGHT序列与Genebank报道的LIGHT基因胞外区序列完全一致；SDS-PAGE和Westernblot分析证实重组质粒可表达出相对分子量为47000的蛋白，与GST-hsLIGHT融合蛋白分子量一致。结论：成功完成了人LIGHT胞外区基因的克隆及其原核表达质粒的构建，在大肠杆菌E-coli BL21中经IPTG诱导表达了融合蛋白GST-hsLIGHT，为进一步探讨LIGHT的抗肿瘤生物学活性、探索肿瘤免疫治疗新方法奠定了基础。     

FSHR部分基因的真核表达质粒构建和生物信息学分析

目的克隆FSHR基因部分片段（145～330bp）（FSHRn）,构建真核表达重组质粒,预测其编码蛋白作为候选避孕疫苗的可行性。方法提取小鼠睾丸组织的总RNA,利用RT—PCR技术反转录成cDNA,按照GenBank中小鼠FSHR N-端序列设计引物,扩增基因片段并插入pcDNA3．1／myc-His（-）B载体,重组质粒经PCR、双酶切和测序鉴定后用Vector NTI9．0软件作生物信息学分析。结果扩增片段长度为186bp,测序结果与已知序列吻合,重组真核表达质粒经PCR和双酶切鉴定获得正确重组子,生物信息学分析其编码蛋白抗原性肽段主要集中在15～20aa、22～27aa、32～36aa、42～48aa、58～67aa,与人的基因同源性为90％。结论成功克隆了FSHRn基因片段并构建了pcDNA3．1／FHSRn真核表达重组质粒;FSHRn具有良好的抗原性．FSHRn蛋白可作为良好的动物候选疫苗,为此段蛋白的深入研究和人类男性避孕疫苗的研制打下基础。     

产肠毒素D金黄色葡萄球菌的筛选及其基因克隆和蛋白表达

目的克隆金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素D基因（entD），表达和纯化其重组蛋白（rSED），以进一步制备抗rSED抗体，研制SED金标免疫快速检测试纸条。方法利用PCR技术．从野生型金黄色葡萄球菌中筛选产肠毒素D金黄色葡萄球菌标准株，扩增entD基因，克隆至pGEM—T Easy载体．亚克隆至原核表达载体pET28a，重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21（DE3），IPTG诱导表达蛋白，Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化蛋白，免疫印迹检测抗原活性。结果分离获得1株产肠毒素D金黄色葡葡球菌标准株．成功克隆entD序列．测序表明该基因共684bp，与其他entD序列（GenBank登陆号：M28521）具有99％的同源性。rSED蛋白在大肠杆菌中得到高效的可溶性表达。免疫印迹结果表明．rSED蛋白能被抗天然SED抗体识别。结论通过基因重组技术制备的重组SED蛋白具有良好的免疫反应性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.